Men and women differ in their perception of gender bias in research institutions

Reference letters play an important role for both postgraduate residency applications and medical faculty hiring processes. This study seeks to characterise the ways in which gender bias may manifest in the language of reference letters in academic medicine. In particular, we conducted a systematic review in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We searched Embase, MEDLINE and PsycINFO from database inception to July 2020 for original studies that assessed gendered language in medical reference letters for residency applications and medical faculty hiring. A total of 16 studies, involving 12 738 letters of recommendation written for 7074 applicants, were included. A total of 32% of applicants were women. There were significant differences in how women were described in reference letters. A total of 64% (7/11) studies found a significant difference in gendered adjectives between men and women. Among the 7 studies, a total of 86% (6/7) noted that women applicants were more likely to be described using communal adjectives, such as “delightful” or “compassionate”, while men applicants were more likely to be described using agentic adjectives, such as “leader” or “exceptional”. Several studies noted that reference letters for women applicants had more frequent use of doubt raisers and mentions of applicant personal life and/or physical appearance. Only one study assessed the outcome of gendered language on application success, noting a higher residency match rate for men applicants. Reference letters within medicine and medical education exhibit language discrepancies between men and women applicants, which may contribute to gender bias against women in medicine.

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KESADARAN GENDER YANG ISLAMI

Marwah Jurnal Perempuan Agama dan Jender ◽

10.24014/marwah.v13i2.892 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 253

Author(s):

Nurdeni Dahri

Keyword(s):

Gender Bias ◽

Gender Gap ◽

Cultural Construction ◽

Men And Women ◽

Male And Female ◽

Roles And Responsibilities ◽

Cultural Life ◽

Changing Times ◽

Biological Differences

Biological differences between men and women have in the implementation of social and cultural life. There has been a gender gap due to the multiplicity of interpretations of the notion of gender itself. In-depth research is needed to determine the cause of the gap, let alone Islam declared the doctrine that leads to gender bias. Based on the discussion in this paper is declared Gender division of roles and responsibilities between women and men as a result of socio-cultural construction of society, which can be changed according to the demands of the changing times. While sex (gender: male and female) are not changed and the nature of God. In the teachings of Islam there is no difference between women and men in all its aspects, distinguishing only charity and piety

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UNDANG-UNDANG PERKAWINAN DAN MARGINALISASI PEREMPUAN (Studi Kritis Terhadap Undang-undang Perkawinan No.1 Tahun 1974)

EGALITA ◽

10.18860/egalita.v0i0.1915 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

M. Abdul Hamid, MA, Nur Fadhilah, S.HI

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Human Rights ◽

Gender Role ◽

Gender Bias ◽

Family Relationship ◽

Gender Perspective ◽

Men And Women

Gender differences which generats gender role do not need to be refused as long as they do not cause undesirable impacts. However, the problem is that gender role creates unequality structures in particular aspects such as can be found in Marital Laws. Some sections of Marital laws are considered gender bias for women. For instance, section 31 verse 3 and section 4 are categorized as irrelevant sections to build gender as well as human rights equality which been recommended by CEDAW convention (Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Againts Women) and Act no 7/1984. Therefore, these efforts should be taken to establish the Act or the regulation based on gender perspective to achieve equality and justice for both sexes (men and women) in all aspects particularly in a family relationship.

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“Brave Men” and “Emotional Women”: A Theory-Guided Literature Review on Gender Bias in Health Care and Gendered Norms towards Patients with Chronic Pain

Pain Research and Management ◽

10.1155/2018/6358624 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 60

Author(s):

Anke Samulowitz ◽

Ida Gremyr ◽

Erik Eriksson ◽

Gunnel Hensing

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Gender Bias ◽

Health Care Professionals ◽

Pain Treatment ◽

Hegemonic Masculinity ◽

Large Body ◽

Review Literature ◽

Integrative Approach ◽

Men And Women ◽

Theoretical Concepts

Background. Despite the large body of research on sex differences in pain, there is a lack of knowledge about the influence of gender in the patient-provider encounter. The purpose of this study was to review literature on gendered norms about men and women with pain and gender bias in the treatment of pain. The second aim was to analyze the results guided by the theoretical concepts of hegemonic masculinity and andronormativity. Methods. A literature search of databases was conducted. A total of 77 articles met the inclusion criteria. The included articles were analyzed qualitatively, with an integrative approach. Results. The included studies demonstrated a variety of gendered norms about men’s and women’s experience and expression of pain, their identity, lifestyle, and coping style. Gender bias in pain treatment was identified, as part of the patient-provider encounter and the professional’s treatment decisions. It was discussed how gendered norms are consolidated by hegemonic masculinity and andronormativity. Conclusions. Awareness about gendered norms is important, both in research and clinical practice, in order to counteract gender bias in health care and to support health-care professionals in providing more equitable care that is more capable to meet the need of all patients, men and women.

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The vertical glass ceiling: Explaining female politicians’ underrepresentation in television news

Communications ◽

10.1515/commun-2013-0023 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Debby Vos

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Gender Bias ◽

Women Politicians ◽

Television News ◽

News Coverage ◽

Men And Women ◽

Political Status ◽

Female Politicians ◽

Vertical Glass ◽

Political Differences

AbstractThis study analyses television news coverage of female politicians in Flanders (Belgium). Women politicians receive less coverage than their male colleagues do. We investigate whether this gender bias can be explained by political differences between men and women or whether a real media bias exists. We examine ten possible explanations, which can be divided into two groups: characteristics of female politicians, such as their function, and of news features, such as the theme of the item. Overall, the lower level functions of female politicians largely determine their limited television news coverage. Nevertheless, female politicians still get less speaking time, even when controlling for all ten variables. Thus, in addition to political gender differences, a real gender bias exists in Flemish television news: Female politicians receive less news coverage compared to male politicians with a similar political status.

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Gender Bias in the 1996 Olympic Games: Audience Perception and Effects

Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal ◽

10.1123/wspaj.13.1.8 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 8-17

Author(s):

Karen H. Weiller ◽

Catriona T. Higgs ◽

Scott B. Martin

Keyword(s):

Gender Bias ◽

Delphi Technique ◽

Female Athletes ◽

Olympic Games ◽

Factor Analyses ◽

Men And Women ◽

The Public ◽

The Past ◽

American Society ◽

Gender Specific

Sports are omnipresent in American society; available for viewing 24 hours a day and can constitute much of everyday life and conversation. Researchers have indicated that men and women relate to sport differently (Gantz & Wenner, 1991). Evidence shows males outnumber females in sport viewership, and in the past much of the sport programming to which we are exposed caters specifically to men. The purpose of the present study was to explore issues related to audience perception of the 1996 Olympic Games. Participants (125 males and 92 females) ranging from 18 to 40 years of age were administered a gender specific version of the Audience Perception Questionnaires (APQ) following viewing video segments of men’s and women’s competitions (i.e., basketball, gymnastics, swimming and diving, and volleyball). The two versions of the APQ were developed from current literature, and by employing a delphi technique to validate the APQ. Factor analyses resulted in four underlying media perception dimensions: Commentary Coverage, Gender Marking and Stereotyping, Hierarchy of Naming, and Verbal Descriptors. Results revealed perceptions of male and female athletes by the public are influenced to a great degree by gender.

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Busting the myth of gender bias: views from men and women primary-school trainees and teachers

Education 3-13 ◽

10.1080/03004279.2014.922595 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 283-296 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Malini Mistry ◽

Krishan Sood

Keyword(s):

Primary School ◽

Gender Bias ◽

Men And Women

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Analysis of gender representation in basic level English textbooks in Ghana

Journal of Science and Technology (Ghana) ◽

10.4314/just.v37i2.8 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 98-109

Author(s):

F. N.K. Nunoo ◽

D. P. Mensah ◽

E. Adu Boahen ◽

I. E. N. Nunoo

Keyword(s):

Gender Bias ◽

Gender Stereotypes ◽

Gender Stereotype ◽

Men And Women ◽

Critical Knowledge ◽

Males And Females ◽

English Textbooks ◽

Stereotypical Roles ◽

Gender Specific ◽

Basic Level

Textbooks are known to influence the behaviours and worldview of children. Apart from imparting critical knowledge to pupils, textbooks also encourage pupils to form certain perceptions and stereotypes, including the ‘appropriate’ gender-specific roles in society. This paper examined gender stereotypes in the content and design of the Pupil’s English textbook at the Basic Level in Ghana using content analysis. The study revealed that, as teaching materials, the English Pupil’s Books 1, 2 and 3 displayed gross gender bias that reinforces the stereotypical roles of males and females in Ghanaian society. This does not reflect the development of society towards equality between men and women since there was no equality in how both genders are represented in the textbooks.Keywords: Gender; stereotype; gender stereotype; textbooks

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TAFSIR GENDER

LISAN AL-HAL: Jurnal Pengembangan Pemikiran dan Kebudayaan ◽

10.35316/lisanalhal.v10i1.114 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 79-98

Author(s):

Tri Wahyudi Ramdhan

Keyword(s):

Gender Equality ◽

Gender Bias ◽

Historical Context ◽

Men And Women ◽

The Past ◽

Limited Role ◽

Islamic Thought ◽

Role Of Women ◽

At Will

Traditional Islamic thought in general provides limited role of women as wives and mothers. Based on the view of classical Islamic texts and literature are still seen that women are still marginalized, or in other words, women are still under the domination of men. Therefore, women need to construct a discourse or text at will. It is undeniable that the interpretation of the classical scholars on the concept of equality of men and women from the perspective of today may well be judged as biased. For interpretations of the past can not be released to the socio-historical context of the time. Departing from the problems mentioned above then this article would like to see and analyze how the concepts offered and presented Islam in view of gender equality between men and women starting from the concept of gender so that the concept of gender bias by sex.Selanjutnyan followed by a discussion of the word gender mufrodat in the Qur'an and concludes with the interpretation of the discourse of gender equality. Dalama This commentary will set forth the extent where the equality between men and women

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REINTERPRETASI AYAT GENDER DALAM MEMAHAMI RELASI LAKI-LAKI DAN PEREMPUAN (Kajian Kontekstual QS An-Nisa` ayat 34)

Jurnal Harkat Media Komunikasi Gender ◽

10.15408/harkat.v14i1.10399 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 12-20

Author(s):

Mayola Andika

Keyword(s):

Gender Studies ◽

Gender Bias ◽

Empirical Reality ◽

Men And Women ◽

Patriarchal Culture ◽

Role Of Women ◽

The Difference

Abstract. Nowadays, the issues of gender become hot topics to be discussed. It caused by the reality of some society who still hold the principle of patriarchal culture. Men tend to get the privileges than women. Basically, Islam upholds equality between men and women. Islam is believed as an ideal religion that is revealed for lift level and free up women from Jahiliyyah tradition in which marginalize women’s position. Verses of the Qur'an have revealed the equality of man and women and outline the equation in between both of them. As for the difference is their level of devotion. However, in religious empirical reality, the problem of gender bias arises whilst understanding and interpreting the religion texts. The misinterpretation then brought up the problem interrelated with men and women relation, for instance injustice, subordination, discrimination, and marginalization. Thus, the author assumes that a review of the interpretations of the verses and models of interpretation that tend to marginalize the role of women is needed to be conducted. In this research, the author elaborates of how the relation betwen men and women in Al-quran’s perspective through reinterpretation of Surat An-Nisa, verse 34 in contextual. The author focuses on the gender studies and connect it with the concept of men and women equality with descriptive-analitics method. Abstrak. Dewasa ini isu gender hangat diperbincangkan. Hal itu dilatarbelakangi oleh realitas masyarakat yang sebagian masih memegang prinsip budaya patriaki. Laki-laki mendapatkan hak-hak istimewa, sedangkan kaum perempuan cenderung dinomorduakan. Islam pada dasarnya menjunjung tinggi kesetaraan. Agama Islam diyakini sebagai agama yang ideal. Diturunkan untuk mengangkat derajat dan membebaskan perempuan dari tradisi jahiliyyah yang memarginalisasi kedudukannya. Ayat al-Qur’an telah mengungkapkan kesetaraan laki-laki dan perempuan serta menggariskan persamaan kedudukan di antara keduanya. Adapun yang membedakan adalah tingkat ketaqwaan. Namun, dalam realitas empiris keagamaan timbul problem pemahaman dan penafsiran teks-teks agama yang bias gender. Hal tersebut kemudian memunculkan masalah berkaitan dengan relasi laki-laki dan perempuan, seperti ketidakadilan, subordinasi, diskriminasi, dan marginalisasi. Untuk itu penulis menganggap perlu adanya peninjauan ulang interpretasi ayat dan model penafsiran yang cenderung meminggirkan peranan kaum perempuan. Dalam penelitian ini penulis memaparkan bagaimana relasi laki-laki dan perempuan dalam perspektif al-Qur’an melalui reinterpretasi terhadap penafsiran QS an-Nisa` ayat 34 secara kontekstual. Penulis memfokuskan kajian gender dan menghubungkannya dengan konsep kesetaraan laki-laki dan perempuan dengan metode deskriptif-analitis.

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