Using the Nitrification Inhibitor Nitrapyrin in Dairy Farm Effluents Does Not Improve Yield-Scaled Nitrous Oxide and Ammonia Emissions but Reduces Methane Flux

The application of dairy farm effluents (DFE) without previous treatment in paddocks was intensified due to the approval of this practice in Costa Rican legislation since 2012. Applying DFE instead of synthetic N fertilizer in grasslands is an opportunity to reach a circular economy; however, this practice increases the risk of emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), and ammonia (NH3), which contribute to global warming. A field experiment was carried out using a permanent grassland (90% Star grass and 10% Kikuyo grass) to simultaneously assess the effect of nitrapyrin on yield-scaled emissions of NH3, CH4, and N2O. The experiment lasted for 5 months in 2017, based on a randomized complete block design, including three treatments of control (CK) without N application, surface application of DFE with nitrapyrin (SNI), and without nitrapyrin (S). Total N applied was 149 ± 12 kg N ha−1 for both S and SNI treatments split into five applications. CH4 emissions from S, SNI, and CK showed a high temporal variation. Daily fluxes of CH4 from SNI were significantly lower than those of S in August (P < 0.05). Cumulative emissions of CH4, the majority produced in the soil, ranged from 4 to 168 g ha−1 for S, and from −13 to 88 g ha−1 for SNI. The ratio between the N2O cumulative emissions and the N applied as DFE were 1.6 ± 0.5 and 1.7 ± 0.2% for S and SNI, respectively. NH3 volatilization potential was very low (i.e., 0.6 ± 0.2% of the N applied). Under the prevailing experimental conditions, no significant difference between yield-scaled NH3 and N2O emissions were found between S and SNI, suggesting that nitrapyrin may not be a viable mitigation option for gaseous N losses from DFE application in Costa Rican grasslands in rainy season.

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Influence of different nitrogen inhibitors on maize yield

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-9859 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Maria Heiling ◽

Mahdi Shorafa ◽

Rayehe Mirkhani ◽

Elden Willems ◽

Arsenio Toloza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Nitrification Inhibitor ◽

Maize Yield ◽

N Fertilizer ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Nitrification Inhibitors ◽

Stable Form ◽

N Losses ◽

N Fertilizers ◽

Significant Difference

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer management is challenging due to the many factors and have low N use efficiency (NUE). Heavy N losses from soil reduce plant yield and have negative impacts on the environment. Nitrogen processes inhibitors, such as urease and nitrification inhibitors (UI and NI), are chemical compounds which reduce urea hydrolysis and nitrification respectively. By coating ammonium based chemical fertilizers with N process inhibitors allows N to stay in a more stable form of ammonium (NH4+) thus minimising N losses as well as improving NUE and consequently enhancing crop yield.A field experiment was established at the Soil and Water Management and Crop Nutrition Laboratory (SWMCNL) in Seibersdorf, Austria to determine the effect of different N fertilizers coated with N process inhibitors on maize yield in summer 2020. The field site is characterised by a moderately shallow Chernozem soil with significant gravel content. Three combinations of N fertilizer (urea or NPK) with N process inhibitors (UI and/or NI)) were tested and compared with a control treatment (without N fertilizer) and a urea application without any inhibitor. All treatments received 60 kg ha-1 P2O5 and 146 kg ha-1 K2O. The amount of N added to each treatment receiving N fertilizer was 120 kg N ha-1. The inhibitors used were (i) UI (2-NPT: N-(2-nitrophenyl) phosphoric acid triamide), (ii) NI-1 (MPA: N-[3(5)-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl) methyl] acetamide), and (iii) NI-2 (DMPP: 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate). DMPP, a nitrification inhibitor, was used in combination with NPK fertilizer. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used in this study. Treatments were: T1 (control treatment - without N fertilizer), T2 (Urea only), T3 (Urea + UI), T4 (Urea + UI + NI-1), and T5 (NPK + NI-2). Urea was applied through two split applications in the T2 treatment. In T3, T4, and T5 treatments, N fertilizers were applied only once. Supplemental irrigation was only applied in the early stages of growth, to ensure that the crop could establish. Harvest was carried out at 98 days after planting.The yield data showed that different fertilizer treatments had a significant (p &#8804; 0.01) effect on maize yield (dry matter production). There was no significant difference between treatments 4 and 5, which had the highest yield followed by treatments 2 and 3. The comparison between T2 and T3 showed that the application of a urease inhibitor avoids the need for a split application of urea, which decreases labour costs. Adding NI-1 (under T4) further increases the yield. Also, the package of NPK, a common choice by farmers in Austria, in combination with the nitrification inhibitor NI-2 showed equally good results as urea combined with two inhibitors. Based on the yield results, it can be concluded that N process inhibitors play a significant role in enhancing maize yields.

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Biochar and urease inhibitor mitigate NH3 and N2O emissions and improve wheat yield in a urea fertilized alkaline soil

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-96771-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Khadim Dawar ◽

Shah Fahad ◽

M. M. R. Jahangir ◽

Iqbal Munir ◽

Syed Sartaj Alam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Block Design ◽

N Uptake ◽

Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽

N2o Emissions ◽

Urease Inhibitor ◽

Alkaline Soil ◽

Total N ◽

N Assimilation

AbstractIn this study, we explored the role of biochar (BC) and/or urease inhibitor (UI) in mitigating ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) discharge from urea fertilized wheat cultivated fields in Pakistan (34.01°N, 71.71°E). The experiment included five treatments [control, urea (150 kg N ha−1), BC (10 Mg ha−1), urea + BC and urea + BC + UI (1 L ton−1)], which were all repeated four times and were carried out in a randomized complete block design. Urea supplementation along with BC and BC + UI reduced soil NH3 emissions by 27% and 69%, respectively, compared to sole urea application. Nitrous oxide emissions from urea fertilized plots were also reduced by 24% and 53% applying BC and BC + UI, respectively, compared to urea alone. Application of BC with urea improved the grain yield, shoot biomass, and total N uptake of wheat by 13%, 24%, and 12%, respectively, compared to urea alone. Moreover, UI further promoted biomass and grain yield, and N assimilation in wheat by 38%, 22% and 27%, respectively, over sole urea application. In conclusion, application of BC and/or UI can mitigate NH3 and N2O emissions from urea fertilized soil, improve N use efficiency (NUE) and overall crop productivity.

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Nitrogen Transformation Processes Taking Place During the Intensive Phase of Composting

Agrokémia és Talajtan ◽

10.1556/agrokem.51.2002.1-2.19 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 51 (1-2) ◽

pp. 157-166

Author(s):

László Alexa ◽

Gy. Füleky

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Nitrogen Transformation ◽

Matter Content ◽

N Losses ◽

Total N ◽

Intensive Phase ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Order Of Magnitude ◽

Transformation Processes

N transformation processes taking place during the intensive phase of composting were analyzed for characteristic compost raw materials in an adiabatic composting bioreactor by analyzing composts (in various stages of maturity), emitted gases and leakage water. Temperature exhibited a similar curve for all raw materials, with a gradual decrease in compost temperature from day 11-13 on. Measurements of NH 3 indicated a significant difference between the various raw materials, sometimes amounting to an order of magnitude, in the quantitative data of NH 4 volatilization. Analysis of leakage water indicated that ammonification and nitrification processes could be traced satisfactorily, but the quantity of leakage water formed in the adiabatic drum composter and the associated N losses were negligible compared to the total N cycle of compost formation. Analysis of the composts showed that the organic matter content of the samples declined during composting as the result of biodegradation.

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Chemical Properties of Inceptisol and Rice Yields Applied with Mixed Source Fertilizer (MSF)

Journal of Tropical Soils ◽

10.5400/jts.2018.v23i1.1-9 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Jauhari Syamsiyah ◽

Sumarno Sumarno ◽

Suryono Suryono ◽

Winda Sari ◽

Muhammad Anwar

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Block Design ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Total N ◽

Organic C ◽

Exchangeable K ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Rice Yields ◽

The Impact

One effort that can be done to improve soil fertility and crop yields is fertilization. Fertilization using a mixed source fertilizer (MSF) is an option to overcome the impact of inorganic fertilizer use and organic fertilizer drawbacks. This study aims to evaluate the effects of MSF application on the chemical properties of Inceptisol and rice yields. A field experiment was conducted using a completely randomized block design (RCBD) with two factors and three replications. The first factor was the three formulas of MSF (F1, F2, F3) and the second factor was MSF doses (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 Mg ha-1). The results show that there is no significant difference on the total soil N, available soil P, plant height and total number of tillers of rice plants applied with the three MSF formulas. The increased MSF doses applied significantly improve the soil chemical properties of Inceptisol and rice yields. The application of 10 Mg ha-1 MSF increases total- N (57.89%), available-P (29.13%), exchangeable-Ca and -Mg (117% and 250%, respectively), plant height (40%) and total number of tillers (43.2%) in comparison to those without MSF application. There are interaction effects between formulas and doses of MSF on the amount of exchangeable-K, organic-C content, and CEC of the soil and rice yields. The application of 10 Mg ha-1 MSF F3 results in better effects on the amount of exchangeable-K, organic-C content and CEC of the soil, and number of productive tillers and rice yields than the application of other MSF formulas. The MSF can be used as an alternatif fertilizer that can improve Inceptisol productivity.

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Effects of the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin on urea-based fertilizers in a Mediterranean calcareous soil: N dynamics and microbial functional genes.

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-1763 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Georgios Giannopoulos ◽

Lars Elsgaard ◽

Georgios Zanakis ◽

Rima B. Franklin ◽

Bonnie L. Brown ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Calcareous Soil ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Nitrification Inhibitor ◽

Urea Hydrolysis ◽

Nitrification Inhibitors ◽

Agricultural Practice ◽

Soil N ◽

N Transformations ◽

Total N ◽

Significant Difference

Nitrogen (N) fertilization is an essential agronomic practice, which increases crop yields and improves soil fertility. Globally, more than 110 x 109 kg of chemical N fertilizers are applied each year with urea-N being one of the most affordable options. Upon urea hydrolysis, any portion not assimilated by crops is either volatilized as NH3 or microbially nitrified (i.e., NH4+ oxidized) to leachable NO3- and NO2-. Nitrification inhibitors (NI) are increasingly co-applied as a sustainable agricultural practice and block the process of nitrification, resulting in a temporal increase of NH4+ in the soils. Several studies have documented the effectiveness of NIs in retaining soil NH4+ and increasing crop yields, but less is known about the effects of NIs on the fate of urea&#8211;N and the overall impact of NIs on the soil microbial community.In a 60 day soil mesocosm experiment, we investigated the effects of Nitrapyrin (NI; 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)pyridine) co-applied with a selection of urea-based fertilizers: urea (U); U with urease inhibitors (U+UI); methylene-urea (MU); and zeolite-coated urea (ZU), on a typical Mediterranean soil under ambient summer conditions. We showed that NI applied with urea fertilizers resulted in a slower decay of extractable NH4+ with a concurrent increase in NH3 volatilization. Integrated measures of soil NH4+ were 1.5 to 3.3-fold greater when NI was applied. At the same time, there was a 10 to 60% reduction in integrated measures of NO3- and NO2- when NI was applied with the tested fertilizer types, except MU fertilizer where the integrated measures of NO3- and NO2- doubled. Upon urea hydrolysis, the released NH4+ was transformed to NO3- and NO2-, which subsequently decreased in concentration following a typical nitrification - denitrification pathway in the absence of plants. Soil N2O emissions from urea fertilizers were reduced by 40% with UI, 50% with NI, and 66% with NI + UI.Interestingly, 15 days after the application of NI, there was a decrease in bacterial abundance (eub genes; qPCR) in all fertilized treatments. NI dramatically reduced the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing microbes (amoA genes) and there were fewer bacteria associated with denitrification genes (nirK, nirS, nosZ) when NI was applied.&#160;At the end of the experiment, there was no significant difference in total N among all fertilized soils. Total N was in excess when compared to the control, and it was a considerable N pool potentially immobilized in microbial biomass in the absence of crops.In conclusion, the use of NI doubled NH4+ retention in the soil and decreased soil N2O emission by 50%, through negatively affecting ammonia oxidizing and denitrifying microbes and subsequently reducing soil available NO3- and NO2-. The application of NIs should be carefully planned and synchronized (timing) with crop growth to reduce subsequent N transformations and N loss to the environment.Keywords: urea, zeolite, methylene-urea, nitrification inhibitor, nitrapyrin, calcareous soil, soil nitrogen

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Gaseous nitrogen losses from pig slurry fertilisation: can they be reduced with additives in a wheat crop?

Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.5424/sjar/2021193-17271 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. e0302

Author(s):

Noemí Mateo-Marín ◽

Ramón Isla ◽

Dolores Quílez

Keyword(s):

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Nitrification Inhibitor ◽

Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

N2o Emissions ◽

Pig Slurry ◽

Gaseous Nitrogen ◽

N Losses ◽

Ammonia Volatilisation ◽

Irrigated Wheat

Aim of the study: The use of pig slurry as fertiliser is associated with gaseous nitrogen (N) losses, especially ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O), leading to environmental problems and a reduction of its fertiliser value. This study evaluates, in an irrigated wheat crop, the effect of different additives mixed with pig slurry to decrease NH3 and N2O losses.Area of study: Middle Ebro valley, SpainMaterials and methods: The treatments were: i) non-N-fertilised control, ii) pig slurry (PS), iii) pig slurry with the urease inhibitor monocarbamide dihydrogen sulphate (PS-UI), iv) pig slurry with a microbial activator in development (PS-A), and v) pig slurry with the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (PS-NI). Pig slurry was applied at a target rate of 120 kg NH4+-N ha-1. Ammonia volatilisation was measured using semi-opened static chambers after treatments application at presowing 2016 and side-dressing 2017. Nitrous oxide emissions were measured using static closed chambers after treatments application at the 2017 and 2018 side-dressing.Main results: Ammonia volatilisation was estimated to be 7-9% and 19-23% of NH4+-N applied after presowing and side-dressing applications, respectively. Additives were not able to reduce NH3 emissions in any application moment. PS-NI was the only treatment being effective in reducing N2O emissions, 70% respect to those in PS treatment. Crop yield parameters were not affected by the application of the additives because of the no effect of additives controlling NH3 losses and the low contribution of N2O losses to the N balance (<1 kg N2O-N ha-1).Research highlights: The use of 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate would be recommended from an environmental perspective, although without grain yield benefits.

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Sensory Attributes, Phytotoxicity, and Production of Grape Cultivars after Treatment with Two Deer Repellents

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.9.3.429 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 429-432

Author(s):

Larry D. Howery ◽

Dale L. Nolte ◽

Lawrence M. Sullivan ◽

Michael W. Kilby

Keyword(s):

Untreated Control ◽

Block Design ◽

Sensory Attributes ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Phytotoxic Effects ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Rapid Emergence ◽

Grape Cultivars ◽

Production Losses

The objective of our experiment was to determine if the application of two deer repellents to six grape cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) caused significant phytotoxic effects, production losses, or altered the sensory characteristics of wine. We evaluated fifteen single vine plants from six different cultivars in a randomized block design that included the two repellent treatments and an untreated control. During spring 1997, we applied repellents biweekly from budbreak until flowering (2 Apr. to 14 May). Plantskyyd was applied more frequently than recommended by the product label (for trees) due to rapid emergence of unprotected shoot growth in vineyards. Hot Sauce and Plantskydd caused some initial minor phytotoxicity during 1997, however, the yield and phytotoxicity of treated plants were similar to controls by harvest. A panel detected a significant difference in the color, aroma, or taste of `Chardonnay' wine made from grapes treated with repellents compared to wine made from untreated control grapes (P = 0.001 for Hot Sauce; P = 0.05 for Plantskydd). We conclude that Hot Sauce and Plantskydd did not cause serious production losses or phytotoxic effects for the six cultivars treated. However, both Hot Sauce and Plantskydd significantly altered the sensory attributes of Chardonnay wine, which may preclude the use of chemical repellents in wine grape vineyards under the experimental conditions applied in our study.

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Cowpea Ecophysiological Responses to Accumulated Water Deficiency during the Reproductive Phase in Northeastern Pará, Brazil

Horticulturae ◽

10.3390/horticulturae7050116 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 116

Author(s):

Paulo Jorge de O. P. Souza ◽

Denilson P. Ferreira ◽

Denis P. Sousa ◽

Hildo G. G. C. Nunes ◽

João Vitor N. Pinto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Net Photosynthesis ◽

Co2 Concentration ◽

Water Levels ◽

Northeastern Brazil ◽

Water Deficiency ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Physiological Variables ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Significant Difference

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is a leguminous species widely cultivated in northern and northeastern Brazil. In the state of Pará, this crop still has low productivity due to several factors, such as low soil fertility and climatic adversity, especially the water deficiency. Therefore, the present study aimed at evaluating the physiological parameters and the productivity of cowpea plants under different water depths. The experiment was conducted in Castanhal/Pará between 2015 and 2016. A randomized block design was applied with six replications and four treatments, represented by the replacement of 100%, 50%, 25% and 0% of the water lost during crop evapotranspiration (ETc), starting from the reproductive stage. The rates of net photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gs), leaf transpiration (Eleaf), substomatal CO2 concentration (Ci), leaf temperature (Tleaf) and leaf water potential (Ψw) were determined in four measurements at the R5, R7, R8 and R9 phenological stages. Cowpea was sensitive to the water availability in the soil, showing a significant difference between treatments for physiological variables and productivity. Upon reaching a Ψw equal to −0.88 MPa, the studied variables showed important changes, which allows establishing this value as a threshold for the crop regarding water stress under such experimental conditions. The different water levels in the soil directly influenced productivity for both years, indicating that the proper water supply leads to better crop growth and development, increasing productivity.

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KANDUNGAN C-ORGANIK TANAH DAN TOTAL NITROGEN PADA TANAH VERTISOL YANG TELAH DIBAKAR DAN TIDAK DIBAKAR

AGRICA ◽

10.37478/agr.v5i1.447 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 67-76

Author(s):

Ana Juliana Ome ◽

W.I.I Mella ◽

Manuel Pian

Keyword(s):

Total Nitrogen ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Block Design ◽

Soil Organic C ◽

Total N ◽

Organic C ◽

Land Preparation ◽

Total Soil ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Total Organic C

The use of fire in agriculture land preparation may result in the change of various soil properties. Therefore, a study was conducted in the village of Oeteta, Kupang to determine soil total organic-C and total nitrogen of burned and unburned Vertisols. Randomized complete block design with two factors was applied. The first factor was burning treatment with two levels: burned and unburned. The second factor was soil depth with three levels: 0-10cm, 11-20cm and 21-30cm; all together made up 54 experimental units. Results showed that in all depths there was no significant difference in total soil organic-C between burned and unburned soils. However total soil organic-C contents in both burning treatments were considered high. Similarly, the was also no significant difference in total soil nitrogen between burned and unburned plots. Total soil N was considered in high and medium levels for burned and unburned soil respectively. In summary, burning does not affect soil total organic-C contents but reduces soil total N contents.

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Response of irrigated wheat cultivars to different nitrogen rates and sources

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo ◽

10.1590/s0100-06832009000500023 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 33 (5) ◽

pp. 1303-1310 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho ◽

Salatiér Buzetti ◽

Marcelo Andreotti ◽

Marco Eustáquio de Sá ◽

Orivaldo Arf ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Block Design ◽

Nitrification Inhibitor ◽

N Fertilization ◽

Wheat Cultivars ◽

N Source ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Significant Difference ◽

N Rates ◽

Nitrogen Rates

High wheat yields require good N fertilization management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different N applications at sowing using Entec (N source with nitrification inhibitor) and urea (traditional N source) at covering, on four wheat cultivars. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design in a factorial scheme, with four replications, at the Experimental Station of the Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira - UNESP, on a dystrophic, epi-eutrophic alic Red Latosol with loamy texture, formerly under savannah vegetation. Four N rates (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg ha-1) were tested, applied at sowing in the case of Entec and top-dressed 40 days after plant emergence in the case of urea, and the four wheat cultivars E 21, E 22, E 42, and IAC 370. The yield of the wheat cultivars E 21 and E 42 was highest. Plant height and lodging index of cultivar E 22 were greatest, with consequently lowest grain yield. There was no significant difference between Entec (applied at sowing) and urea (top-dressed) in terms of grain yield and yield components. Nevertheless, urea resulted in a higher N leaf content, and Entec in a larger number of undeveloped spikelets. High nitrogen rates influenced the hectoliter mass negatively, affecting wheat grain quality. Grain yield increased under N rates of up to 82 kg ha-1 N, through Entec applied at sowing or top-dressed urea.

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