scholarly journals A Sequential Study on the Pathology of Peste Des Petits Ruminants and Tissue Distribution of the Virus Following Experimental Infection of Black Bengal Goats

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahana Begum ◽  
Mohammed Nooruzzaman ◽  
Mohammad Rafiqul Islam ◽  
Emdadul Haque Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Electrolyte Imbalance ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Ulcerative Lesions ◽  
Lineage Iv

We studied the sequential pathology of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in Black Bengal goats and analyzed virus distribution in tissues and virus shedding following experimental infection with a Bangladeshi isolate of lineage IV PPR virus (PPRV). The early clinical signs like fever, depression, and ocular and nasal discharges first appeared at 4–7 days post-infection (dpi). Three out of eight inoculated goats died at 13, 15, and 18 dpi, and the rest were killed at different time points from 5 to 18 dpi. Initially, the virus multiplied mostly in the lymphoid organs of the pharyngeal region and caused extensive lymphoid destruction and hemorrhages. This was followed by viremia, massive virus replication in the lungs, and pneumonia along with the appearance of the clinical signs. Subsequently, the virus spread to other organs causing necrotic and hemorrhagic lesions, as well as the virus localized in the upper respiratory, oral and intestinal mucosa resulting in catarrhal, erosive, and ulcerative lesions. On hematological and biochemical investigation progressive leukopenia and hypoproteinemia, a gradual increase of serum metabolites and enzymes associated with liver and kidney damage, and electrolyte imbalance were observed. Seroconversion started at 7 dpi and all the surviving animals had serum antibodies at 14 dpi. Virus shedding was observed in nasal and ocular secretions at 4 dpi and in feces and urine at 14 dpi, which gradually increased and continued till the end of the experiment (18 dpi) despite seroconversion. Therefore, the virus shedding of naturally infected seroconverted goats should be monitored for effective control strategies.

scholarly journals Molecular Epidemiology of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Cases Associated with Abortion in Sheep and Goat in Marmara Region of Turkey, 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (04) ◽  
pp. 494-498
Author(s):  
Zuleyha Pestil
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Marmara Region ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Etiologic Agents ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Lineage Iv

The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) infections associated with abortion in sheep and goat samples from the Marmara region of Turkey during 2018. The study was carried out from 116 sheep and 26 goat abortion cases. PPR virus (PPRV) detection in these samples was performed using real-time RT-PCR (Q-RT-PCR). Then, sequence analysis was performed from PPRV positive samples. Q-RT-PCR results demonstrated that 12 (10.34%) out of 116 sheep abortion samples and 3 (11.53%) out of 26 goat abortion samples were positive for PPRV genome. The sequence results of RT-PCR positive products revealed that the viruses causing the cases belong to lineage IV. Furthermore, molecular analysis showed that present cases were not related to PPRV vaccine strains or its mutants. Marmara region, where this study was conducted, is a neighbour of European countries such as Bulgaria and Greece. The first PPR cases in Europe were reported from Bulgaria at the beginning of 2018 and subsequently, other cases also reported before are mentioned in the present study. This study provides valuable information to understand the epidemiology of recently emerged PPRV cases in Europe and Turkey. Furthermore, because of the prevalence of PPRV in abortion samples in this study, these results suggest that PPRV may be one of the possible etiologic agents of abortions in sheep and goat. However, for clarification of the relationship between abortion and PPRV, there is need more robust epidemiological data and experimental infection studies

scholarly journals Camelids and Cattle Are Dead-End Hosts for Peste-des-Petits-Ruminants Virus

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Schulz ◽  
Christine Fast ◽  
Ulrich Wernery ◽  
Jörg Kinne ◽  
Sunitha Joseph ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Tissue Tropism ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Dromedary Camels ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Recent Transmission ◽  
Lineage Iv

Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV) causes a severe respiratory disease in small ruminants. The possible impact of different atypical host species in the spread and planed worldwide eradication of PPRV remains to be clarified. Recent transmission trials with the virulent PPRV lineage IV (LIV)-strain Kurdistan/2011 revealed that pigs and wild boar are possible sources of PPRV-infection. We therefore investigated the role of cattle, llamas, alpacas, and dromedary camels in transmission trials using the Kurdistan/2011 strain for intranasal infection and integrated a literature review for a proper evaluation of their host traits and role in PPRV-transmission. Cattle and camelids developed no clinical signs, no viremia, shed no or only low PPRV-RNA loads in swab samples and did not transmit any PPRV to the contact animals. The distribution of PPRV-RNA or antigen in lymphoid organs was similar in cattle and camelids although generally lower compared to suids and small ruminants. In the typical small ruminant hosts, the tissue tropism, pathogenesis and disease expression after PPRV-infection is associated with infection of immune and epithelial cells via SLAM and nectin-4 receptors, respectively. We therefore suggest a different pathogenesis in cattle and camelids and both as dead-end hosts for PPRV.

scholarly journals Diagnosis Challenges and Control Strategies of Transboundary Diseases Presenting with Respiratory Signs in Small Ruminants in Developing Countries: Emphasis on Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia and Peste Des Petits Ruminants

2020 ◽  
pp. 12-25
Author(s):  
A. C. Chota ◽  
G. M. Shirima ◽  
L. J. M. Kusiluka
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Definitive Diagnosis ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia ◽  
Phd Thesis ◽  
And Control ◽  
Bio Engineering

Aims: To review the diagnosis challenges and control strategies of the diseases presenting with respiratory signs. The emphasis being more on two transboundary animal diseases of small ruminants; contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) and peste des petits ruminants (PPR). Clinical signs and postmortem lesions associated with the two diseases were also explicated. Study Design: Review. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Global Health, School of Life Science and Bio-Engineering (LiSBE), Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST) from December 2017 to June 2020. Methodology: A comprehensive review was carried out following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 506 articles, handbooks, Master’s and PhD thesis and conference proceedings were collected and after removal of the duplicates 80.6% (424/526) passed the first stage. Of the remaining search materials, (n=291) were removed including handbooks, master’s and PhD thesis which did not originate from the developing countries, 31.4% (133/424) passed the second. Of the articles that passed the second stage, (n=85) were removed from the study, these included all articles that did not involve field diagnosis such as review papers and those not originating from the developing countries, 36.1% (48/133) passed the third stage. In the fourth stage, (n=5) articles which reported on retrospective cases and archived samples were removed and 43 articles were reviewed. Results: Out of the 526 documents retrieved, 43 were eligible for review as they met all criteria for inclusion. Control strategies were recommended in 44.2% (19/43) of the articles of which most of them 63.2%, 12/19) recommended vaccination as a control strategy. Most of the articles reported definitive diagnosis reached following laboratory involvement as majority of them involved outbreak investigation or research works which is not the case in routine diagnosis. The major clinical signs mentioned in the review articles including fever 60.9% (14/23), oculonasal discharge 87.0% (20/23), respiratory distress 82.6% (19/23), erosive stomatitis 43.5% (10/23), diarrhea 56.5% (13/23) and coughing 30.4% (7/23) have been discussed relating to the definitive diagnosis reached in reporting articles. On the other hand, postmortem lesions including lung consolidation 38.1% (8/21), intestinal hemorrhage 38.1% (8/21), lung congestion 28.6% (6/21), serofibrinous pleurisy 28.6% (6/21), pneumonic lungs 23.8% (5/21) and unilateral lung inflammation 14.3% (3/21), have been discussed in relation to the definitive diagnosis reached.  Conclusion: Despite the similarities in clinical signs and postmortem lesions associated with diseases presenting with respiratory signs, definitive diagnosis of CCPP was reached in cases that involved clinical signs and postmortem lesions confined in the respiratory system whereas, PPR was more diagnosed in cases that presented with clinical signs and postmortem lesions associating the digestive system. However, presence of respiratory signs in the cases the diagnosed PPR may implicate presence of unidentified secondary bacterial infections. Vaccinations being the most advocated approach of control, require a broader look to make sure that polyvalent vaccines are available against the four common diseases. Also, use of treatment to reduce the effect of secondary infecting bacteria may be of help. Furthermore, for effective outcomes of the control strategies, collaborative efforts among countries at risk should be advocated.

scholarly journals Complete Genome Sequence of a Lineage IV Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus from Turkey, 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabri Hacıoğlu ◽  
Simon King ◽  
Şirin Gülsün Çizmeci ◽  
Öznur Yeşil ◽  
John Flannery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleotide Sequence ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome Sequence ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence Identity ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Sequence Identity ◽  
Lineage Iv

We report the whole-genome sequence of a peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) from a lamb exhibiting clinical signs in Turkey in September 2018. The genome of PPRV/Turkey/Central_Anatolia/2018 shows the highest nucleotide sequence identity (97.63%) to PPRV isolated in Turkey in 2000.

scholarly journals Virus Shedding of Avian Influenza in Poultry: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Germeraad ◽  
Sanders ◽  
Hagenaars ◽  
Jong ◽  
Beerens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Virus Origin ◽  
Inoculation Route ◽  
Meta Analyses

Understanding virus shedding patterns of avian influenza virus (AIV) in poultry is important for understanding host-pathogen interactions and developing effective control strategies. Many AIV strains were studied in challenge experiments in poultry, but no study has combined data from those studies to identify general AIV shedding patterns. These systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to summarize qualitative and quantitative information on virus shedding levels and duration for different AIV strains in experimentally infected poultry species. Methods were designed based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Four electronic databases were used to collect literature. A total of 1155 abstract were screened, with 117 studies selected for the qualitative analysis and 71 studies for the meta-analysis. A large heterogeneity in experimental methods was observed and the quantitative analysis showed that experimental variables such as species, virus origin, age, inoculation route and dose, affect virus shedding (mean, peak and duration) for highly pathogenic AIV (HPAIV), low pathogenic AIV (LPAIV) or both. In conclusion, this study highlights the need to standardize experimental procedures, it provides a comprehensive summary of the shedding patterns of AIV strains by infected poultry and identifies the variables that influence the level and duration of AIV shedding.

scholarly journals Modeling Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Disease Propagation and Control Strategies Using Memoryless State Transitions

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Mitchell ◽  
Walter E. Beyeler ◽  
Patrick Finley ◽  
Melissa Finley DVM, PhD
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
State Transitions ◽  
Morbidity Rate ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
And Control

<p><em>Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is an infectious disease affecting goats and sheep. PPR has a mortality rate of 80% and a morbidity rate of 100% in naïve herds. This disease is currently of concern to Afghani goat and sheep herders as conditions in Afghanistan are conducive to the disease becoming an epidemic. PPR is similar to Rinderpest, but is not as well studied. There is a lack of empirical data on how the disease spreads or effective large-scale mitigation strategies. We developed a herd-level, event-driven model of PPR, using memoryless state transitions, to study how the virus propagates through a herd, and to identify effective control strategies for disparate herd configurations and environments. This model allows us to perform Sensitivity Analyses (SA) on environmental and disease parameters for which we do not have empirical data and to simulate the effectiveness of various control strategies. We find that reducing the amount of time from the identification of PPR in a herd to the vaccination of the herd will radically reduce the number of deaths that result from PPR. The goal of this model is to give policy makers a tool to develop effective containment strategies for managing outbreaks of PPR.</em></p>

scholarly journals A Novel Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus Vectored DIVA Vaccine against Peste des Petits Ruminants in Goats

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Murr ◽  
Bernd Hoffmann ◽  
Christian Grund ◽  
Angela Römer-Oberdörfer ◽  
Thomas C. Mettenleiter
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Domestic Sheep ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV, species: small ruminant morbillivirus) is the causative agent of the eponymous notifiable disease, the peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in wild and domestic sheep and goats. Mortality rates vary between 50% and 100%, causing significant losses of estimated 1.5 to 2 billion US Dollars per year. Live-attenuated PPRV vaccine strains are used in the field for disease prevention, but the application of a more thermostable vaccine enabling differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA) would be highly desirable to achieve the goal of global disease eradication. We generated a recombinant Newcastle disease virus (rNDV) based on the live-attenuated NDV Clone 30 that expresses the surface protein hemagglutinin (H) of PPRV strain Kurdistan/11 (rNDV_HKur). In vitro analyses confirmed transgene expression as well as virus replication in avian, caprine, and ovine cells. Two consecutive subcutaneous vaccinations of German domestic goats with rNDV_HKur prevented clinical signs and hematogenic dissemination after an intranasal challenge with virulent PPRV Kurdistan/11. Virus shedding by different routes was reduced to a similar extent as after vaccination with the live-attenuated PPRV strain Nigeria 75/1. Goats that were either not vaccinated or inoculated with parental rNDV were used as controls. In summary, we demonstrate in a proof-of-concept study that an NDV vectored vaccine can protect against PPR. Furthermore, it provides DIVA-applicability and a high thermal tolerance.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of raccoon dogs for experimental SARS-CoV-2 infection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conrad M. Freuling ◽  
Angele Breithaupt ◽  
Thomas Müller ◽  
Julia Sehl ◽  
Anne Balkema-Buschmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Nyctereutes Procyonoides ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
High Level ◽  
Raccoon Dogs

AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in China at the end of 2019, and became pandemic. The zoonotic virus most likely originated from bats, but definite intermediate hosts have not yet been identified. Raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) are kept for fur production, in particular in China, and were suspected as potential intermediate host for both SARS-CoV6 and SARS-CoV2. Here we demonstrate susceptibility of raccoon dogs for SARS-CoV-2 infection after intranasal inoculation and transmission to direct contact animals. Rapid, high level virus shedding, in combination with minor clinical signs and pathohistological changes, seroconversion and absence of viral adaptation highlight the role of raccoon dogs as a potential intermediate host. The results are highly relevant for control strategies and emphasize the risk that raccoon dogs may represent a potential SARS-CoV-2 reservoir. Our results support the establishment of adequate surveillance and risk mitigation strategies for kept and wild raccoon dogs.Article Summary LineRaccoon dogs are susceptible to and efficiently transmit SARS-CoV2 and may serve as intermediate host

scholarly journals Chimpanzees as an animal model for human norovirus infection and vaccine development

2010 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 325-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Bok ◽  
Gabriel I. Parra ◽  
Tanaji Mitra ◽  
Eugenio Abente ◽  
Charlene K. Shaver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Antigen Expression ◽  
Norwalk Virus ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Model Studies

Noroviruses are global agents of acute gastroenteritis, but the development of control strategies has been hampered by the absence of a robust animal model. Studies in chimpanzees have played a key role in the characterization of several fastidious hepatitis viruses, and we investigated the feasibility of such studies for the noroviruses. Seronegative chimpanzees inoculated i.v. with the human norovirus strain Norwalk virus (NV) did not show clinical signs of gastroenteritis, but the onset and duration of virus shedding in stool and serum antibody responses were similar to that observed in humans. NV RNA was detected in intestinal and liver biopsies concurrent with the detection of viral shedding in stool, and NV antigen expression was observed in cells of the small intestinal lamina propria. Two infected chimpanzees rechallenged 4, 10, or 24 mo later with NV were resistant to reinfection, and the presence of NV-specific serum antibodies correlated with protection. We evaluated the immunogenicity and efficacy of virus-like particles (VLPs) derived from NV (genogroup I, GI) and MD145 (genogroup II, GII) noroviruses as vaccines. Chimpanzees vaccinated intramuscularly with GI VLPs were protected from NV infection when challenged 2 and 18 mo after vaccination, whereas chimpanzees that received GII VLPs vaccine or a placebo were not. This study establishes the chimpanzee as a viable animal model for the study of norovirus replication and immunity, and shows that NV VLP vaccines could induce protective homologous immunity even after extended periods of time.

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