scholarly journals Why Test Purchased Cattle in BVDV Control Programs?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Van Duijn ◽  
Inge Santman-Berends ◽  
Marit Biesheuvel ◽  
Jet Mars ◽  
Frederik Waldeck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Measure Data ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Cattle Movements ◽  
Free Status ◽  
Parameters Of Interest

Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is controlled in many countries by detection and culling of persistently infected (PI) animals. The most important risk factor for BVDV introduction is purchase. An introduced cow can be PI and transmit the virus to other cattle in the herd. If she is not PI but is pregnant, there is still a risk because the subsequently born calf may be PI, when she encountered the virus in early pregnancy. To control this risk, all cows > 1 year from non-BVDV-free herds that are introduced in herds that participate in the Dutch BVDV control program are tested for virus and antibodies. Depending on the results, subsequent measures such as suspension of the BVDV-free status, removing the animals from the herd, or testing the off-spring of the cow for virus, are undertaken. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of this risk mitigating measure. Data on cattle movements, calving's, herd-level BVDV status, and animal-level test data were available from all dairy herds that participated in the national BVDV control program (>14,000 dairy herds) for the year 2019. The data were combined and parameters of interest were calculated, i.e., (i) the number of purchased BVD virus positive cattle and (ii) the number of BVD virus positive calves born from purchased cows within 9 months after introduction. In 2019, 217,301 cattle were introduced in Dutch dairy herds that participated in the BVDV control program. Of these, 49,820 were tested for presence of BVD virus and 27 (0.05%) cows introduced in 21 different herds tested BVD virus positive. Out of 46,727 cattle that were tested for antibodies, 20.5% tested positive. The seropositive cows produced 4,341 viable calves, of which 3,062 were tested for virus and subsequently, 40 (1.3%) were found BVD virus positive. These 40 BVD virus positive calves were born in 23 herds. The risk mitigating measure led to detection of 67 BVD virus positive animals in 44 unique herds in 2019. This study makes plausible that the probability and impact of re-introduction of BVDV can be minimized by testing introduced cattle and their subsequently born calves.

scholarly journals A survey of biosecurity measures applied on dairy cattle farms in Spain

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Javier Villaamil ◽  
Ignacio Arnaiz ◽  
Alberto Allepuz ◽  
Mikel Molins ◽  
Mercedes Lázaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Multiple Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis ◽  
Current Application ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Antibody Elisa ◽  
Cattle Farms

AbstractAttention to biosecurity has been highlighted as the most important measure to reduce and prevent the introduction of diseases to farms. There is little published information about the biosecurity of dairy cattle in Spain. We therefore aimed to assess and characterize the current application of biosecurity measures on dairy cattle farms in Spain, and relate these to bovine viral diarrhea and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. From July 2017 to April 2018, data on biosecurity measures for 124 dairy herds were collected using a questionnaire. We also assessed the sanitary status of these farms (efficacy of measures implemented against both diseases using antibody ELISA. Data were analyzed descriptively, and using multiple correspondence analysis and a two-step cluster analysis. Measures to prevent disease introduction were often poorly implemented. Three main clusters of farms were identified: Clusters 1 and 2 included herds of small and intermediate sizes, respectively. These, particularly cluster 1, showed the most deficiencies in the control of vehicles and visitors. However, individual purchases usually involved low numbers of animals, especially in cluster 2, and animals were tested for bovine viral diarrhea and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis at their places of origin or on arrival at farms. Farms in clusters 1 and 2 were frequently under voluntary control programs. Cluster 3 had the largest herd sizes, with somewhat better biosecurity control of vehicles and visitors. However, farms in this cluster also purchased the most animals, sometimes without testing, and hired external workers most often. Farms in cluster 1 showed the best sanitary level, followed by clusters 2 and 3. Collecting data such as these is an important first step to identification of biosecurity shortcomings, and to structuring of adequate follow-up to ensure that measures are implemented correctly on farms in Spain.

Comparative study in the control of bovine viral diarrhea

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Larghi
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Ongoing Surveillance ◽  
Biosecurity Practices ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important infectious agent affecting herd productivity and reproduction, and leading to massive economic losses. As such, BVD is the subject of a number of control and eradication schemes globally. The key elements of such schemes are: diagnosis and removal of persistently infected animals from herds; implementation of biosecurity practices aimed at preventing the introduction or re-introduction of BVDV in free herds; and ongoing surveillance to monitor the progress of the program and to detect new infections. The objective of this review is to examine the impact of BVD and the management of the disease in three countries: Scotland, Spain, and Argentina, where BVD control programs are in distinct phases: established, developing, and yet to be initiated. This work also sets out to highlight potential difficulties and formulate recommendations for successful BVD control. It concludes that a systematic, countrywide approach is needed to achieve a sustainable decrease in BVD prevalence. The role of vaccines in control programs is concluded to be a valuable additional biosecurity measure. This study also concludes that there are potential wider benefits to a systematic BVD control program, such as a reduction in antimicrobial use and increases in the competitiveness of the cattle industry.

scholarly journals Vaccination Failure in Eradication and Control Programs for Bovine Viral Diarrhea Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Antos ◽  
Pawel Miroslaw ◽  
Jerzy Rola ◽  
Miroslaw Pawel Polak
Keyword(s):  
Financial Burden ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Serological Response ◽  
Prophylactic Measure ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Efficient Protection ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
And Control

Vaccination against bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is one of the key elements to protect cattle herds from this economically important disorder. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a pestivirus infecting animals at all ages with significant impact on reproductive, digestive, and respiratory systems. Financial burden caused by this pathogen prompts many farmers to introduce vaccination as the control and prophylactic measure especially when persistently infected (PI) individuals, being the main source of the virus in the herd, are removed after test-and-cull approach. The aim of the study was to compare the serological response in cattle herds where new PI calves were identified without prior removal of PI animals or despite their removal and after the introduction of whole herd vaccination against BVDV infection. Overall seroprevalence in 5 vaccinated herds was 91.7 and 83.3% using ELISA and virus neutralization test, respectively. Despite high titers for both vaccine and field strains of BVDV in analyzed herds the analysis of comparative strength of neutralization indicated that 41.4% of positive samples did not have a predominant titer against one specific subtype of BVDV. In 3 herds BVDV-1b subtype was identified while in 2 others it was BVDV-1d, while the vaccine used was based on BVDV-1a which was never identified in Poland so far. To increase the success of the BVDV eradication program, a careful approach is suggested when planning herd vaccination. Comparison of existing field strains and their similarity with vaccine strains at antigenic and genetic levels can be a useful approach to increase the effectiveness of vaccination and efficient protection of fetuses from persistent infection.

scholarly journals Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) genetic diversity in Spain: A review

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. e05R01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Diéguez ◽  
Manuel Cerviño ◽  
Eduardo Yus
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Vaccination Recommendations ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a member of the genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae, causes significant losses in cattle farming worldwide because of reduced milk production, increased mortality of young animals and reproductive, respiratory and intestinal problems. The virus is characterized by an important genetic, and consequently antigenic and pathogenic diversity. Knowing the variability of viral strains present in a population provides valuable information, particularly relevant for control programs development, vaccination recommendations and even identification of likely infection sources. Such information is therefore important at both local and regional levels. This review focuses on the genetic diversity of BVDV isolates infecting cattle in Spain over the last years. According to the published data, the most prevalent BVDV group in Spain was 1b, and to a lesser extent 1d, 1e and 1f. Besides, BVDV-2 has also been found in Spain with several ratified isolates. The studies carried out in Spain also showed increased genetic heterogeneity of BVDV strains, possibly due to a more intensive use of analytical tools available, presenting studies with increasingly greater sample sizes.

scholarly journals The effect of bovine viral diarrhea virus introduction on milk production of Dutch dairy herds

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaomei Yue ◽  
Wilma Steeneveld ◽  
Mariska van der Voort ◽  
Gerdien van Schaik ◽  
Johannes C.M. Vernooij ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

scholarly journals Control of Bovine Viral Diarrhea

Pathogens ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Volker Moennig ◽  
Paul Becher
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Additional Control ◽  
Successful Control ◽  
The Common ◽  
Systematic Control

Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is one of the most important infectious diseases of cattle with respect to animal health and economic impact. Its stealthy nature, prolonged transient infections, and the presence of persistently infected (PI) animals as efficient reservoirs were responsible for its ubiquitous presence in cattle populations worldwide. Whereas it was initially thought that the infection was impossible to control, effective systematic control strategies have emerged over the last 25 years. The common denominators of all successful control programs were systematic control, removal of PI animals, movement controls for infected herds, strict biosecurity, and surveillance. Scandinavian countries, Austria, and Switzerland successfully implemented these control programs without using vaccination. Vaccination as an optional and additional control tool was used by e.g., Germany, Belgium, Ireland, and Scotland. The economic benefits of BVD control programs had been assessed in different studies.

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