scholarly journals Feeding Strategies to Reduce Nutrient Losses and Improve the Sustainability of Growing Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candido Pomar ◽  
Ines Andretta ◽  
Aline Remus
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Nitrogen Efficiency ◽  
Nutrient Efficiency ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Diet Formulation ◽  
Protein Reduction ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Feeding Techniques

The efficiency of pig production using nutrients has increased over the years. Still, better efficiency of nutrient utilization can be achieved by feeding pigs with diets adjusted to their estimated requirements. An increase in nutrient efficiency of utilization represents economic gains while maximizing environmental performance. The objective of this paper is to review the impact of different methods of diet formulation that provide farm animals with the amount of nutrients to satisfy their needs while minimizing nutrient excretion and greenhouse gas emissions. Diet formulation is one tool that can help to maximize nitrogen and energy utilization by decreasing crude protein content in diets. The use of local feedstuff and non-human-edible products (e.g., canola meal) associated with synthetic amino acid inclusion in the diet are valuable techniques to reduce carbon footprint. Precision feeding and nutrition is another powerful tool that allows not only daily tailoring of diets for maximal nutrient efficiency of utilization but also to reduce costs and improve nitrogen efficiency of utilization. In this review, we simulated through mathematical models the nitrogen and energy efficiency of utilization resulting from crude protein reduction in the diet. An 8% crude protein reduction in the diet can increase nitrogen efficiency of utilization by 54% while costing 11% less than a control diet without synthetic amino acids. The same reduction in crude protein represented a major improvement in available energy due to the decrease of energetic losses linked to protein deamination. Urinary and hindgut fermentation energy losses were 24% lower for pigs fed with low-protein diets when compared to control diets. In terms of modern feeding techniques and strategies, precision feeding and nutrition can decrease nitrogen excretion by 30% when compared to group phase feeding. The benefits of feeding pigs with low-protein diets and precision feeding techniques are additive and might result in a 61% nitrogen efficiency of utilization. There is room for improvement in the way nutrient requirements are estimated in pigs. Improving the understanding of the variation of nutrient utilization among pigs can contribute to further environmental gains.

scholarly journals Industrial amino acids in diets for piglets and growing pigs

1988 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 673-683
Author(s):  
J. Inborr ◽  
K. Suomi
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Protein Amino Acid ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Slaughter Pigs ◽  
Protein Diets

Two production trials with piglets and one with slaughter pigs were carried out in order to investigate the effects of reducing the protein content in the diets followed by an addition of industrial amino acids on performance and health status. In the first piglet trial the crude protein content of the control diet was decreased from 20 to 18.3 % and in the second from 18.3 to 16.7 %. In the trial with growing pigs, the protein content of the control diet was decreased from 17.0 to 15.5 %. Industrial L-lysine, DL-methionine and L-threonine were added to the low protein diets to get the same levels of these amino acids as in the control diets. Piglet performance was similar on all treatments indicating equal availability of added and protein-bound amino acids. Health status of piglets on the low protein diets was considerably improved, indicating less predisposition to post weaning diarrhoea. Pigs on the low protein amino acid fortified diet tended to gain weight faster (788 vs. 743 g/day; p

Effect of using cassava as an amylopectin source in low protein diets on growth performance, nitrogen efficiency and postprandial changes in plasma glucose and related hormones concentrations of growing pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junyan Zhou ◽  
Lu Wang ◽  
Jianchuan Zhou ◽  
Xiangfang Zeng ◽  
Shiyan Qiao
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Nitrogen Efficiency ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Desire To Eat

Abstract This study was aimed to explore the effect of using cassava as an amylopectin source in low protein (LP) diets on growth performance, nitrogen efficiency and postprandial changes in plasma glucose and related hormones concentrations of growing pigs. Three animal experiments were included in the present study. Treatments included corn-soybean meal LP (Corn LP), corn-cassava-soybean meal LP (Corn + Cassava LP), and cassava-soybean meal LP (Cassava LP). The in vitro digestion proved that Corn + Cassava LP and Cassava LP diets induced more rapid starch digestion and glucose release, compared with Corn LP diet. The results of animal experiments are as follows: Cassava LP diet caused the most rapid changes in plasma glucose and relevant hormones concentrations after a meal. And it decreased the concentrations of fasting plasma insulin, glucagon, and leptin concentrations compared with other treatments (P < 0.05). These modulationes above led to a strong desire to eat and increased feed intake and then weight gain in growing pigs fed Cassava LP diet. Besides, feeding Cassava LP diet caused diarrhea, increased noxious gas release from feces, and increased concentrations of fecal isobutyrate and isovalerate (P < 0.05). Compared with Corn LP group, Corn + Cassava LP group showed significantly decreased urinary nitrogen (P < 0.05) and improved post-absorptive amino acid utilization efficiency. In conclusion, the use of cassava as an amylopectin source in LP diets could modulate glucose absorption and related gut secreted hormones secretion, subsequently strengthened the desire to eat, improved growth performance, and enhanced nitrogen efficiency in growing pigs.

scholarly journals The Impact of Producing Type and Dietary Crude Protein on Animal Performances and Microbiota Together with Greenhouse Gases Emissions in Growing Pigs

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1742
Author(s):  
Ahmad Reza Seradj ◽  
Joaquim Balcells ◽  
Laura Sarri ◽  
Lorenzo José Fraile ◽  
Gabriel de la Fuente Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Greenhouse Gases Emissions ◽  
Nutrient Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
The Impact

In order to reduce dietary nitrogen and achieve an efficient protein deposition as well as decrease N wastage, we challenged the nutrient utilization efficiency of two different producing types in front of a dietary crude protein (CP) restriction and studied the role of the microbiota in such an adaptation process. Therefore, 32 pure castrated male Duroc (DU) and 32 entire male hybrid (F2) piglets were raised in a three-phase feeding regime. At each phase, two iso caloric diets differing in CP content, also known as normal protein (NP) and low protein (LP), were fed to the animals. LP diets had a fixed restriction (2%) in CP content in regards to NP ones throughout the phases of the experiment. At the end of third phase, fecal samples were collected for microbiota analysis purposes and greenhouse gases emissions, together with ammonia, were tested. No changes were found in average daily feed intake (ADFI) of animals of two producing types (Duroc vs. F2) or those consumed different experimental diets (NP vs. LP) throughout the course of study. However, at the end of each experimental phase the average body weight (BW) of hybrid animals were higher compared to Duroc pigs, whereas a reverse trend was observed for average daily gain (ADG), where Duroc pigs showed greater values with respect to hybrid ones. Despite, greater CH4 and ammonia emissions in Duroc pigs with respect to F2, no significant differences were found in contaminant gases emissions between diets. Moreover, LP diets did not alter the microbial community structure, in terms of diversity, although some genera were affected by the dietary challenge. Results suggest that the impact of reducing 2% of CP content was limited for reduction in contaminant gases emissions and highlight the hypothesis that moderate change in the dietary protein levels can be overcome by long-term adaptation of the gut microbiota. Overall, the influence of the producing type on performance and digestive microbiota composition was more pronounced than the dietary effect. However, both producing types responded differently to CP restriction. The use of fecal microbiota as biomarker for predicting feed efficiency has a great potential that should be completed with robust predictive models to achieve consistent and valid results.

scholarly journals Effects of Dietary Protein Levels on Bamei Pig Intestinal Colony Compositional Traits

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Dong Wang ◽  
Guoshun Chen ◽  
Lili Song ◽  
Mingjie Chai ◽  
Yongfeng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Microbial Flora ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Crude Protein Level ◽  
Microbial Diversities

Diets containing different crude protein levels (16%, 14%, and 12%) were created to feed Bamei pigs in order to study the effect of these compositions on intestinal colonies. Therefore, 27 healthy Bamei pigs of similar weight ( 20.99   kg ± 0.16   kg ) were selected and randomly divided into three groups for microbial diversity analysis. The results of this study show that microbial diversities and abundances in Bamei pig jejunum and caecum samples after feeding with different dietary protein levels were significantly different. Dietary crude protein level exerted no significant effect on the Shannon index for cecum microbes in these pigs, while Simpson, ACE, and Chao1 indices for group I were all significantly higher than those of either the control group or group II ( P < 0.05 ). Indeed, data show that microbial diversities and abundances in the 14% protein level group were higher than those in either the 16% or 12% groups. Dominant bacteria present in jejunum and cecum samples given low-protein diets were members of the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Data show that as dietary crude protein level decreases, representatives of the microbial flora genus Lactobacillus in jejunum and cecum samples gradually increases. Values for the KEGG functional prediction of microbial flora at different dietary protein levels also show that genes of jejunum and cecum microorganisms were mainly enriched in the “metabolism” pathway and indicate that low protein diets increase intestinal metabolic activity. Therefore, we recommend that Bamei pig dietary protein levels are reduced 2% from their existing level of 16% crude protein. We also suggest that essential synthetic amino acids (AA) are added to optimize this ideal protein model as this will increase intestinal flora diversity in these pigs and enhance health. These changes will have a positive effect in promoting the healthy growth of Bamei pigs.

scholarly journals 46 How far we could go reducing crude protein with the use of supplemental amino acids

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 22-23
Author(s):  
Candido Pomar
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Protein Reduction

Abstract Feeding growing pigs with diets providing the required amount of essential and non-essential amino acids (AA) reduces energy expenditure and minimizes N excretion. Low protein diets can be obtained by supplementing feeds with crystalline AA. Numerous experiments have evaluated the ideal dietary AA concentration at different growth stages, but reducing dietary protein with the use of supplemental AA is limited by the inaccuracy of the principles used to estimate AA requirements. One of these principles states that growing animals need AA for maintenance and growth. Maintenance requirements are related to BW whereas the efficiency of AA utilization (e.g., 72% for Lys) and body protein AA composition are constant (e.g., 7% for Lys). These parameters are, however, affected by AA restriction, meal frequency, energy supply, genetics, etc. Even when controlling these factors, individual pigs respond differently to the same AA supply. Yet pigs are raised in groups and fed with a unique feed for long periods. Individual pigs within a given population differ in terms of BW, ADG, health status, etc., and consequently, differ in the amount of AA they need at a given time. Therefore, when feeding a group of pigs, the concept of maintenance and growth requirements may not be appropriate. In this situation, nutrient requirements should be seen as the optimal balance between the proportion of animals that needs to be overfed and underfed. Given that for most AA, underfed animals exhibit reduced performance, whereas overfed animals exhibit near-optimal performance, optimal growth is obtained when nutrients are provided to satisfy the requirements of the most demanding animals. There is therefore a trade-off between performance and dietary protein reduction. The inaccuracy of the principles used to estimate AA requirements, both for individual animals and populations, limits how far we can go reducing dietary protein with the use of supplemental AA.

The Protein and Energy Metabolic Response of Skeletal Muscle to the Low-Protein Diets in Growing Pigs

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (39) ◽  
pp. 8544-8551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinghui Li ◽  
Fengna Li ◽  
Yehui Duan ◽  
Qiuping Guo ◽  
Wenlong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

Protease Supplementation and its Effect on Performance and Nutrient Utilization in Broiler Chicken Fed Low Protein Diets

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 323
Author(s):  
Chisty Syed Salman ◽  
Sunil Nayak ◽  
R.P.S. Baghel ◽  
C.D. Malapure ◽  
Kumar Govil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

Energy utilization of low-protein diets in growing pigs.

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 1259 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Le Bellego ◽  
J van Milgen ◽  
S Dubois ◽  
J Noblet
Keyword(s):  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

scholarly journals Influence of Low Protein Diets on Water Intake and Urine and Nitrogen Excretion in Growing Pigs

1998 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiichi SUZUKI ◽  
Chun CHENG Xu ◽  
Hiroshi KANO ◽  
Toshiro SHIMIZU ◽  
Yuuichi SATO
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

scholarly journals Low Crude Protein Diet Affects the Intestinal Microbiome and Metabolome Differently in Barrows and Gilts

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Tao ◽  
Bo Deng ◽  
Qizhi Yuan ◽  
Xiaoming Men ◽  
Jie Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

Low protein diets are commonly used in the growing-finishing pig stage of swine production; however, the effects of low dietary protein on the intestinal microbiota and their metabolites, and their association with pig sex, remain unclear. The present study aimed to assess the impact of a low crude protein (CP) diet on the gut microbiome and metabolome, and to reveal any relationship with sex. Barrows and gilts (both n = 24; initial body = 68.33 ± 0.881 kg) were allocated into two treatments according to sex. The four groups comprised two pairs of gilts and barrows fed with a high protein diet (CP 17% at stage I; CP 13% at stage II) and a low protein diet (CP 15% at stage I; CP 11% at stage II), respectively, for 51 d. Eight pigs in each group were slaughtered and their colon contents were collected. Intestinal microbiota and their metabolites were assessed using 16S rRNA sequencing and tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. The low protein diet increased intestinal microbiota species and richness indices (P &lt; 0.05) in both sexes compared with the high protein diet. The sample Shannon index was different (P &lt; 0.01) between barrows and gilts. At the genus level, unidentified Clostridiales (P &lt; 0.05), Neisseria (P &lt; 0.05), unidentified Prevotellaceae (P &lt; 0.01) and Gracilibacteria (P &lt; 0.05) were affected by dietary protein levels. The relative abundance of unidentified Prevotellaceae was different (P &lt; 0.01) between barrows and gilts. The influence of dietary protein levels on Neisseria (P &lt; 0.05), unidentified Prevotellaceae (P &lt; 0.01) and Gracilibacteria (P &lt; 0.05) were associated with sex. Metabolomic profiling indicated that dietary protein levels mainly affected intestinal metabolites in gilts rather than barrows. A total of 434 differentially abundant metabolites were identified in gilts fed the two protein diets. Correlation analysis identified that six differentially abundant microbiota communities were closely associated with twelve metabolites that were enriched for amino acids, inflammation, immune, and disease-related metabolic pathways. These results suggested that decreasing dietary protein contents changed the intestinal microbiota in growing-finishing pigs, which selectively affected the intestinal metabolite profiles in gilts.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document