Influence of Low Protein Diets on Water Intake and Urine and Nitrogen Excretion in Growing Pigs

Abstract Increased feed cost, post-weaning diarrhea, and nitrogen excretion are challenging the modern swine industry. Very low-protein (LP) diets (>4% units reduced protein) may reduce feed cost, diarrhea and nitrogen excretion; however, these diets impair growth performance of pigs despite supplementation of limiting amino acids (i.e., lysine, threonine, methionine and tryptophan). The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of valine, isoleucine and combination of both supplemented to VLP diet on growth, thermal radiation, and gut development in young pigs. Forty three-week-old weaned barrows were weighed (6.75 ± 0.14 kg) and randomly assigned to five groups (8 pigs/group) including: 1) standard diet or positive control (PC), 2) LP diet, 3) LP + valine (LPV), 4) LP + isoleucine (LPI) and 5) LP + both valine and isoleucine (LPVI) for five weeks. Daily feed intake and weekly growth characteristics were measured and weekly thermal images were captured. All pigs were euthanized at week 5 and tissue samples collected. All data were analyzed with univariate GLM followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test (SPSS®). Compared to PC, final body weight, average daily gain, average daily protein intake and gain:feed ratio were reduced in LP group, but feeding pigs with LPVI partially or completely recovered these parameters. Pigs fed with LPVI had higher thermal radiation than those fed with PC, LP, and LPI on days 28 and 35 of study and had a greater the area under the curve for thermal radiation than LP and LPI. Duodenal villus width and crypt depth, and ileal villus height were decreased in LP relative to PC, but LPVI either partially or fully recovered these measurements. In conclusion, supplementing a combination of valine and isoleucine recovered the negative effects of very low-protein diets on growth performance and gut development, but increased the thermal radiation in weaned pigs.

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EFFECTS OF GRADED DIETARY PROTEIN LEVELS ON UREA RECYCLING IN THE PIG

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas82-139 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 62 (4) ◽

pp. 1193-1197 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

P. A. THACKER ◽

J. P. BOWLAND ◽

L. P. MILLIGAN ◽

E. WELTZIEN

Keyword(s):

Dietary Protein ◽

Protein Diet ◽

Nitrogen Excretion ◽

Entry Rate ◽

Protein Nitrogen ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Low Protein ◽

Key Words Pig ◽

Urea Recycling ◽

Protein Diets

The kinetics of urea recycling were determined in six female crossbred pigs utilizing a radioisotope dilution technique. The experimental animals were fed three times daily 500 g of a corn-soybean meal diet formulated to contain 8.4, 15.8 or 24.7% crude protein. Nitrogen digestibility, urinary nitrogen excretion, total nitrogen excretion and retained nitrogen were highest on the 24.7% protein diet and decreased with decreasing dietary protein. Urea pool size, entry rate and excretion rate were also highest on the 24.7% protein diet and decreased with decreasing protein intake. Expressed as a percentage of the total entry rate, a significantly higher percentage of urea was recycled in pigs fed the low protein diets compared with those fed a higher protein diet. Key words: Pig, urea, recycling, kinetics, protein

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The Protein and Energy Metabolic Response of Skeletal Muscle to the Low-Protein Diets in Growing Pigs

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry ◽

10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02461 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 65 (39) ◽

pp. 8544-8551 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Yinghui Li ◽

Fengna Li ◽

Yehui Duan ◽

Qiuping Guo ◽

Wenlong Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Metabolic Response ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Low Protein ◽

Protein Diets

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Energy utilization of low-protein diets in growing pigs.

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.2527/2001.7951259x ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 79 (5) ◽

pp. 1259 ◽

Cited By ~ 106

Author(s):

L Le Bellego ◽

J van Milgen ◽

S Dubois ◽

J Noblet

Keyword(s):

Growing Pigs ◽

Energy Utilization ◽

Low Protein ◽

Protein Diets

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Industrial amino acids in diets for piglets and growing pigs

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.23986/afsci.72336 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 60 (7) ◽

pp. 673-683

Author(s):

J. Inborr ◽

K. Suomi

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Health Status ◽

Protein Content ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Control Diet ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Protein Amino Acid ◽

Low Protein ◽

Slaughter Pigs ◽

Protein Diets

Two production trials with piglets and one with slaughter pigs were carried out in order to investigate the effects of reducing the protein content in the diets followed by an addition of industrial amino acids on performance and health status. In the first piglet trial the crude protein content of the control diet was decreased from 20 to 18.3 % and in the second from 18.3 to 16.7 %. In the trial with growing pigs, the protein content of the control diet was decreased from 17.0 to 15.5 %. Industrial L-lysine, DL-methionine and L-threonine were added to the low protein diets to get the same levels of these amino acids as in the control diets. Piglet performance was similar on all treatments indicating equal availability of added and protein-bound amino acids. Health status of piglets on the low protein diets was considerably improved, indicating less predisposition to post weaning diarrhoea. Pigs on the low protein amino acid fortified diet tended to gain weight faster (788 vs. 743 g/day; p

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Change of urinary nitrogen excretion in response to low-protein diets in adults

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1093/ajcn/29.6.639 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 29 (6) ◽

pp. 639-644 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

W M Rand ◽

V R Young ◽

N S Scrimshaw

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Excretion ◽

Low Protein ◽

Protein Diets ◽

Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽

Urinary Nitrogen

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Multiple Amino Acid Supplementations to Low-Protein Diets: Effect on Performance, Carcass Yield, Meat Quality and Nitrogen Excretion of Finishing Broilers under Hot Climate Conditions

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10060973 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 973 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Youssef A. Attia ◽

Fulvia Bovera ◽

Jinquan Wang ◽

Mohammed A. Al-Harthi ◽

Woo Kyun Kim

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Meat Quality ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Positive Control ◽

Nitrogen Excretion ◽

Carcass Yield ◽

Climate Conditions ◽

Low Protein ◽

Hot Climate ◽

Protein Diets

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of low-protein diets with amino acid supplementation on growth performance, carcass yield, meat quality and nitrogen excretion of broilers raised under hot climate conditions during the finisher period. In trial 1, broilers from 28 to 49 days of age were fed 18% crude protein (CP) as a positive control or 15% CP supplemented with (1) DL-methionine (Met) + L-lysine (Lys), (2) Met + Lys + L-Arginine (Arg), or (3) Met + Lys + L-Valine (Val). In trial 2, broilers from 30 to 45 days of age, were fed an 18% CP diet as a positive control or 15% CP supplemented with Met, Lys, Arg, Val, L-Isoleucine (Ile) or combination with glycine (Gly) and/or urea as nitrogen sources: (1) Met + Lys, (2) Met + Lys + Arg, (3) Met + Lys + Val, (4) Met + Lys + Ile, (5) Met + Lys + Arg +Val + Ile + Gly, and (6) Met+ Lys + Arg + Val + Ile + Gly + urea. Protein use was improved by feeding low-protein amino acid-supplemented diets as compared to the high-protein diet. Feeding 15% crude protein diet supplemented with only methionine and lysine had no negative effects on carcass yield, CP, total lipids and moisture% of breast meat while decreasing nitrogen excretion by 21%.

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