The Effect of Foliar and Soil Application of Flufenacet and Prosulfocarb on Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) Control

Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) can be a troublesome weed that may causes high yield losses to several crops. Ryegrass resistance to the typically used acetolactate synthase (ALS) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibiting herbicides complicates the control. As an alternative, we evaluated and compared the effects of two soil-acting herbicides, flufenacet and prosulfocarb, on susceptible L. multiflorum. The herbicides were applied in two doses in three different methods of applications: (1) soil and foliar application (2) foliar application, and (3) soil application only. Two greenhouse experiments separated in time showed that both herbicides reduced root and foliar biomass significantly as compared to the nontreated plants. In experiment 1, both herbicides resulted in lower efficacy when they only were applied to the leaves compared to the nontreated plants. Especially the foliar effect of flufenacet was small. The highest dose of prosulfocarb (4200 g ai ha−1) reduced the fresh foliar weight by 61% in experiment 1 and by 95% in experiment 2. The lowest dose of prosulfocarb (2100 g ai ha−1) reduced the weights by 73% (experiment 1) and 98% (experiment 2), respectively. For both herbicides the soil and foliar application applied postemergence were effective in reducing growth of L. multiflorum significantly in both experiments. Foliar application showed inconsistent results, showing that soil absorption plays an important role on herbicide efficacy even when the herbicides are applied postemergence. Postemergence application of prosulfocarb and flufenacet were effective to reduce L. multiflorum growth having apparently good root and leaf absorption.

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Mesosulfuron-Resistant Italian Ryegrass (Lolium Multiflorum) Biotype from Texas

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-08-032.1 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 431-434 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Andrew T. Ellis ◽

Gaylon D. Morgan ◽

Thomas C. Mueller

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Lolium Multiflorum ◽

Acetolactate Synthase ◽

Italian Ryegrass ◽

Acetyl Coa Carboxylase ◽

Acetyl Coa ◽

Resistance Level ◽

Greenhouse Experiments

Acetolactate synthase (ALS)–inhibiting herbicides are often used to control Italian ryegrass in winter wheat in Texas. An Italian ryegrass biotype near Waco, TX was evaluated for resistance to mesosulfuron in field and greenhouse experiments. Control of the biotype in the field was less than 10% with the label rate of mesosulfuron (15 g ai/ha). Greenhouse studies confirmed that the biotype was resistant to mesosulfuron; control of the biotype was less than 35% at 120 g ai/ha mesosulfuron. The herbicide dose required to reduce plant biomass of a susceptible and the Waco biotype by 50% (GR50) was 1.3 and 31 g ai/ha, respectively, indicating a resistance level of 24-fold in the Waco biotype. However, the Waco biotype was controlled with the acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors diclofop and pinoxaden.

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Control of Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in Winter Wheat

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-03-118r3 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 261-265 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Aaron J. Hoskins ◽

Bryan G. Young ◽

Ronald F. Krausz ◽

John S. Russin

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Yield Loss ◽

Lolium Multiflorum ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Acetolactate Synthase ◽

Field Studies ◽

Italian Ryegrass ◽

Acetyl Coa Carboxylase ◽

Application Timing ◽

Foliar Symptoms

Field studies were established in 1999 and 2000 to evaluate Italian ryegrass, wheat, and double-crop soybean response to fall and spring postemergence applications of flucarbazone, sulfosulfuron, clodinafop, diclofop, and tralkoxydim applied alone and in combination with thifensulfuron + tribenuron to winter wheat. Fall-applied herbicides caused 5% or less wheat injury. Spring-applied herbicides caused 3 to 45% wheat injury, and the greatest injury occurred with the combination of flucarbazone with thifensulfuron + tribenuron in the spring of 2001. Spring-applied sulfosulfuron, tralkoxydim, diclofop, and clodinafop caused 3 to 6% and 16 to 26% wheat injury in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Herbicide injury to wheat did not reduce wheat grain yield compared with the hand-weeded treatment. Italian ryegrass competition in the nontreated plots reduced wheat yield by as much as 33% compared with herbicide-treated plots. Italian ryegrass control was 89 to 99% from clodinafop and diclofop and 78 to 97% from flucarbazone, with no differences because of application timing in either year of the study. Italian ryegrass control from sulfosulfuron and tralkoxydim was greater from the spring of 2000 applications (94 to 99%) compared with the fall of 1999 applications (65 to 88%). However, in 2001, application timing (fall vs. spring) for sulfosulfuron and tralkoxydim did not affect Italian ryegrass control. Thifensulfuron + tribenuron combined with tralkoxydim reduced control of Italian ryegrass control compared with tralkoxydim alone in both years of the study. Italian ryegrass control was not reduced when thifensulfuron + tribenuron was combined with sulfosulfuron, flucarbazone, diclofop, or clodinafop. Italian ryegrass was controlled effectively by the acetyl-CoA carboxylase–inhibiting herbicides diclofop, clodinafop, and tralkoxydim. However, control of Italian ryegrass with the acetolactate synthase–inhibiting herbicides flucarbazone and sulfosulfuron was inconsistent. Double-crop soybean after wheat did not have foliar symptoms or yield loss from fall- or spring-applied herbicides.

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First Detection and Characterization of Cross- and Multiple Resistance to Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACCase)- and Acetolactate Synthase (ALS)-Inhibiting Herbicides in Black-Grass (Alopecurus myosuroides) and Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) Populations from Ireland

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11121272 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 1272

Author(s):

Vijaya Bhaskar Alwarnaidu Vijayarajan ◽

Patrick D Forristal ◽

Sarah K Cook ◽

David Schilder ◽

Jimmy Staples ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lolium Multiflorum ◽

Acetolactate Synthase ◽

Target Site ◽

Italian Ryegrass ◽

Integrated Weed Management ◽

Multiple Resistance ◽

Acetyl Coa Carboxylase ◽

Acetyl Coa ◽

Alopecurus Myosuroides ◽

Target Site Resistance

Understanding the resistance spectrum and underlying genetic mechanisms is critical for managing herbicide-resistant populations. In this study, resistance to acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) and acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors was investigated in four suspected resistant populations of Alopecurus myosuroides (ALOMY-001 to ALOMY-004) and Lolium multiflorum (LOLMU-001 to LOLMU-004), collected from cereal production fields in Ireland. Glasshouse assays with three ALOMY-active herbicides [propaquizafop, cycloxydim (ACCase) and mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron (ALS)] or five LOLMU-active herbicides [pinoxaden, propaquizafop, cycloxydim (ACCase) and mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron, pyroxsulam (ALS)], and target-site resistance mechanism studies, based on pyrosequencing, were carried out in each of those populations. For A. myosuroides, Ile-1781-Leu ACCase mutation contributed to propaquizafop and cycloxydim resistance (shoot dry weight GR50 resistance factor (RF) = 7.5–35.5) in all ALOMY populations, and the independent Pro-197-Thr or Pro-197-Ser ALS mutation contributed to mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron resistance (RF = 3.6–6.6), in ALOMY-002 to ALOMY-004. Most of the analyzed plants for these mutations were homo/heterozygous combinations or only heterozygous. For L. multiflorum, phenotypic resistance to mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron (RF = 11.9–14.6) and pyroxsulam (RF = 2.3–3.1) was noted in all LOLMU populations, but the Pro-197-Gln or Pro-197-Leu ALS mutation (mostly in homozygous status) was identified in LOLMU-001, LOLMU-002 and LOLMU-004 only. Additionally, despite no known ACCase mutations in any LOLMU populations, LOLMU-002 survived pinoxaden and propaquizafop application (RF = 3.4 or 1.3), and LOLMU-003 survived pinoxaden (RF = 2.3), suggesting the possibility of non-target-site resistance mechanisms for ACCase and/or ALS resistance in these populations. Different resistance levels, as evidenced by a reduction in growth as dose increased above field rates in ALOMY and LOLMU, were due to variations in mutation rate and the level of heterozygosity, resulting in an overall resistance rating of low to moderate. This is the first study confirming cross- and multiple resistance to ACCase- and ALS-inhibiting herbicides, highlighting that resistance monitoring in A. myosuroides and L. multiflorum in Ireland is critical, and the adoption of integrated weed management strategies (chemical and non-chemical/cultural strategies) is essential.

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Resistance Profile of Diclofop-Resistant Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) to ACCase- and ALS-Inhibiting Herbicides in Arkansas, USA

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-08-003.1 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 56 (4) ◽

pp. 614-623 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Yong In Kuk ◽

Nilda R. Burgos ◽

Robert C. Scott

Keyword(s):

Lolium Multiflorum ◽

Acetolactate Synthase ◽

Italian Ryegrass ◽

Cross Resistance ◽

Southern United States ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Acetyl Coa Carboxylase ◽

Wheat Production ◽

Resistant Accession ◽

Als Inhibitors

Diclofop-resistant Italian ryegrass is a major weed problem in wheat production. This study aimed to determine the resistance pattern of diclofop-resistant Italian ryegrass accessions from the southern United States to the latest commercialized herbicides for wheat production, pinoxaden and mesosulfuron, and to other acetolactate synthase (ALS) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors. Twenty-nine of 36 accessions were resistant to the commercial dose of diclofop. The majority (80%) of diclofop-resistant accessions were also resistant to clodinafop. Of 25 diclofop-resistant accessions, 5 were resistant to pinoxaden. All accessions tested were susceptible to the commercial dose of clethodim and sethoxydim. The cross-resistance pattern of diclofop-resistant Italian ryegrass to other ACCase inhibitors was 20% for pinoxaden and none with clethodim or sethoxydim. One accession was resistant to mesosulfuron but not to diclofop. This mesosulfuron-resistant accession was cross-resistant to sulfometuron but not to imazamox. All diclofop-resistant accessions tested were susceptible to ALS inhibitors, mesosulfuron, sulfometuron, and imazamox. Therefore, diclofop-resistant Italian ryegrass in Arkansas can be controlled with imazamox (in Clearfield wheat) and can mostly be controlled with mesosulfuron and pinoxaden. It could also be controlled by other selective grass herbicides in broadleaf crops.

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Widespread Occurrence of Herbicide-Resistant Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in Northern Idaho and Eastern Washington

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-d-09-00059.1 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 281-288 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Traci A. Rauch ◽

Donald C. Thill ◽

Seth A. Gersdorf ◽

William J. Price

Keyword(s):

Pacific Northwest ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Lolium Multiflorum ◽

Acetolactate Synthase ◽

Italian Ryegrass ◽

Cross Resistance ◽

Herbicide Resistant ◽

Group 2 ◽

Northern Idaho ◽

Eastern Washington

Persistent use of herbicides has resulted in the selection of many herbicide-resistant weeds worldwide. A survey of 75 fields in the Palouse region of the inland Pacific Northwest was conducted to determine the extent of Italian ryegrass resistance to grass herbicides commonly used in winter wheat-cropping systems. Plants grown from collected seed samples were tested for resistance to diclofop, clodinafop, quizalofop, tralkoxydim, sethoxydim, clethodim, pinoxaden, triasulfuron, mesosulfuron, flucarbazone, imazamox, and flufenacet/metribuzin. Averaged across herbicide families within a herbicide group, some level of resistance was exhibited in 73, 31, and 31% of the populations to the aryloxyphenoxypropionates, cyclohexanediones, and phenylpyrazoline herbicides, respectively, and 39, 53, and 55% of the populations to the sulfonylureas, sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone, and imidazolinone herbicides, respectively. Twelve percent of the populations showed some level of resistance to flufenacet/metribuzin. Cross-resistance to all acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase-inhibiting (group 1) herbicides was observed in 12% of the populations, whereas 25% of the populations were cross-resistant to all acetolactate synthase-inhibiting (group 2) herbicides tested. Of all the populations tested, 7% exhibited multiple resistance to at least one herbicide within all three groups tested. Only 5% of populations were completely susceptible to all 12 herbicides tested. These results indicate that herbicide-resistant Italian ryegrass populations are now common across much of the Palouse region in northern Idaho and eastern Washington.

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Resistance to Acetolactate Synthase and Acetyl Co-A Carboxylase Inhibitors in North Carolina Italian Ryegrass (Lolium perenne)

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-d-11-00050.1 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 659-666 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Aman Chandi ◽

Alan C. York ◽

David L. Jordan ◽

Josh B. Beam

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

Lolium Perenne ◽

Acetolactate Synthase ◽

Italian Ryegrass ◽

Cross Resistance ◽

Acetyl Coa Carboxylase ◽

Acetyl Coa ◽

Als Inhibitors

Diclofop-resistant Italian ryegrass is widespread in southwestern North Carolina, and growers have resorted to using acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors such as mesosulfuron and pyroxsulam to control this weed in wheat. In the spring of 2007, mesosulfuron failed to control Italian ryegrass in several wheat fields. Seed were collected from six fields in two counties and greenhouse studies were conducted to determine response to mesosulfuron and the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors diclofop and pinoxaden. All populations were resistant to diclofop and cross-resistant to pinoxaden. Five of the six populations were resistant to diclofop, pinoxaden, and mesosulfuron. An additional study with two biotypes confirmed cross-resistance to the ALS inhibitors imazamox, mesosulfuron, and pyroxsulam. Resistance to mesosulfuron was heritable.

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Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) Control in Imidazolinone-Resistant Wheat

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-03-017r ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 481-489 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Kevin C. Clemmer ◽

Alan C. York ◽

Cavell Brownie

Keyword(s):

Ammonium Salt ◽

Lolium Multiflorum ◽

Italian Ryegrass ◽

Greenhouse Experiments ◽

Percentage Points

Imazamox ammonium salt at 53 g ae/ha applied postemergence in the fall to imidazolinone-resistant wheat controlled Italian ryegrass 98 to 100% 10 wk after treatment (WAT). Control 22 WAT was 88 to 98% at two locations and 55% at a third location. Imazamox was more effective applied in fall to three- to four-leaf Italian ryegrass than when applied in spring to one- to three-tiller Italian ryegrass. Split applications, with 27 g/ha applied in fall and spring, were no more effective than 53 g/ha applied in fall. Pendimethalin preemergence in combination with fall-applied imazamox increased control 22 WAT 10 to 33 percentage points at two of three locations. Imazethapyr ammonium salt plus imazapyr isopropylamine salt applied at 47 plus 16 g ae/ha and imazamox at 44 or 53 g/ha were similarly effective, whereas imazethapyr at 70 g/ha was ineffective. Control by imazapic ammonium salt at 70 g ae/ha was equal to or greater than control by imazamox at 44 or 53 g/ha. Imazamox, imazethapyr plus imazapyr, and imazapic controlled diclofop-resistant and -susceptible Italian ryegrass. Thifensulfuron plus tribenuron mixed with imazamox increased Italian ryegrass control in field and greenhouse experiments, whereas dicamba reduced control compared with imazamox applied alone. Control by imazamox plus 2,4-D was similar to or greater than control by imazamox alone.

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Resistance of Amaranthus retroflexus to acetolactate synthase inhibitor herbicides in Brazil

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582014000200022 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 437-446 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

A.C. Francischini ◽

J. Constantin ◽

R.S. Oliveira Jr. ◽

G. Santos ◽

L.H.M. Franchini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dose Response ◽

Acetolactate Synthase ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

High Yield ◽

Cross Resistance ◽

Yield Losses ◽

Mato Grosso ◽

Als Inhibitors ◽

Synthase Inhibitor ◽

Mato Grosso Do Sul

When in competition with cotton, Amaranthus retroflexus can cause high yield losses. Due to the limited availability of selective herbicides registered for post emergence control of this weed, the same herbicides have been used repeated times over the last few years, which may have selected resistant biotypes. Biotypes of A. retroflexus collected from the main areas of cotton cultivation in Brazil were submitted to dose-response trials, by applying the herbicides trifloxysulfuron-sodium and pyrithiobac-sodium in doses equivalent to 0, ¼, ½, 1, 2 and 4 times the recommended rates. Resistance to ALS inhibitors was confirmed in biotypes of A. retroflexus. Biotype MS 2 from Mato Grosso do Sul, was cross-resistant to both trifloxysulfuron-sodium and pyrithiobac-sodium, while biotype MS 1 was resistant to trifloxysulfuron-sodium only. Likewise, singular and cross resistance was also confirmed in biotypes from Goiás (GO 3, GO 4 and GO 6), in relation to trifloxysulfuronsodium and pyrithiobac-sodium. One biotype from Mato Grosso (MT 13) was not resistant to any of the ALS inhibitors evaluated in this work.

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Effect of Chlorsulfuron on Diclofop Phytotoxicity to Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500053868 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 383-387 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Rex Liebl ◽

A. Douglas Worsham

Keyword(s):

Methyl Ester ◽

Lolium Multiflorum ◽

Italian Ryegrass ◽

Propanoic Acid ◽

Leaf Stage ◽

Greenhouse Experiments

The effect of chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5 -triazin-2-yl)amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide} on the phytotoxicity of postemergence applications of the methyl ester of diclofop ((±)-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid} to Italian ryegrass [Lolium multiflorum(Lam.) # LOLMU] was investigated in field and greenhouse experiments. The addition of chlorsulfuron (14.8 g ai/ha field, 12.4 g/ha greenhouse) to 0.90 kg/ha diclofop reduced Italian ryegrass control 27% in the field and increased Italian ryegrass fresh weights in the greenhouse more than twofold over diclofop alone. The antagonism was more evident when combinations were used to treat Italian ryegrass in the three-leaf stage than the two- or four-leaf stage. Sequential applications yielded results similar to tank mix combinations. Chlorsulfuron and diclofop were approximately 400 and 50%, respectively, more active on Italian ryegrass when applied preemergence than when applied postemergence. Combinations of chlorsulfuron and diclofop applied preemergence to Italian ryegrass resulted in additive responses.

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