scholarly journals Mycotoxin Contamination of Selected Organic Enrichment Materials Used in Pig Farming

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 565
Author(s):  
Krista Marie Tenbrink ◽  
Jochen Schulz ◽  
Nicole Kemper
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Organic Enrichment ◽  
Abnormal Behavior ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Fumonisin B2 ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Eu

Abnormal behavior, such as tail biting, is a fundamental problem in pig husbandry worldwide, and the application of enrichment materials, particularly organic materials, is one of the most promising preventive and curative measures. However, the potential health risks posed by these materials, such as being an additional source of mycotoxins, have not been sufficiently studied to date. Therefore, 21 different organic enrichment materials were tested for mycotoxin contamination with a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry multi-mycotoxin method. Concerning the legally regulated mycotoxins in the EU, aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A were not detected in any of the tested materials. Fumonisin B2 was detected in straw meal made of wheat, rye, and triticale, but the level (0.014 mg/kg) was very low. The level of deoxynivalenol in maize pellets (5.01 mg/kg) and maize silage (2.12 mg/kg) exceeded the guidance value for pig feed. Zearalenone was present at high levels in maize pellets (1.21 mg/kg), hay (0.30 mg/kg), and maize silage (0.25 mg/kg). Maize products showed high levels of mycotoxins presenting a health risk for pigs and cannot be recommended as enrichment material.

scholarly journals Multi-Mycotoxin Contamination of Maize Silages in Flanders, Belgium: Monitoring Mycotoxin Levels from Seed to Feed

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 202
Author(s):  
Jonas Vandicke ◽  
Katrien De Visschere ◽  
Maarten Ameye ◽  
Siska Croubels ◽  
Sarah De Saeger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Stable Phase ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Feed Analysis ◽  
Fungal Dna ◽  
Silage Process

Maize silage, which in Europe is the main feed for dairy cattle in winter, can be contaminated by mycotoxins. Mycotoxigenic Fusarium spp. originating from field infections may survive in badly sealed silages or re-infect at the cutting edge during feed-out. In this way, mycotoxins produced in the field may persist during the silage process. In addition, typical silage fungi such as Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. survive in silage conditions and produce mycotoxins. In this research, 56 maize silages in Flanders were sampled over the course of three years (2016–2018). The concentration of 22 different mycotoxins was investigated using a multi-mycotoxin liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, and the presence of DNA of three Fusarium spp. (F. graminearum, F. culmorum and F. verticillioides) was analyzed in a selection of these samples using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Every maize silage contained at least two different mycotoxins. Nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON) were the most prevalent (both in 97.7% of maize silages), followed by ENN B (88.7%). Concentrations often exceeded the EU recommendations for DON and zearalenone (ZEN), especially in 2017 (21.3% and 27.7% of the maize silages, respectively). No correlations were found between fungal DNA and mycotoxin concentrations. Furthermore, by ensiling maize with a known mycotoxin load in a net bag, the mycotoxin contamination could be monitored from seed to feed. Analysis of these net bag samples revealed that the average concentration of all detected mycotoxins decreased after fermentation. We hypothesize that mycotoxins are eluted, degraded, or adsorbed during fermentation, but certain badly preserved silages are prone to additional mycotoxin production during the stable phase due to oxygen ingression, leading to extremely high toxin levels.

scholarly journals Wall Panel Made of Bio-composites

2019 ◽  
Vol 279 ◽  
pp. 02010
Author(s):  
Lukáš Bosák ◽  
Milan Palko
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Composite Laminates ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Building Industry ◽  
Environmental Load ◽  
Wall Panel ◽  
Outer Envelope ◽  
Composite Wall ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Eu

Sustainability is currently an important part of the building industry. The development of new building constructions and the use of ecological materials is a very popular topic in this area. One example of organic material are natural fibres bio-composites. Bio-composite materials are currently used in the form of laminates mainly used in the sport and furniture industries. This article addresses their use in the building industry as the outer envelope of buildings. The article deals with the testing of the influence of UV radiation and moisture on the degradation of Bio-composites with recommendation of possible ways of their protection. In the next section, it deals with the design of composite wall panel with Bio-composite laminates on the top layer. This panel will contain mycelium as thermal insulation. The assumption of the use of this type of construction in the building industry is based on the possibility of replacing conventional materials used nowadays and reducing the environmental load by the building industry. The use of new types of eco-friendly building materials is in accordance with the EU strategy.

scholarly journals See you in court: obstacles to enforcing the ban on electronic cigarette flavours and marketing in Finland

2019 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2019-055260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eeva Ollila
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Court Cases ◽  
Potential Market ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Legislative Processes ◽  
Enormous Number ◽  
The Eu

The aim of Finnish tobacco policy is to end the use of tobacco and other nicotine-containing products by 2030. Towards that end, the regulation of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in Finland is stricter than that in other European Union (EU) countries, including a ban on characterising flavours in e-cigarette liquids as well as on marketing e-cigarettes. This article describes the e-cigarette market, its regulation and the challenges faced in enforcing regulations in Finland. The materials used for this study include data from tobacco control authorities on retail licences, product notifications, and guidance and decisions concerning enforcing regulations, as well as public documents from the courts concerning e-cigarette-linked appeals on selling flavours and marketing e-cigarettes. Legislation and documents produced during legislative processes are also used. Access to e-cigarettes is limited, as only 5% of retailers for tobacco or nicotine products have a licence for retailing nicotine liquids. Liquids containing flavours but without nicotine are commonly sold by specialised e-cigarette shops and websites as foodstuffs. Effective regulation is hampered by the enormous number and variety of e-cigarette products notified for potential market access, limited resources for tobacco control to expand in scope and reluctance of the e-cigarette business to comply with the stricter regulations in Finland, resulting in court cases filed by e-cigarette businesses. Mounting evidence suggests that regulating flavours in e-cigarettes to protect youth is wise although not easy. Many counties are currently considering further regulations on e-cigarettes and so should the EU.

scholarly journals Assembling European health security: Epidemic intelligence and the hunt for cross-border health threats

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Bengtsson ◽  
Stefan Borg ◽  
Mark Rhinard
Keyword(s):  
Actor Network Theory ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Health Security ◽  
Epidemic Intelligence ◽  
Knowledge Regime ◽  
Health Threats ◽  
Scant Attention ◽  
European Health ◽  
The Eu

The securitization of health concerns within the European Union has hitherto received scant attention compared to other sectors. Drawing on the conceptual toolbox of actor-network theory, this article examines how a ‘health security assemblage’ rooted in EU governance has emerged, expanded, and stabilized. At the heart of this assemblage lies a particular knowledge regime, known as epidemic intelligence (EI): a vigilance-oriented approach of early detection and containment drawing on web-scanning tools and other informal sources. Despite its differences compared to entrenched traditions in public health, EI has, in only a decade’s time, gained central importance at the EU level. EI is simultaneously constituted by, and performative of, a particular understanding of health security problems. By ‘following the actor’, this article seeks to account for how EI has made the hunt for potential health threats so central that detection and containment, rather than prevention, have become the preferred policy options. This article draws out some of the implications of this shift.

New Approaches to Network and Information Security Regulation: The EU Telecoms Package

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Feiler
Keyword(s):  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Electronic Communications ◽  
Communications Networks ◽  
Security Breaches ◽  
National Regulatory Authority ◽  
New Policies ◽  
The Eu

AbstractThe ePrivacyDirective and the FrameworkDirective as amended by the EU Telecoms Package introduce, for the first time, obligations for providers of public communications networks and for providers of publicly available electronic communications services to notify certain personal data security breaches and certain network security breaches to subscribers, individuals concerned, and/or the competent national (regulatory) authority. This paper analyzes the conditions under which different types of security breaches will have to be notified and to whom this notification will have to be addressed. The paper will conclude with a riskbased assessment of these new security breach notification requirements, examining to what extent they not only allow users to take corrective security measures and regulators to make informed policy choices, but also to what extent the new policies address the fundamental problem of the misalignment of risk and risk mitigation capability.

A preliminary survey of mycological and fumonisin and aflatoxin contamination of African traditional herbal medicines sold in South Africa

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 793-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
DR Katerere ◽  
S Stockenström ◽  
KM Thembo ◽  
JP Rheeder ◽  
GS Shephard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Detection Limit ◽  
Healthcare Delivery ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Herbal Products ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi

Traditional medicine is an important aspect of healthcare delivery in South Africa and is used by at least 70% of the country’s population. The trade in medicinal plants is a multi-million rand business which is a major driver for rural economies. However, the conditions in which these plant products are transported and stored make them prone to fungal contamination which results in economic losses to the traders and pose potential health hazards to consumers. Of major concern is the possible presence of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins. This study assessed fungal and mycotoxin contamination of African herbal products sold in Cape Town and Tshwane (formerly Pretoria) in South Africa. Of the 16 samples analyzed, 15 were contaminated with at least one of these three fungal genera: Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium. Fumonisin B1 was present in 13 of the samples in quantities ranging from 14 to 139 μg/kg (detection limit 5 μg/kg). None of the samples was contaminated with aflatoxigenic fungi or aflatoxin (detection limit 0.5 μg/kg). This is the first study to report on mycological and mycotoxin contamination of commercial traditional African medicines in South Africa. There is a need to expand the study to other urban centers to gain enough insight into this problem and then to intervene with measures that can protect the public from potential harm.

scholarly journals On understanding the crisis of European supernational political integration

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-37
Author(s):  
Milorad Stupar
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Political Community ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Political Integration ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Founding Fathers ◽  
The Veil ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Domestic Level ◽  
The Eu

It has been shown in this paper that deeper economic and political integration of the EU does not have to be a good in itself because the institutions of a super state most often do not function as a welfare state in a single country the set-up of which is aimed at solving the problem of negative externalities on the basis of a unique and coherent fiscal and social policy on a domestic level. The motivation for a research of this type has been initiated by the idea of ?hidden federalism?. This expression is used in Bojan Kovacevic?s book published under the same title with an aim to explain the fundamental problem in functioning of EU institutions which endangers the very existence of this super national political community. By leaving its contents unchecked by the wide European electorate, and by leaving simultaneously the question of ultimate political authority quite unresolved, the ?founding fathers? of the EU let the final political goal of the EU remain under the veil of non-transparent political agreement. Their hope was that the economic integration of the European Community lead by technocrats would amount eventually to its harmonious political integration on liberaldemocratic grounds. This practice has been continued by later political elite of the EU except that non-elective policy-making group were also in charge for creating central European institutions that shaped its political content in a centralistic federal manner. Since these latter institutions and policies remained unchecked by a wider public, the question of the legitimacy of the EU institutions remains constantly unresolved leaving the EU in permanent crisis.

Potential health hazards of materials used in boating

JAMA ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 213 (5) ◽  
pp. 759-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. B. Deichmann
Keyword(s):  
Health Hazards ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Materials Used

scholarly journals Trans-Resveratrol Oral Bioavailability in Humans Using LipiSperse™ Dispersion Technology

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1190
Author(s):  
David Briskey ◽  
Amanda Rao
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Oral Bioavailability ◽  
Maximum Concentration ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass

Resveratrol is a naturally produced compound that has been well researched for its potential health benefits. The primary hindrance towards resveratrol’s therapeutic efficacy is its traditionally poor oral bioavailability. LipiSperse® is a novel delivery system designed to increase the dispersion of lipophilic ingredients, like resveratrol, in aqueous environments. This single-dose, double-blind, randomized study compared the pharmacokinetics of a commercially available resveratrol with (Veri-Sperse®) and without (Veri-te) the LipiSperse® delivery complex. Healthy adults randomly received a single dose of either 150 Veri-te, 75 Veri-Sperse®, or 150 mg Veri-Sperse®. Venous blood samples were taken prior to dosing in a fasted state and at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 24 h post supplementation. Plasma trans-resveratrol conjugates were measured by liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The area under the curve (AUC) (0–24 h), maximum concentration (Cmax), and time of maximum concentration (Tmax) of plasma conjugates were calculated. The 150 mg dose of Veri-Sperse® had a 2-fold increase in absorption (AUC) and a 3-fold increase in Cmax of trans-resveratrol conjugates compared to 150 mg Veri-te. There was no statistical difference between 75 Veri-Sperse and 150 mg Veri-te for AUC or Cmax of resveratrol conjugates. These findings provide support for the use of LipiSperse® to improve absorption of resveratrol.

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