scholarly journals The Impact of Early Basal Leaf Removal at Different Sides of the Canopy on Aglianico Grape Quality

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 630
Author(s):  
Luigi Tarricone ◽  
Michele Faccia ◽  
Gianvito Masi ◽  
Giuseppe Gambacorta
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Leaf Removal ◽  
Total Polyphenols ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Basal Leaf ◽  
The North ◽  
Grape Quality ◽  
Cluster Thinning ◽  
The Impact ◽  
East West

It is known that early removal of basal leaves improves the exposure of cluster to direct sunlight and UV radiation, which positively influence the phenolic compounds and anthocyanin concentration of berries. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of leaf removal applied before flowering to the basal zone of the canopy at different sides (fruit-zone north canopy side, south canopy side and north–south canopy side, respectively) of Aglianico vines trained to vertical shoot position system and row oriented to east–west (EW). The study was conducted in the controlled and guaranteed designation of origin (CGDO) Castel del Monte area (Apulia region, Italy). The treatment did not affect yield per vine, and nor sugar, pH, and total acidity of grapes. When it was applied to the basal south canopy side, the concentration of proanthocyanidins and total polyphenols of grapes increased, as well as antioxidant activity. In particular, anthocyanins content, determined by HPLC, increased by 20% with respect to control when treatment was applied to south and north–south canopy sides. Interaction between season period and treatment was found for all anthocyanins except for petunidin-3-coumaroyl-glucoside. Basal leaf removal applied to the north canopy side caused an increase in malvidin-3-O-glucoside content in grapes in 2016 and 2018, but not in 2017. Our results indicate that basal leaf removal (six basal leaves removed from the base of the shoots) before flowering (BBCH 57) can be used as an effective strategy to improve grape total polyphenols, anthocyanins concentration and antioxidant activity in vineyards cultivated under warm climate conditions. The treatment could represent a sustainable alternative to manual cluster thinning since it does not reduce yield per vine and can be performed mechanically.

scholarly journals Impact of Cluster Thinning and Basal Leaf Removal on Fruit Quality of Cabernet Franc (Vitis vinifera L.) Grapevines Grown in Cool Climate Conditions

HortScience ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 750-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shijian Zhuang ◽  
Letizia Tozzini ◽  
Alan Green ◽  
Dana Acimovic ◽  
G. Stanley Howell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Leaf Removal ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Basal Leaf ◽  
Cabernet Franc ◽  
Cluster Thinning ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cool Climate

Achieving desired fruit quality at harvest in cool climate conditions is a challenge, especially for red varieties, and the typical inability of fruit to reach technological maturity is a critical contributing factor requiring examination. To probe this issue, this research investigated the impact of two levels of crop thinning and of basal leaf removal at three phenological stages in the 2011 and 2012 growing seasons in Michigan. Experiments were conducted at the Southwest Michigan Research and Extension Center (SWMREC) in Benton Harbor. Using ‘Cabernet franc’ (Vitis vinifera L.) vines, yield components (yield per vine, pruning weight, and cluster and berry weight) and basic fruit composition traits [total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable acidity, anthocyanins, and phenolics) were studied to investigate the effect of cluster thinning and basal leaf removal on vine performance and fruit quality at harvest. Neither of the treatments significantly impacted TSS in either of the two seasons. Cluster thinning treatment successfully altered cropload ratio, indexed as Ravaz Index (RI), independently of the time of application. Basal leaf removal increased exposed berry temperature, cluster light exposure, and subsequent anthocyanin and phenolic content of the berry in both seasons, again independent of application date, whereas cluster thinning was effective only in 2012. Crop thinning coupled with basal leaf removal resulted in an increased efficiency in anthocyanin accumulation in relation to TSS accumulation, expressed as anthocyanin:sugar, in both years. This is significant because it offers potential for vineyard management practices aiming to improve fruit quality in cool climates where the onset of anthocyanin accumulation could be reduced and decoupled from sugar accumulation.

scholarly journals The impact of cluster thinning and leaf removal timing on the grape quality and concentration of monomeric anthocyanins in Cabernet-Sauvignon and Probus (Vitis vinifera L.) wines

OENO One ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragoslav Ivanišević ◽  
Mladen Kalajdžić ◽  
Mato Drenjančević ◽  
Vladimir Puškaš ◽  
Nada Korać
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Leaf Removal ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Grape Quality ◽  
Cluster Thinning ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Monomeric Anthocyanins

Aim: Leaf removal around clusters and cluster thinning are techniques usually applied in cool-climate vineyards in order to achieve optimal grape maturity. However, the impact of the timing of these two operations differs across varieties. Thus, the aim of the present work was to investigate the effects of cluster thinning and leaf removal timing (performed at three specific time points) on grape quality and monomeric anthocyanins in the wines of Cabernet-Sauvignon and Probus (Kadarka × Cabernet-Sauvignon, Vitis vinifera L.)Methods and results: The experiment was conducted in Sremski Karlovci (Northern Serbia) in 2014, 2015, and 2016. Leaf removal was applied on six basal nodes of each shoot at three time points, 7 days after flowering, 30 days after flowering, and at veraison, i.e., at the onset of berry ripening. After cluster thinning, which was performed 7 days after flowering, one cluster per shoot was retained. On the treated vines, leaf removal treatment and cluster thinning were applied only once. Leaf removal was more effective than cluster thinning in respect to grape quality. Leaf removal, applied 7 and 30 days after flowering, decreased titratable acidity in Cabernet-Sauvignon, while in Probus an interaction of leaf removal and year was observed. Moreover, early leaf removal decreased the incidence of Botrytis sp. in Probus. The varieties reacted differently to cluster thinning in respect to grape quality: cluster thinning increased total soluble solids in Probus and lowered titratable acidity in Cabernet-Sauvignon. In 2015, both cluster thinning and leaf removal yielded changes in the anthocyanin ratios in the wines. Cluster thinning increased total and acylated anthocyanins in the wine of Cabernet-Sauvignon compared to wine derived from unthinned vines. The peonidin content was 40 % higher in the Cabernet-Sauvignon wine if the vines were subjected to leaf removal treatments.Conclusions: Cluster thinning and leaf removal affected both Cabernet-Sauvignon and Probus (Vitis vinifera L.) grape quality and wine composition. Early leaf removal was the most effective treatment in both varieties. Therefore, combined application of cluster thinning and early leaf removal is highly recommended in the production of high-quality red wines in Serbia.Significance and impact of the study: Timing of leaf removal application was usually investigated around flowering and veraison. Our results suggested that leaf removal between these two phenological stages also improves grape quality and changes the ratio of the monomeric anthocyanins in the wine.

scholarly journals A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON EFFECTS OF REFLECTIVE MULCH AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO SOME OTHER PREHARVEST APPLICATIONS TO IMPROVE PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS PROFILE AND ANTHOCYANIN ACCUMULATION OF CV. SYRAH WINE GRAPE (V. vinifera L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 87-93
Author(s):  
Demir Kok ◽  
Erdinç Bal
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Wine Grape ◽  
Leaf Removal ◽  
Total Anthocyanin ◽  
Basal Leaf ◽  
Grape Quality ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
Total Anthocyanin Content

In today’s modern viticulture, reflective mulches and summer pruning practices are remarkable tools thatmay facilitate grape growers to increase yield and improve the grape quality. This study aimed to assess howreflective mulch application (RM) affects components of phenolic compounds and anthocyanin of cv. Syrahthe compared to other preharvest applications such as basal leaf removal application (BLR), foliar prolineapplication (PRO) and their various combinations, including applications of basal leaf removal + proline(BLR+PRO), basal leaf removal + reflective mulch (BLR+RM), proline + reflective mulch (PRO+RM) andbasal leaf removal + proline + reflective mulch (BLR+PRO+RM). The study findings demonstrated that reflectivemulch application (RM) may considerably enhance light distribution in the canopy of grapevine byincreasing reflected light from the ground. In the current study, it was observed that combined applicationshad significant roles on improving yield and quality characteristics. In terms of total phenolic compoundscontent, the highest values were obtained from applications of BLR+RM and PRO+RM. Moreover, all applicationshad a rise to crucial increases in total anthocyanin content of cv. Syrah wine grape when the comparedwith C application.

scholarly journals High-velocity Wind from IRS 1 in the NGC 2071IR

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (S305) ◽  
pp. 301-304
Author(s):  
Miguel Angel Trinidad
Keyword(s):  
High Velocity ◽  
Radio Continuum ◽  
Continuum Emission ◽  
Central Source ◽  
Star Forming ◽  
The North ◽  
Infrared Sources ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Water Maser ◽  
East West

AbstractWe present the results of 1.3 and 3.6 cm radio continuum emission toward the NGC 2071IR star-forming region, carried out with the VLA in its A configuration. We detect continuum emission toward the infrared sources IRS 1 and IRS 3 at both wavelengths. In particular, IRS 1 breaks up into three continuum peaks (IRS 1E, 1C, and 1W), aligned in the east-west direction, being IRS 1 the central source. The morphology of the condensation IRS 1W is very interesting, which has an elongated structure and shows a significant curvature towards the north. We suggest that this morphology could be explained as the impact of a high-velocity wind or jetlike outflow from IRS 1 on a close companion or other obstruction, which also explains the strong water maser emission observed toward IRS 1W.

Determination of vertical and horizontal displacements of mining areas using the DInSAR and SBAS methods

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dariusz Głąbicki ◽  
Anna Kopeć ◽  
Wojciech Milczarek ◽  
Natalia Bugajska ◽  
Karolina Owczarz
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Mining Activity ◽  
Displacement Fields ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
The North ◽  
The Impact ◽  
East West ◽  
Terrain Surface

<p>Human activity, in particular mining operations are the cause of terrain changes, manifesting on the terrain surface in form of subsidence troughs. Presence of subsidence troughs in inhabited areas may be the cause of significant damage to the structure of buildings, roads and other man-made objects. Both vertical and horizontal terrain displacements occuring inside the trough could be the reason for deterioration of mentioned objects. Hence the need to measure the impact of mining activity on the terrain surface. Current measurement techniques used to determine terrain displacements include GNSS, leveling and SAR interferometry. One of the limitations of interferometric measurements is that displacement values are in the satellites Line-of-Sight (LOS). The fact that the values are only quasi-vertical causes an ambiguity when it comes to determining whether the dominating component of displacement is vertical or horizontal. Projecting the one-dimentional LOS motion to the vertical direction using only the incidence angle can cause significant errors if the magnitude of horizontal motion is considerable. However, the specific 3-dimentional diplacement components can be derived using different acquisition geometries. In order to determine all 3 components (horizontal North-South, East-West and vertical Up-Down), 3 different viewing geometries have to be used so that the equation can be solved. However, the North-South component can be neglected due to low sensitivity of Sentinel-1 SAR instrument to displacement in that direction. Following that, 2 different viewing geometries can be sufficient to derive the East-West and vertical components.</p><p>The aim of the study is to determine how mining activity affects the surface in terms of both horizontal and vertical displacements. Radar pairs from Sentinel-1 ascending and descending orbit were used to create interferograms, based on which LOS displacement fields were calculated. The North-South and East-West components of displacement were solved through the inversion of the linear equation system based on incidence angles, headings and LOS displacements of ascending and descending radar pairs.</p><p>The horizontal and vertical components were determined for differential interferograms obtained with the DInSAR method using Sentinel-1 imagery, as well as for time series displacement fields derived from the Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) approach over selected mining areas in Poland. The results have shown that data from ascending and descending orbits can be successfully merged in order to obtain both the horizontal (East-West) and vertical components of displacement over mining areas. Obtained values of displacements from both DInSAR and SBAS have confirmed that areas affected by mining activity are under the influence of changes in height, as well as shifts in horizontal direction. Thus it is important to take into consideration multiple acquisition geometries when it comes to studying deformations over mining areas.</p>

scholarly journals Row Orientation and Defoliation Effects on Grape Composition of Vitis vinifera L. Agiorgitiko in Nemea (Greece)

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 01039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evangelia Chorti ◽  
Serafeim Theocharis ◽  
Konstantinos Boulokostas ◽  
Stamatina Kallithraka ◽  
Yorgos Kotseridis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Leaf Removal ◽  
The North ◽  
Wine Composition ◽  
Wine Color ◽  
Southern Greece ◽  
East West ◽  
Factor Skin

Vineyard row orientation and canopy side exert a significant role in determining grape microclimate. The latter can be further manipulated by selective defoliation in the bunch zone. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effects of row orientation and basal leaf removal on grape ripening of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Agiorgitiko in Nemea, Southern Greece. The experiment was conducted in 2017, on two adjacent vineyard blocks planted in 1990 on a flat site with two row orientations, North-South and East-West. Both blocks were grafted onto 41B rootstock and trained on a double cordon vertical trellis with uniform vineyard operations. Defoliation treatments included full leaf removal in the bunch zone performed at berry set and a non defoliated control, replicated three times in both blocks. Grapes were sampled at three time points from veraison to harvest from all canopy sides (i.e. E and W on North-South oriented rows and N and S on East-West oriented rows) and defoliation treatments and were analyzed for yield components and berry chemical composition. In addition, approximately 5 kg of grapes were collected from all plots and processed according to a standard winemaking protocol. Total yield and berry mass were lowest in the W-exposed and in the defoliated grapes. Must sugar and acid content, as well as wine alcohol and acidity did not depend on either factor. Skin anthocyanins and phenolics generally increased with defoliation. Skin anthocyanins and total berry phenolics were highest for north-south oriented rows, in the grapes of the cooler canopy side (E). Wines made from grapes of the E and W canopy sides showed the highest wine color, phenolic richness and the lowest pH. No interaction between row orientation and defoliation was detected for any of the measured parameters. According to the results, the E-facing grapes on the north-south oriented rows showed generally a superior grape and wine composition for Agiorgitiko variety, under the semiarid conditions of the Nemea area.

scholarly journals Influence of main tillage methods on barley yield in the Lower Volga region

2020 ◽  
pp. 43-47
Author(s):  
Dmitriy Pavlovich Polyakov ◽  
Andrey Vladimirovich Tyutyuma
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
The North ◽  
Harsh Climate ◽  
The Impact

Light-chestnut soils of the arid zone of the North of the Astrakhan region, even if all the standards of agricultural engineering are observed, are characterized by unfavorable agrochemical and water-physical properties for most crops. To successfully solve the problems associated with increasing adaptation of zonal agriculture to harsh climate conditions, it is necessary to search for new resource-saving technologies. The purpose of the work is to identify the impact of resource-saving methods of basic soil cultivation on the yield of spring barley in the semi-desert conditions of the North of the Astrakhan region. The organization of field experiments, observations and laboratory analyses were carried out according to the method of conducting field experiments Dospekhov B. A. and Guidelines for conducting field experiments with forage crops (research Institute of feed). The results of the conducted field experiments and laboratory studies give reason to speak about the feasibility of using a resource-saving soil-cultivating organ ROPA in the zone of unstable moisture in the North of the Astrakhan region. Loosening this unit contributes to an increase of 25% of the total spring stock of soil moisture. The introduction of this deep tillage (H=0.40-0.45 m) and tools for its implementation (ROPA) allows you to get in the rain-fed conditions of the arid zone of the North of the Astrakhan region from one hectare of arable land to 1.24 tons of barley Vakula and 1.30 tons of barley Ratnik.

Weak El Niño and Winter Climate in the Mid- to High Latitudes of Eurasia

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 405-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Zhang ◽  
Bin Wang ◽  
Zhiwei Wu
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Average Intensity ◽  
Winter Climate ◽  
The North ◽  
Subtropical Jet ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Impact ◽  
East West

Abstract According to the sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) intensity in the Niño-3.4 region and the east–west gradient across the Pacific, three types of El Niño are identified in this work. An event with larger than average intensity is defined as a strong El Niño, all others are considered to be weak events. Almost all strong El Niños are concurrent with a large gradient, which is featured by negative SSTAs in the western Pacific and positive SSTAs in the equatorial eastern Pacific (EP) and Indian Ocean (IO). According to the east–west gradient, the weak events can be subdivided into gradient-weak (GW) El Niño and equatorial-weak (EW) El Niño. The GW El Niño characterizes a great east–west gradient without a significant IO SSTA. In contrast, the EW event features a positive SSTA over the tropical IO and EP. The impact of GW El Niño on the North Atlantic–Eurasia continent (NA–Eurasia) displays a negative North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)-like atmospheric anomaly, resulting in a drier and cooler-than-normal winter over Eurasia. Observational and numerical evidence indicate that the prolonged subtropical jet from the North Pacific to NA acts as a waveguide that captures the planetary Rossby waves generated by the GW El Niño. This waveguide favors the propagation of the perturbations into the downstream regions, which would affect the NA–Eurasian climate. However, the EW El Niño is accompanied by a relatively weak subtropical jet that cannot impact the NA–Eurasian climate significantly. For the strong El Niño, the absence of the NAO signal can be attributed to the counteracting of the teleconnections triggered by the Pacific and the tropical IO.

scholarly journals The Impact of Vertical Wind Shear on Hail Growth in Simulated Supercells

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 641-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eli J. Dennis ◽  
Matthew R. Kumjian
Keyword(s):  
Wind Shear ◽  
Cloud Model ◽  
Source Region ◽  
Vertical Wind Shear ◽  
The United States ◽  
The North ◽  
Source Regions ◽  
Vertical Grid ◽  
The Impact ◽  
East West

Abstract Severe hailstorms produce over $1 billion in insured losses annually in the United States, yet details of a given storm’s hail threat (e.g., maximum hailstone size and total hailfall) remain challenging to forecast. Previous research suggests that, in addition to maximum updraft speed, the storm-relative airflow could be equally important for hail formation and growth. This study is a first step toward determining how changes in environmental wind shear and subsequent changes in simulated supercell storm structure affect hail growth. Using Cloud Model 1 (CM1) with 500-m horizontal and 250-m vertical grid spacing, 20 idealized simulations are performed in which the thermodynamic profile remains fixed but the environmental hodograph is systematically altered. Hail growth is quantified using the hail mass mixing ratio from composites of storms over the last hour of simulation time. Hailstone growth “pseudotrajectories” are computed from these storm composites to determine favorable embryo source regions. Results indicate that increased deep-layer east–west shear elongates the storm’s updraft in that direction, providing 1) increased volumes over which microphysically relevant hail processes can act, 2) increased hailstone residence times within the updraft, and 3) a larger potential embryo source region; together, these lead to increased hail mass. Increased low-level north–south shear, which results in hodographs with increased 0–3-km storm-relative helicity, also elongates the updraft in the north–south direction. However, hail mass is reduced owing to a separation of favorable embryo source regions (which shift southward) and available hydrometeors to serve as embryos (which shift northward).

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