Determination of vertical and horizontal displacements of mining areas using the DInSAR and SBAS methods

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dariusz Głąbicki ◽  
Anna Kopeć ◽  
Wojciech Milczarek ◽  
Natalia Bugajska ◽  
Karolina Owczarz
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Mining Activity ◽  
Displacement Fields ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
The North ◽  
The Impact ◽  
East West ◽  
Terrain Surface

<p>Human activity, in particular mining operations are the cause of terrain changes, manifesting on the terrain surface in form of subsidence troughs. Presence of subsidence troughs in inhabited areas may be the cause of significant damage to the structure of buildings, roads and other man-made objects. Both vertical and horizontal terrain displacements occuring inside the trough could be the reason for deterioration of mentioned objects. Hence the need to measure the impact of mining activity on the terrain surface. Current measurement techniques used to determine terrain displacements include GNSS, leveling and SAR interferometry. One of the limitations of interferometric measurements is that displacement values are in the satellites Line-of-Sight (LOS). The fact that the values are only quasi-vertical causes an ambiguity when it comes to determining whether the dominating component of displacement is vertical or horizontal. Projecting the one-dimentional LOS motion to the vertical direction using only the incidence angle can cause significant errors if the magnitude of horizontal motion is considerable. However, the specific 3-dimentional diplacement components can be derived using different acquisition geometries. In order to determine all 3 components (horizontal North-South, East-West and vertical Up-Down), 3 different viewing geometries have to be used so that the equation can be solved. However, the North-South component can be neglected due to low sensitivity of Sentinel-1 SAR instrument to displacement in that direction. Following that, 2 different viewing geometries can be sufficient to derive the East-West and vertical components.</p><p>The aim of the study is to determine how mining activity affects the surface in terms of both horizontal and vertical displacements. Radar pairs from Sentinel-1 ascending and descending orbit were used to create interferograms, based on which LOS displacement fields were calculated. The North-South and East-West components of displacement were solved through the inversion of the linear equation system based on incidence angles, headings and LOS displacements of ascending and descending radar pairs.</p><p>The horizontal and vertical components were determined for differential interferograms obtained with the DInSAR method using Sentinel-1 imagery, as well as for time series displacement fields derived from the Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) approach over selected mining areas in Poland. The results have shown that data from ascending and descending orbits can be successfully merged in order to obtain both the horizontal (East-West) and vertical components of displacement over mining areas. Obtained values of displacements from both DInSAR and SBAS have confirmed that areas affected by mining activity are under the influence of changes in height, as well as shifts in horizontal direction. Thus it is important to take into consideration multiple acquisition geometries when it comes to studying deformations over mining areas.</p>

scholarly journals Mining Impact on Livelihoods of Farmers of Asutifi North District, Ghana

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Felix Agariga ◽  
Simon Abugre ◽  
Ebenezer K. Siabi ◽  
Mark Appiah
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Land Resource ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Livelihood Systems ◽  
Domestic Use ◽  
The Impact

Local communities in Ghana are heavily reliant on agriculture for their livelihoods. However, they are increasingly shifting from engaging in agriculture to mining. This study was undertaken to assess the impact of mining (both small and large scale) on the livelihoods of community members of Kenyasi, Asutifi North District in Ghana. Data were collected from 201 farming households who were selected randomly and interviewed for a variety of information. The questionnaire responses received from the respondents were classified into items and each item's responses were tallied. The results of the studies show that the farmers’ livelihood systems were affected by the mining operations occurring around their communities. Water pollution, displacement of farmers from their lands, degradation of agricultural lands, and an increase in social vices and higher dropout rates of students from schools are some of the reported consequences of the mining activities. The pollution of the water resources poses a serious threat to the health and livelihood systems of these farmers as they depend on the water resources for agriculture and domestic use. In this study, we project that there could be increased grievances over scarce land resource and food insecurity that could lead to conflicts in the mining areas. The lack of land resources could have a tremendous effect on the social, economic, and political climate of a country and must be considered and addressed as some of the most immediate threats to Ghana's national security.

scholarly journals High-velocity Wind from IRS 1 in the NGC 2071IR

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (S305) ◽  
pp. 301-304
Author(s):  
Miguel Angel Trinidad
Keyword(s):  
High Velocity ◽  
Radio Continuum ◽  
Continuum Emission ◽  
Central Source ◽  
Star Forming ◽  
The North ◽  
Infrared Sources ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Water Maser ◽  
East West

AbstractWe present the results of 1.3 and 3.6 cm radio continuum emission toward the NGC 2071IR star-forming region, carried out with the VLA in its A configuration. We detect continuum emission toward the infrared sources IRS 1 and IRS 3 at both wavelengths. In particular, IRS 1 breaks up into three continuum peaks (IRS 1E, 1C, and 1W), aligned in the east-west direction, being IRS 1 the central source. The morphology of the condensation IRS 1W is very interesting, which has an elongated structure and shows a significant curvature towards the north. We suggest that this morphology could be explained as the impact of a high-velocity wind or jetlike outflow from IRS 1 on a close companion or other obstruction, which also explains the strong water maser emission observed toward IRS 1W.

Cornwall, Kent and London

2018 ◽  
pp. 180-191
Author(s):  
Eric Richards
Keyword(s):  
Mining Activity ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Copper Mining ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Industrial Economy ◽  
Income Differential ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rural England

Emigration from Cornwall outstripped all other counties in England and Wales in the late nineteenth century: it was at the top of the league table of per capita emigration. The international adjustment by the Cornish migrants was framed by the income differential which had decisively widened under the impact of the much more successful copper mining operations overseas. Cornish emigration showed that the effects of mining decline were written on top of the conventional processes of rural decline as the industrial economy of Britain expanded, sucking away much of the demographic revolution. Cornwall and Kent were two variants of the general responsiveness of rural England to the opportunities of emigration and the imperatives of population shifts. Kent was a more purely rural county, with little mining activity, but adjacent to London.

scholarly journals Traffic infrastructure in mining areas (selected problems)

2019 ◽  
Vol 193 (3) ◽  
pp. 558-578
Author(s):  
Andrzej Surowiecki ◽  
Piotr Saska ◽  
Krzysztof Ksiądzyna ◽  
Jacek Ryczyński
Keyword(s):  
Rock Mass ◽  
Rail Transport ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Terrain Surface

The article discusses the issues of safety of operation of road and rail transport infrastructure objects in mining areas. In particular, the fol-lowing issues were discussed: the general characteristics of the mining deformations of the rock mass and the terrain surface, the impact of continuous and discontinuous deformations on the safety of the opera-tion of land transport infrastructure facilities and reinforcements of land transport infrastructure structures in mining areas. Examples of land transport structure reinforcements situated within the reach of mining influences are given.

Weak El Niño and Winter Climate in the Mid- to High Latitudes of Eurasia

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 405-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Zhang ◽  
Bin Wang ◽  
Zhiwei Wu
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Average Intensity ◽  
Winter Climate ◽  
The North ◽  
Subtropical Jet ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Impact ◽  
East West

Abstract According to the sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) intensity in the Niño-3.4 region and the east–west gradient across the Pacific, three types of El Niño are identified in this work. An event with larger than average intensity is defined as a strong El Niño, all others are considered to be weak events. Almost all strong El Niños are concurrent with a large gradient, which is featured by negative SSTAs in the western Pacific and positive SSTAs in the equatorial eastern Pacific (EP) and Indian Ocean (IO). According to the east–west gradient, the weak events can be subdivided into gradient-weak (GW) El Niño and equatorial-weak (EW) El Niño. The GW El Niño characterizes a great east–west gradient without a significant IO SSTA. In contrast, the EW event features a positive SSTA over the tropical IO and EP. The impact of GW El Niño on the North Atlantic–Eurasia continent (NA–Eurasia) displays a negative North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)-like atmospheric anomaly, resulting in a drier and cooler-than-normal winter over Eurasia. Observational and numerical evidence indicate that the prolonged subtropical jet from the North Pacific to NA acts as a waveguide that captures the planetary Rossby waves generated by the GW El Niño. This waveguide favors the propagation of the perturbations into the downstream regions, which would affect the NA–Eurasian climate. However, the EW El Niño is accompanied by a relatively weak subtropical jet that cannot impact the NA–Eurasian climate significantly. For the strong El Niño, the absence of the NAO signal can be attributed to the counteracting of the teleconnections triggered by the Pacific and the tropical IO.

scholarly journals The Impact of Vertical Wind Shear on Hail Growth in Simulated Supercells

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 641-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eli J. Dennis ◽  
Matthew R. Kumjian
Keyword(s):  
Wind Shear ◽  
Cloud Model ◽  
Source Region ◽  
Vertical Wind Shear ◽  
The United States ◽  
The North ◽  
Source Regions ◽  
Vertical Grid ◽  
The Impact ◽  
East West

Abstract Severe hailstorms produce over $1 billion in insured losses annually in the United States, yet details of a given storm’s hail threat (e.g., maximum hailstone size and total hailfall) remain challenging to forecast. Previous research suggests that, in addition to maximum updraft speed, the storm-relative airflow could be equally important for hail formation and growth. This study is a first step toward determining how changes in environmental wind shear and subsequent changes in simulated supercell storm structure affect hail growth. Using Cloud Model 1 (CM1) with 500-m horizontal and 250-m vertical grid spacing, 20 idealized simulations are performed in which the thermodynamic profile remains fixed but the environmental hodograph is systematically altered. Hail growth is quantified using the hail mass mixing ratio from composites of storms over the last hour of simulation time. Hailstone growth “pseudotrajectories” are computed from these storm composites to determine favorable embryo source regions. Results indicate that increased deep-layer east–west shear elongates the storm’s updraft in that direction, providing 1) increased volumes over which microphysically relevant hail processes can act, 2) increased hailstone residence times within the updraft, and 3) a larger potential embryo source region; together, these lead to increased hail mass. Increased low-level north–south shear, which results in hodographs with increased 0–3-km storm-relative helicity, also elongates the updraft in the north–south direction. However, hail mass is reduced owing to a separation of favorable embryo source regions (which shift southward) and available hydrometeors to serve as embryos (which shift northward).

scholarly journals The Impact of Early Basal Leaf Removal at Different Sides of the Canopy on Aglianico Grape Quality

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 630
Author(s):  
Luigi Tarricone ◽  
Michele Faccia ◽  
Gianvito Masi ◽  
Giuseppe Gambacorta
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Leaf Removal ◽  
Total Polyphenols ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Basal Leaf ◽  
The North ◽  
Grape Quality ◽  
Cluster Thinning ◽  
The Impact ◽  
East West

It is known that early removal of basal leaves improves the exposure of cluster to direct sunlight and UV radiation, which positively influence the phenolic compounds and anthocyanin concentration of berries. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of leaf removal applied before flowering to the basal zone of the canopy at different sides (fruit-zone north canopy side, south canopy side and north–south canopy side, respectively) of Aglianico vines trained to vertical shoot position system and row oriented to east–west (EW). The study was conducted in the controlled and guaranteed designation of origin (CGDO) Castel del Monte area (Apulia region, Italy). The treatment did not affect yield per vine, and nor sugar, pH, and total acidity of grapes. When it was applied to the basal south canopy side, the concentration of proanthocyanidins and total polyphenols of grapes increased, as well as antioxidant activity. In particular, anthocyanins content, determined by HPLC, increased by 20% with respect to control when treatment was applied to south and north–south canopy sides. Interaction between season period and treatment was found for all anthocyanins except for petunidin-3-coumaroyl-glucoside. Basal leaf removal applied to the north canopy side caused an increase in malvidin-3-O-glucoside content in grapes in 2016 and 2018, but not in 2017. Our results indicate that basal leaf removal (six basal leaves removed from the base of the shoots) before flowering (BBCH 57) can be used as an effective strategy to improve grape total polyphenols, anthocyanins concentration and antioxidant activity in vineyards cultivated under warm climate conditions. The treatment could represent a sustainable alternative to manual cluster thinning since it does not reduce yield per vine and can be performed mechanically.

Nachhaltigkeit im Wald – vor und hinter der Welle der Globalisierung | Sustainable Forest Management – In Front and Behind the Wave of Globalization

2000 ◽  
Vol 151 (12) ◽  
pp. 502-507
Author(s):  
Christian Küchli
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Specific Situation ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Impact

Are there any common patterns in the transition processes from traditional and more or less sustainable forest management to exploitative use, which can regularly be observed both in central Europe and in the countries of the South (e.g. India or Indonesia)? Attempts were made with a time-space-model to typify those force fields, in which traditional sustainable forest management is undermined and is then transformed into a modern type of sustainable forest management. Although it is unlikely that the history of the North will become the future of the South, the glimpse into the northern past offers a useful starting point for the understanding of the current situation in the South, which in turn could stimulate the debate on development. For instance, the patterns which stand behind the conflicts on forest use in the Himalayas are very similar to the conflicts in the Alps. In the same way, the impact of socio-economic changes on the environment – key word ‹globalisation› – is often much the same. To recognize comparable patterns can be very valuable because it can act as a stimulant for the search of political, legal and technical solutions adapted to a specific situation. For the global community the realization of the way political-economic alliances work at the head of the ‹globalisationwave›can only signify to carry on trying to find a common language and understanding at the negotiation tables. On the lee side of the destructive breaker it is necessary to conserve and care for what survived. As it was the case in Switzerland these forest islands could once become the germination points for the genesis of a cultural landscape, where close-to-nature managed forests will constitute an essential element.

Healthcare System in the Arctic Zone of Russia. Known and Emerging Issues and Solutions to Them

2019 ◽  
pp. 3-20
Author(s):  
V.N. Leksin
Keyword(s):  
Metallurgical Industry ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Russian Arctic ◽  
Arctic Zone ◽  
Shift Workers ◽  
The North ◽  
Medical Institutions ◽  
Emerging Issues ◽  
The Impact

The impact on healthcare organization on the territory of Russian Arctic of unique natural and climatic, demographic, ethnic, settlement and professional factors of influencing the health of population, constantly or temporarily living on this territory is studied. The necessity is substantiated of various forms and resource provision with healthcare services such real and potential patients of Arctic medical institutions, as representatives of indigenous small peoples of the North, workers of mining and metallurgical industry, military personnel, sailors and shift workers. In this connection a correction of a number of All-Russian normative acts is proposed.

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