scholarly journals Water and Soil Nutrient Dynamics of Huanglongbing-Affected Citrus Trees as Impacted by Ground-Applied Nutrients

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alisheikh A. Atta ◽  
Kelly T. Morgan ◽  
Said A. Hamido ◽  
Davie M. Kadyampakeni ◽  
Kamal A. Mahmoud
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Available N ◽  
Citrus Trees

The decrease in the rate of inflow and outflow of water—and thereby the uptake of plant nutrients as the result of Huanglongbing (HLB or citrus greening)—leads to a decline in overall tree growth and the development of nutrient deficiencies in HLB-affected citrus trees. This study was conducted at the University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center (SWFREC) near Immokalee, FL from January 2017 through December 2019. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of rootstocks, nutrient type, rate, and frequency of applications on leaf area index (LAI), water relations (stomatal conductance [gs], stem water potential [Ψw], and sap flow), soil nutrient accumulation, and dynamics under HLB-affected citrus trees. The experiment was arranged in a split-split plot design that consisted of two types of rootstocks, three nitrogen (N) rates, three soil-applied secondary macronutrients, and an untreated control replicated four times. LAI significantly increased in response to the secondary macronutrients compared with uncontrolled trees. A significantly greater gs, and thus a decline in Ψw, was a manifestation of higher sap flow per unit LA (leaf area) and moisture stress for trees budded on Swingle (Swc) than Cleopatra (Cleo) rootstocks, respectively. The hourly sap flow showed significantly less water consumption per unit LA for trees that received a full dose of Ca or Mg nutrition than Ca + Mg treated and untreated control trees. The soil nutrient concentrations were consistently higher in the topmost soil depth (0–15 cm) than the two lower soil depths (15–30 cm, 30–45 cm). Mobile nutrients: soil nitrate–nitrogen (NO3-N) and Mg2+ Mg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, and B leached to the lower soil (15–30 cm) depth during the summer season. However, the multiple split applications of N as Best Management Practices (BMPs) and optimum irrigation scheduling based on reference evapotranspiration (ETo) maintained soil available N (ammonium nitrogen [NH4-N] and NO3-N) below 4.0 mg kg−1, which was a magnitude 2.0–4.0× less than the conventional N applications. Soil NH4-N and NO3-N leached to the two lower soil depths during the rainy summer season only when trees received the highest N rate (280 kg ha−1), suggesting a lower citrus N requirement. Therefore, 224 kg ha−1 N coupled with a full Ca or Mg dose could be the recommended rate for HLB-affected citrus trees.

scholarly journals Improved Irrigation Management of Sweet Orange with Huanglongbing

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 916-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Said A. Hamido ◽  
Kelly T. Morgan ◽  
Robert C. Ebel ◽  
Davie M. Kadyampakeni
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Area Index ◽  
The Impact

Because of the decline in production and negative economic effects, there is an urgent need for strategies to reduce the impact of Huanglongbing (HLB) on citrus [Citrus ×sinensis (L.) Osbeck]. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of different irrigation schedules on total available soil water (TAW) and water uptake characteristics of citrus trees affected by HLB in central and southwest Florida. The study was initiated in Jan. 2014 for 2 years on 5-year-old sweet orange trees located in three commercial groves at Arcadia, Avon Park, and Immokalee, FL. Each grove had three irrigation scheduling treatments including the University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS) recommendations, Daily irrigation, and an Intermediate treatment. All groves received similar volumes of water per week based on evapotranspiration (ETo) reported by the Florida Automated Weather Network. Sap flow (SF) measurements were taken for two trees per treatment for at least 10 days per site (twice/year). During those periods, leaf area, leaf area index (LAI), and stem water potential (Ψ) were determined. Also, TAW was determined using drainage curve and capacitance soil moisture sensors installed at incremental soil depths of 0–15, 15–30, and 30–45 cm. Results showed significant differences in average SF, LAI, Ψ, and TAW measurements among treatments. Diurnal SF value under daily irrigation treatment increased by 91%, 51%, and 105% compared with UF/IFAS irrigation in Arcadia, Avon Park, and Immokalee, respectively. Soil water contents (WCs) under daily treatment increased by 59%, 59%, and 70% compared with UF/IFAS irrigation treatment in Arcadia, Avon Park, and Immokalee, respectively. Our results indicated that daily irrigation improved tree water dynamics compared with IFAS or Intermediate irrigation scheduling treatments and reduced tree stress with the same volume of water.

Influence of phosphorus and bio-fertilizers on growth and yield of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] in acidic soil of NEH region of India

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Nadeem ◽  
Vikas Singh ◽  
R. K. Dubey ◽  
A. K. Pandey ◽  
Barun Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Soil Nutrient Status ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Available N ◽  
Pod Yield

A field experiment was carried out on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) variety Kashi Kanchan during summer season at the experimental farm, department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Central Agricultural University, Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh. The experiment was laid out in factorial complete randomized block design with 12 treatments i.e. three levels of phosphorus [control 0 kg(P0), 20 kg (P1) and 40 kg (P2) /ha] and four levels of bio-fertilizer [control (B0), Rhizobium10 ml/kg seed(B1), PSB 10 ml/kg seed (B2) and Rhizobium + PSB both 10 ml/kg seed (B3)] with three replications. The uniform dose of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) @ 20 kg/ha along with 10 t/ha FYM (Farm Yard Manure) were applied to all the treatments. Result indicated that the application of P2 (40 kg P/ha) significantly increased the plant height, leaf area index, stem girth, number of nodules per plant, number of branches per plant , total dry matter, pod yield, available soil nutrient status viz., pH, N, P, K, organic carbon and NPK content in plant after harvesting. Similarly, seed inoculation with B3 (Rhizobium + PSB) significantly enhanced the growth, yield, soil nutrient status and nutrient content in plant over single inoculation of Rhizobium and PSB. Combined inoculation of seed with Rhizobium + PSB (B3) along with 40 kg P/ha (P2) significantly increased the stem girth (1.84 cm), total dry matter (13.91g/plant), green pod yield (196.37g/plant and 120.90q/ha), soil nutrient status viz., pH(6.20), available N (370.89 kg/ha), available P (38.57 kg/ha), available K (168.77 kg/ha), organic carbon (2.80%) and N, P and K (0.17%, 0.16% and 0.39%) content over rest of treatment combination.

scholarly journals The Effect of Huanglongbing on Young Citrus Tree Water Use

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 659-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Said A. Hamido ◽  
Kelly T. Morgan ◽  
Davie M. Kadyampakeni
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Water Relation ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Citrus Tree ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter ◽  
Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽  
Citrus Orchards

Understanding the role of Huanglongbing (HLB) caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus on citrus (Citrus sp.) water use is critical for determining if changes in water management of commercial citrus orchards affected by this disease is necessary. Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is the most used methodology for irrigation scheduling, particularly in light of reports that indicate the lack of water for irrigation will become a major problem in many places around the world including Florida. The objectives of this study were to determine citrus tree water relationship [water use, sap flow, and stem water potential (Ψ)] as affected by ETo and HLB. The study was initiated on Jan. 2014 on two sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) cultivars included Hamlin and Valencia grown in a fine sandy soil texture (sandy, siliceous, and hyberthermic Arenic Alaquods) in a greenhouse. Twelve weighing lysimeters of each cultivar (six HLB-affected and six nonaffected trees) were used to determine selected water relation parameters. Results indicated a significant reduction in water use, Ψ, and sap flow for affected trees when compared with nonaffected trees. Citrus water use of healthy trees during the 2-year study was 31% and 27% greater than HLB-affected trees for ‘Hamlin’ and ‘Valencia’, respectively. Lower water use of HLB-affected trees resulted in 10% and 15% greater available soil water content than healthy ‘Hamlin’ and ‘Valencia’ trees, respectively. Therefore, reducing the water supply for HLB-affected trees than healthy trees may be a desirable practice that would lead to significant water savings.

Effects of cluster thinning and irrigation amount on water relations, growth, yield and fruit and wine composition of Tempranillo grapes in Extemadura (Spain)

OENO One ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Esperanza Valdés ◽  
Daniel Moreno ◽  
Esther Gamero ◽  
David Uriarte ◽  
María Del Henar Prieto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Wine Quality ◽  
Irrigation Amount ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Grape Quality ◽  
Wine Composition ◽  
Cluster Thinning

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aim</strong>: The effects of cluster thinning and irrigation regime on vine performance and grape and wine quality of Tempranillo grapevines were studied in a field experiment carried out in Extremadura in Spain.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: Treatments were combinations of two irrigation doses (25% and 100% of estimated crop evapotranspiration) and two crop levels (thinned and unthinned vines). Cluster thinning was performed just before veraison to retain five clusters per m2 of vine leaf area. Results showed that irrigation amount produced important differences in stem water potential, leaf area index and berry growth but cluster thinning did not significantly affect these parameters. However, cluster thinning independently of the irrigation amount, advanced by seven days grape maturity and largely affected the main grape quality parameters, increasing total soluble solids concentration, pH, total anthocyanins and phenolic content and reduced must yield. Wines made from grapes of the thinned treatments also had higher contents of anthocyanins, tanins and colour index. This increasing effect was more noticeable in the lower irrigation dose. Similarly, the higher irrigation amount reduced phenolic content of wines.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion</strong>: Both, lower irrigation rates and cluster thinning, despite decreased yield, improved wine composition. Overall thinning had a larger impact on grape and wine composition than irrigation.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of study</strong>: In the semi-arid environment of the Extremadura region of Spain, irrigation in Tempranillo is important to obtain economically sound yield. However, the irrigation dose to apply might vary depending on the desired wine style. Irrigation to replace potential evapotranspiration should be avoided for premium wine production and, in these cases; deficit irrigation is probably preferred as a tool to increase yields but minimizing the negative effects on fruit and wine quality. Cluster thinning, performed just before veraison, can be also applied to accelerate ripening improving the overall fruit phenolic composition.</p>

scholarly journals Sowing Time of Sweet Corn in Summer Season in Northwestern Paraná, Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 138
Author(s):  
Antônio A. N. Franco ◽  
Pedro S. Vidigal Filho ◽  
Carlos A. Scapim ◽  
Ricardo S. Okumura ◽  
Alberto Y. Numoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Area Index

The aims of study were to evaluate the effect of sowing time in summer season on agronomic characteristics of sweet corn grown in summer season in Northwest Paran&aacute;, Brazil. The experiments were conducted in 2011, and 2012, in both years, the sowing was carried out on ST1: 09/05; ST2: 09/19; ST3: 10/03; ST4: 10/17, and ST5: 10/31. The experimental design was a randomized block design in a 5 &times; 2 factorial scheme, consisting of sowing time and two corn hybrids, with four replicates. The evaluated variables were plant height, leaf area index and yield of commercial ears, in which the effects of sowing times were studied through regression analysis, and effects of hybrids and agricultural years were studied by F-test. Sowing times promoted reductions in phenology of hybrids, but did not provide variations in degree-days accumulation by hybrids. The maximum leaf area index (3.82) was estimated for 10/04. In year 2011, the maximum plant height (2.17 m) and yield (13.0 Mg ha-1) were estimated for 10/06, and 10/03, respectively. While, in year 2012, the maximum height (2.22 m) and yield (12.85 Mg ha-1) were obtained on 10/09 and 10/11, respectively. The hybrid RB6324 showed greater yield potential, independent of year.

Cubesat Constellations Provide Enhanced Crop Phenology And Digital Agricultural Insights Using Daily Leaf Area Index Retrievals.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasper Johansen ◽  
Matteo G. Ziliani ◽  
Rasmus Houborg ◽  
Trenton E. Franz ◽  
Matthew F. McCabe
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Agricultural Revolution

Abstract Satellite remote sensing has great potential to deliver on the promise of a data-driven agricultural revolution, with emerging space-based platforms providing spatiotemporal insights into precision-level attributes such as crop water use, vegetation health and condition and crop response to management practices. Using a harmonized collection of high-resolution Planet CubeSat, Sentinel-2, Landsat-8 and additional coarser resolution imagery from MODIS and VIIRS, we exploit a multi-satellite data fusion and machine learning approach to deliver a radiometrically calibrated and gap-filled time-series of daily leaf area index (LAI) at an unprecedented spatial resolution of 3 m. The insights available from such high-resolution CubeSat-based LAI data are demonstrated through tracking the growth cycle of a maize crop and identifying observable within-field spatial and temporal variations across key phenological stages. Daily LAI retrievals peaked at the tasseling stage, demonstrating their value for fertilizer and irrigation scheduling. An evaluation of satellite-based retrievals against field-measured LAI data collected from both rain-fed and irrigated fields shows high correlation and captures the spatiotemporal development of intra- and inter-field variations. Novel agricultural insights related to individual vegetative and reproductive growth stages were obtained, showcasing the capacity for new high-resolution CubeSat platforms to deliver actionable intelligence for precision agricultural and related applications.

scholarly journals Response of Leaf Area Index, Vegetative and Reproductive Phases of Two Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Cultivars at Different Regimes of Irrigation Scheduling

2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
A. Ali ◽  
T. Khalik ◽  
A. Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Irrigation Schedule ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum L ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Cotton Crop ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Irrigation Effect ◽  
Reproductive Phases

ABSTRACT The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different regimes of irrigation schedule on various vegetative and reproductive stages of cotton crop. The results showed that irrigation effect was non significant for number of plants m-2, while I4 treatment produced maximum number of monopodial branches 2.18, but statistically it was at par with I3, I5. I4 treatment showed maximum number of sympodial branches (20.43), followed by I3 (18.63). F.H-900 showed statistically higher sympodial branches (18.34) than the F.H-901 (17.08). Maximum number of flowers per plant was formed in the I4 treatment (101.00), followed by I3 (96.31) and 15 (92.23). Significantly higher number of flowers and boll drops was recorded in treatment I1, followed by I2. Flowers and boll drop per plant decrease with increase in irrigations applied to crop. Minimum number of flowers (60.45) and bolls (16.98) dropped per plant were in I4 and 13 (65.0 and 22.72, respectively).

scholarly journals Impact of Application of Fertilizer and Lime on Yield of Banana (Grand Naine) and Soil Parameters in Acidic Soil of Arunachal Pradesh

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
Jitendra Kumar ◽  
H. Kalita ◽  
Thejangulie Angami ◽  
D. Ramajayam ◽  
Amit Sen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Acidic Soil ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Arunachal Pradesh ◽  
Banana Plant ◽  
Available N ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Lime Application

The present study was aimed at standardizing fertilizer and lime requirement for tissue banana (Grand Naine) cultivation in acidic soil of mid hill of Arunachal Pradesh The experiment was conducted at ICAR RC farm Gori, ICAR RC for NEH Region, AP centre, Basar. The effect of twelve different treatments of combination of fertilizers and Lime was studied on growth parameters of banana plant, post harvest fruit quality parameters and on the soil chemical and physical parameter their availability & uptake of major nutrients were also studied. The results revealed. Plant growth parameters like pseudo stem circumference (36.96 cm) and Plant height (92.85 cm) was highest in the treatment receiving L1F2. Similarly, treatment L2F2 recorded highest number of leaves (5.96), suckers (1.41) and leaf area (3586 cm2). Treatment L2F1 recorded lowest stem circumference (22.3 cm), number of leaves (3.52) and leaf area (1420 cm2). Similarly, treatment having L3F1 recorded lowest number of suckers (0.41). The plants treated with (50% lime + 100% RDF) performed best in terms of both yield and quality attributes. The effects of lime application significantly improve pH of soil that resulted in the improved the availability of phosphorous. Application of 125% fertilizer was not found to significantly enhance the yield of Banana. The lime application significantly improve the soil nutrient concentration Viz  Available N, P K, Ca pH and reduced Al concentration that resulted into enhance banana production compare to the control.

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