THE EFFICIENCY OF IRRIGATION AND VARIETY ON THE HARVEST RATIO OF THREE COTTON TYPES (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of variety and irrigation on three cotton types, and to study the effectiveness of irrigation on the productivity of these cotton types which were fed by different norms of mineral nutrition. To assess the impact of soil humidity and fertilizer amount, we set up a field trial with three varieties of cotton. The field experiment was carried out within the Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria between 2018-2019. A two way factorial ANOVA (with variety and irritation as factors) suggested a significant main effect of irrigation (p< .001). Variety showed the strongest impact on the differences in "flowering" of cotton which were 64% in 2018 and 41% for 2019 respectively. We established an efficiency coefficient (KEF) representing the ratio of the additional harvest and the actual irrigation rate. The KEF of irrigation water varied depending on the cotton varieties and the levels of fertilization. The highest values of KEF were recorded after fertilization by N8 as given by units of cultivar Helius (EF = 0.67). The effect of irrigation, expressed as a harvest per unit of irrigation water considerably varied over years. It was established as a ratio between the irrigation rate and the additional cotton produce. At zero fertilization Helius, each cubic meter of water carried an average 2.24 kilograms of cotton harvest over two years. Optimizing the water supply and fertilizing with N16 provided 2.83 kilograms. On average, the Darmi variety irrigation effect ranged from 0.63 kilograms (N24) to 2.43 kilograms per cubic meter (N16) during the given period.

Irrigation Effect on Evapotranspiration (in Absheron)

In the presented article, the results of the use of dispersed irrigation are considered. This method helps to reduce the ambient temperature, increase soil moisture, establish an optimal irrigation regime, reduce the need for water resources, prevent depression of photosynthesis of alfalfa agrophytocenosis under Absheron conditions. It is recommended to carry out dispersed irrigation on the soil surface at temperatures above 28 °C. The best results were obtained under the condition of the combined application of dispersed irrigation with sprinkling, especially in dry years.

Evaluating the Irrigation Effect of Continuous Flushing During Up-and-down Motion of Instruments Using a Computational Fluid Dynamics Model

Background:The viscous environment caused by the rotation of Nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) instruments in a static solution inside the root canal during mechanical preparation may increase the difficulty of endodontic debridement and the risk of instrument fatigue fracture. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of continuous flushing during up-and-down motion of instruments using a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical model.Results:After30s simulation,water entering the canal formed an "efficient replacement area" in upper part of the canal and transported to the apical part of the canal.Increasing the velocity and amplitude of the motion of the instrument caused less time of flushing water to reach the apical area; and the replacement of the original solution was primarily improved by increasing the amplitude.Conclusions:Continuous flushing during up-and-down movement of the instrument significantly helped to rapidly replace the original solution with water at the coronal and middle part of the canal and dilutedthe viscosity of the original solution to some extend in the whole canal.It is therefore beneficial to add continuous water flushing to the instruments used in the preparation process.Furthermore, the amplitude of the movement in file’s up-and-down motion should be appropriately increased to improve its irrigation effect in clinical practice.

Complementary Irrigation Effect on Seed Cotton Yield in North Côte d’Ivoire

The study was set to assess a complementary irrigation effect on seed cotton yields in the Northern C&ocirc;te d&rsquo;Ivoire where the cotton is the main cash crop. Firstly, the soil samples were collected from the surface down to 30 cm depth and analyzed. The soil was sandy and silty. So, 65 kg of 46%urea and 285 kg of NPKSB15-15-15-6-1 were applied for its correction. Secondly, in a complete randomized blocks, four tests were conducted, within those were T0 (no complementary irrigation and no crop protection products and fertilizers), T1 (no complementary irrigation, with crop protection products and fertilizers, the cotton cultivation ongoing practice in the Northern Cote d&rsquo;Ivoire, therefore the reference), T2 (complementary irrigation, along with crop protection products and fertilizers), T3 (only complementary irrigation, without any crop protection products and fertilizers). Thirdly, the tests were replicated in 3 blocks. As a result, from T1 to T2, the plants heights, the plants density at harvest period, bolls number per plant and seed cotton yields were respectively 88.58&plusmn;1.78 vs 96.08&plusmn;1.78 cm (+8.47%) at day 73; 53,934&plusmn;1,260.78 vs 67,593&plusmn;1,260.78 plants per ha (+25.32%); 23.11&plusmn;0.81 vs 26.39&plusmn;0.81 bolls per plant (+14.19%) and 1,616.26&plusmn;67.86 vs 2,657.77&plusmn;67.86 kg/ha (+64.44%). Conversely, the complementary irrigation led to higher pest damages on bolls, because 13&plusmn;2.2% of T2 bolls were attacked, while just 4.6&plusmn;2.2% of T1 bolls were damaged by insects&rsquo; pest. Looking for solutions linked to climate change effects, a complementary irrigation in cotton farms in the Northern C&ocirc;te d&rsquo;Ivoire could be profitable to the cotton growers. Nonetheless, the farmers should pay a great attention to the pest management.