scholarly journals Spatial Distribution and Mobility of Nutrients on Sand Mulching Soil for Fertigated Green Bean Crops under Greenhouse Conditions in Southern Spain: (I) Macronutrients

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 842
Author(s):  
Alfonso Llanderal ◽  
Pedro Garcia-Caparros ◽  
Juana Isabel Contreras ◽  
María Teresa Lao ◽  
María Luz Segura
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Green Bean ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Sand Layer ◽  
Nutrient Inputs ◽  
Crop Harvest ◽  
Distribution Distance

Information about the nutrients distribution in sand-mulched soils is rather scarce; therefore, the aim of this experiment was to determine the spatial distribution and mobility of macronutrients in the wet bulb zone in two sand-mulched soils (a technique where manure and sand are layered over existing soil) for fertigated green bean with a drip irrigation distribution system under greenhouse conditions. The experimental design was multifactorial (4): soil type (S1 (1.0% organic matter (OM)) and S2 (2.5% OM)), time of sampling (before planting and after crop harvest) and spatial distribution: distance (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 m) from the emitter and soil depth (0.1–0.2, 0.2–0.3 and 0.3–0.4 m) with three blocks and one replication per block. The chemical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and macronutrients concentration) were analyzed in each soil sample. The testing crop was green bean (Phaseolous vulgaris L. c.v. Mantra RZ), lasting 90 days. The results obtained showed the highest value of EC and NO3−-N, K, and Ca concentration in the sand layer in both soils. At all soil profile depths, nutrient concentrations of NH4+-N and soil EC were lower in the high OM soil. Comparing the soil profile at the beginning and at the end of the experiment, there was a significant decrease in NO3−-N, P and Ca concentration and a significant increase in EC value and Mg concentration at the end of the crop. In distance, EC and K showed the highest concentration at 0.30 m. In depth, there was a decline in EC value and NH4+-N, P, K, Ca and Mg concentration. The comparison between the sand layer and the soil profile in both soils reported a similar trend in pH, EC, NO3−-N, P and Mg concentration. Considering the mobility of macronutrients in a sandy mulched soil, it would be recommendable to develop a sustainable and dynamic fertigation management, adjusting nutrient inputs over time.

scholarly journals Biogeochemistry of an afrotropical montane rain forest on Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Schrumpf ◽  
Wolfgang Zech ◽  
Jan C. Axmacher ◽  
Herbert V. M. Lyaruu
Keyword(s):  
Rain Forest ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Seepage Water ◽  
Nutrient Inputs ◽  
Rain Forests ◽  
East African ◽  
Montane Rain Forest

In contrast to their well-studied counterparts in the Neotropics and in Asia, East African montane rain forests are surrounded by semi-arid savanna plains. These plains have a high erosion potential for salt crusts accumulated at the soil surface. Hence it may be hypothesized that East African montane forest ecosystems experience strongly enhanced nutrient inputs via dry deposition, which alters their overall biogeochemistry. The aim of our study was to test this hypothesis by investigating K, Mg, Ca, Na and N-forms in rainfall, throughfall, fine litter, litter percolate and soil solution of a montane rain forest at Mt. Kilimanjaro. Four forest plots situated at elevations between 2250 and 2350 m asl on the south-western slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro were studied for 2 y. In contradiction to our hypothesis, inputs of K, Mg, Ca and Na via rainfall (7.5, 0.9, 2.3 and 6.2kg ha−1y−1) and throughfall (35, 2.0, 3.5 and 11kg ha−1−1) were low on Mt. Kilimanjaro. Fluxes of NH4-N and NO3-N were within the range observed at other montane rain forests, with NO3-N being the only nutrient partly absorbed in the forest canopies (2.9kg ha−1y−1 in rainfall, 0.9kg ha−1y−1 in throughfall). The highest overall nutrient concentrations in water samples occurred in litter percolate (1.4mg l−1 K, 0.3mg l−1 Mg, 0.8mg l−1 Ca, 0.3mg l−1 NH4-N, 0.9mg l−1 NO3-N), with values still being low compared to other sites. Nutrient concentrations in seepage water strongly declined with increasing soil depth. Thus, both inputs and losses of base cations from the forest by water pathways are assumed to be low. N or P limitation of growth is not expected since high fluxes of N and P in fine litter (119 and 5.9kg ha−1y−1 for N and P respectively) indicate low within-stand efficiency.

scholarly journals Kinetic Properties of Microbial Exoenzymes Vary With Soil Depth but Have Similar Temperature Sensitivities Through the Soil Profile

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo J. Eloy Alves ◽  
Ileana A. Callejas ◽  
Gianna L. Marschmann ◽  
Maria Mooshammer ◽  
Hans W. Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Temperature Sensitivity ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Rate Theory ◽  
Kinetic Properties ◽  
Nutrient Inputs ◽  
Deep Soil

Current knowledge of the mechanisms driving soil organic matter (SOM) turnover and responses to warming is mainly limited to surface soils, although over 50% of global soil carbon is contained in subsoils. Deep soils have different physicochemical properties, nutrient inputs, and microbiomes, which may harbor distinct functional traits and lead to different SOM dynamics and temperature responses. We hypothesized that kinetic and thermal properties of soil exoenzymes, which mediate SOM depolymerization, vary with soil depth, reflecting microbial adaptation to distinct substrate and temperature regimes. We determined the Michaelis-Menten (MM) kinetics of three ubiquitous enzymes involved in carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) acquisition at six soil depths down to 90 cm at a temperate forest, and their temperature sensitivity based on Arrhenius/Q10 and Macromolecular Rate Theory (MMRT) models over six temperatures between 4–50°C. Maximal enzyme velocity (Vmax) decreased strongly with depth for all enzymes, both on a dry soil mass and a microbial biomass C basis, whereas their affinities increased, indicating adaptation to lower substrate availability. Surprisingly, microbial biomass-specific catalytic efficiencies also decreased with depth, except for the P-acquiring enzyme, indicating distinct nutrient demands at depth relative to microbial abundance. These results suggested that deep soil microbiomes encode enzymes with intrinsically lower turnover and/or produce less enzymes per cell, reflecting distinct life strategies. The relative kinetics between different enzymes also varied with depth, suggesting an increase in relative P demand with depth, or that phosphatases may be involved in C acquisition. Vmax and catalytic efficiency increased consistently with temperature for all enzymes, leading to overall higher SOM-decomposition potential, but enzyme temperature sensitivity was similar at all depths and between enzymes, based on both Arrhenius/Q10 and MMRT models. In a few cases, however, temperature affected differently the kinetic properties of distinct enzymes at discrete depths, suggesting that it may alter the relative depolymerization of different compounds. We show that soil exoenzyme kinetics may reflect intrinsic traits of microbiomes adapted to distinct soil depths, although their temperature sensitivity is remarkably uniform. These results improve our understanding of critical mechanisms underlying SOM dynamics and responses to changing temperatures through the soil profile.

scholarly journals Kinetic Properties of Microbial Exoenzymes Vary with Soil Depth but Have Similar Temperature Sensitivities Through the Soil Profile

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo J Eloy Alves ◽  
Ileana A Callejas ◽  
Gianna L Marschmann ◽  
Maria Mooshammer ◽  
Hans W Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Temperature Sensitivity ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Rate Theory ◽  
Kinetic Properties ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Nutrient Inputs

Current knowledge of the mechanisms and responses of soil organic matter (SOM) turnover to warming is mainly limited to surface soils, although over 50% of global soil carbon is contained in subsoils. Deep soils have different physicochemical properties, nutrient inputs and microbiomes, which may harbor distinct functional traits and lead to different SOM dynamics and temperature responses. We hypothesized that kinetic and thermal properties of microbial exoenzymes, which mediate SOM depolymerization, vary with soil depth, reflecting microbial adaptation to distinct substrate and temperature regimes. We determined the Michaelis-Menten (MM) kinetics of three ubiquitous enzymes involved in carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) acquisition at six soil depths down to 90 cm at a temperate coniferous forest, and their temperature sensitivity based on Arrhenius and Macromolecular Rate Theory (MMRT) models over six temperatures between 4-50°C. Maximal enzyme velocity (Vmax) decreased strongly with depth for all enzymes, both on a dry soil mass and a microbial biomass C basis, whereas their affinities increased, indicating adaptation to lower substrate availability. Surprisingly, microbial biomass-specific catalytic efficiencies also decreased with depth, except for the P-acquiring enzyme, indicating distinct nutrient demands at depth relative to microbial abundance. These results indicated that deep soil microbiomes encode enzymes with intrinsically lower turnover and/or produce less enzymes per cell, likely reflecting distinct life strategies. The relative kinetics between different enzymes also varied with depth, suggesting an increase in relative P demand with depth, or that phosphatases may be involved in C acquisition. Warming consistently led to increased Vmax and catalytic efficiency of all enzymes, and thus to overall higher SOM-decomposition potential, but enzyme temperature sensitivity was similar through the soil profile based on both Arrhenius/Q10 and MMRT models. Nevertheless, temperature directly affected the kinetic properties of different enzyme types in a depth-dependent manner, and thus the relative depolymerization potential of different compounds. Our results indicate that kinetic and thermal properties of exoenzymes are intrinsic traits of soil microbiomes adapted to distinct physicochemical conditions associated with different soil depths, and improve our conceptual understanding of critical mechanisms underlying SOM dynamics and responses to warming through the soil profile.

Impact of tillage on the spatial distribution of CH4 and N2O in the soil profile of late rice fields

2021 ◽  
Vol 211 ◽  
pp. 105029
Author(s):  
Jinfei Feng ◽  
Tong Yang ◽  
Fengbo Li ◽  
Xiyue Zhou ◽  
Chunchun Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Ch4 And N2o ◽  
Late Rice

Long-term modeling of phosphorus spatial distribution in the no-tilled soil profile

2019 ◽  
Vol 187 ◽  
pp. 119-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haixiao Li ◽  
Alain Mollier ◽  
Noura Ziadi ◽  
Aimé Jean Messiga ◽  
Yichao Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Soil Profile

scholarly journals Variation in Salinity through the Soil Profile in South Coastal Region of Bangladesh

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-23
Author(s):  
Mohammad Asadul Haque
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Salt Accumulation ◽  
Top Soil ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The spatial variability of salt accumulation through the soil profile was studied at Latachapali union of Kalapara upazila, Patuakhali district, Bangladesh. The soil samples were collected from 30 locations covering six villages of the union: Kuakata, Malapara, Fashipara, Khajura, Mothaopara and Tajepara. Five locations were randomly selected from each village. From each location soil samples were collected from three soil depths at 0-2 cm, 2.1-4 cm and 4.1-6 cm. Electrical conductivity of top 0-2 cm soil depth was 20.49 dS/m, in 2.1-4 cm soil depth was 7.14 dS/m and in 4.1-6 cm soil depth 4.15 dS/m. The study soils were strongly acidic having pH value 4.73, 4.99 and 5.20 in 0-2, 2.1-4 and 4.1-6 cm soil depth, respectively. The highest of 8.8 Na:K ratio was found in 0-2 cm soil depth. The Na:K ratio gradually decreased with the increase of soil depth, having 6.59 in 2.1-4 cm and 5.42. in 4.1-6 cm soil depth. The results clearly reveal that the top soil is very much sensitive to salt stress. Based on the electrical conductivity and Na:K ratio the Fashipara, Kuakata and Tajepara village were found seriously affected by salinity.Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 42, No. 1, 11-23, 2018

Effect of drought on ericoid mycorrhizae in wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.)

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 583-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Jeliazkova and D. Percival
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Vaccinium Angustifolium ◽  
Ericoid Mycorrhizae ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
Wild Blueberry

To evaluate the influence of water exclusion on the mycorrhizal coloni zations in wild blueberry, and to examine the spatial distribution of mycorrhizae among roots of wild blueberry plants that were in both the vegetative and cropping stages of production, a randomized complete block design was used. The mycorrhizal coloniz a tions were equally distributed throughout upper and lower soil profiles in both stages of production. Nevertheless, soil moisture levels in water exclusion treatments were as much as 50% lower than the control, drought stress had no effect on mycorrhizal colonization levels or on any other of the measured responses. Root weight and volume decreased as soil depth increased from 0-7.5 to 7.5-15 cm. Key words:

scholarly journals SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF BRACKISHWATER POND SOIL CHARACTERISTICS IN PEKALONGAN CITY CENTRAL JAVA PROVINCE

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Andi Indrajaya Asaad ◽  
Akhmad Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Kriging Interpolation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Kriging Interpolation Method ◽  
Brackishwater Pond ◽  
Central Java Province

Spatial distribution of brackishwater pond soil has a vital role in the system of bioenvironment including brackishwater pond environment. This research was aimed to determine the spatial distribution of brackishwater pond soil characteristics in Pekalongan City, Central Java Province. A total of 59 sampling points each with two different soil depth samplings were determined by simple random method. A total of 21 soil characteristics were measured in the field and analyzed further in the laboratory. Geostatistic with Kriging Interpolation method in the ArcGIS 9.3 software were used to depict the distribution of the data across the landscape. Furthermore, the spatial distribution was presented by using ALOS AVNIR-2 image. Research result indicates that in general, pond soil in Pekalongan City can be classified as soil with high variability or relatively heterogenic with the value of variation coefficient more than 36%. Soil characteristics which have similar pattern of spatial distribution are acid sulfate soil and soil nutrient content. High value of pH, organic matter, and total-N of soil, and on the other hand, low value of PO4 were generally found in the pond area of Krapyak Lor Village, while in Pekalongan City, it was found high clayish soil content but relatively homogenous. It is recommended that pond management must be based on soil characteristics which are different from one area to another. The soil characteristics itself can be drawn and assessed through spatial distribution.

scholarly journals A macro-tidal freshwater ecosystem recovering from hypereutrophication: the Schelde case study

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 2935-2948 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. S. Cox ◽  
T. Maris ◽  
K. Soetaert ◽  
D. J. Conley ◽  
S. Van Damme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Algal Biomass ◽  
Alternative Stable States ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystem ◽  
Nutrient Inputs ◽  
Stable States ◽  
Estuarine Ecosystem ◽  
Algal Growth Inhibition

Abstract. We report a 40 year record of eutrophication and hypoxia on an estuarine ecosystem and its recovery from hypereutrophication. After decades of high inorganic nutrient concentrations and recurring anoxia and hypoxia, we observe a paradoxical increase in chlorophyll-a concentrations with decreasing nutrient inputs. We hypothesise that algal growth was inhibited due to hypereutrophication, either by elevated ammonium concentrations, severe hypoxia or the production of harmful substances in such a reduced environment. We study the dynamics of a simple but realistic mathematical model, incorporating the assumption of algal growth inhibition. It shows a high algal biomass, net oxygen production equilibrium with low ammonia inputs, and a low algal biomass, net oxygen consumption equilibrium with high ammonia inputs. At intermediate ammonia inputs it displays two alternative stable states. Although not intentional, the numerical output of this model corresponds to observations, giving extra support for assumption of algal growth inhibition. Due to potential algal growth inhibition, the recovery of hypereutrophied systems towards a classical eutrophied state, will need reduction of waste loads below certain thresholds and will be accompanied by large fluctuations in oxygen concentrations. We conclude that also flow-through systems, heavily influenced by external forcings which partly mask internal system dynamics, can display multiple stable states.

Paddy Soil Profile Distribution of δ13C Subjected to Rice Straw Amendment and Burning

2019 ◽  
Vol 886 ◽  
pp. 3-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wutthikrai Kulsawat ◽  
Boonsom Porntepkasemsan ◽  
Phatchada Nochit
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Paddy Soil ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Straw Amendment ◽  
Stubble Burning

Paddy residues are the most generous agricultural biomass from the paddy cultivation, Paddy residues practices include crop residue amendment and in-situ burning. It indicated that residue amendment increased the organic carbon and nutrient contents in soil, However, an open residue burning is still a common practice in Thailand despite of strict law enforcements and proper education to farmers about its implications on soil, human and animal health The present study determined how residues management practices: residue amendment and stubble burning, influence the soil organic carbon by determining δ13C in paddy soil profile. The 30 cm depth soil samples from the naturally straw amendment and stubble burning paddy fields were collected in Chiang Khwan district, Roi-et province during 2017. The δ13C values with soil depth showed that residue management practices produce statistical differences in both soils. The δ13C values of soil samples from amendment and burning sites ranged from-23.19‰ to-17.98‰ and-24.79‰ to-19.28‰, respectively. Carbon isotopes differentiate clearly between amendment site (more positive values) and burning site (more negative values). The results from this study were in accordance with literatures which reported that the δ13C distribution in the soil profile can be applied to study in SOC dynamics as a result of different paddy residue management practices (amendment or burning). Further research is needed to confirm the validity of the stable carbon isotope technique in this type of studies.

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