scholarly journals The Effect of Antibiotic Treatment on the Bacterial Community of the Brown Planthopper and Its Correlation with Rice Virulence

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2327
Author(s):  
Xiaorong Xu ◽  
Liang Chen ◽  
Hantao Zhou ◽  
Ming Tang
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Nilaparvata Lugens ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽  
And Control ◽  
Selection Of

The prevention and control of planthoppers represent important issues for rice production. Current long-term control methods rely on pesticides, which raise concerns about environmental pollution. Recently, evidence has suggested that bacterial symbionts are important factors influencing the formation of Hemiptera insect biotypes and the selection of host plants for insects, which suggesting that targeting bacterial communities may be an effective alternative method for planthopper control. In this study, we perturbed the bacterial communities of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, by feeding antibiotic-treated rice and used RNA-seq to examine the transcriptome of normal rice fed with perturbed BPHs by RNA-seq. Our results showed that the composition of the bacterial communities significantly changed after the perturbation, which was accompanied by changes in distinct biological processes of rice, especially the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, compared with the effect of the BPH feeding on rice without bacterial communities perturbation. Our work establishes a protocol for bacterial communities perturbation in BPH, demonstrating the link between bacterial community and the responses to BPH feeding and providing new insights into the interaction between BPH and rice.

scholarly journals Bacterial Communities and Enzymatic Activities in Sediments of Long-Term Fish and Crab Aquaculture Ponds

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 501
Author(s):  
Zhimin Zhang ◽  
Qinghui Deng ◽  
Lingling Wan ◽  
Xiuyun Cao ◽  
Yiyong Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Enzymatic Activities ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Farming Practices ◽  
Mitten Crab ◽  
Aquaculture Ponds ◽  
Pond Sediments ◽  
Sediment Ph

Aquaculture is among the most important and fastest growing agriculture sectors worldwide; however, it generates environmental impacts by introducing nutrient accumulations in ponds, which are possibly different and further result in complex biological processes in the sediments based on diverse farming practices. In this study, we investigated the effects of long-term farming practices of representative aquatic animals dominated by grass carp (GC, Ctenopharyngodon idella) or Chinese mitten crab (CMC, Eriocheir sinensis) on the bacterial community and enzyme activity of sediments from more than 15 years of aquaculture ponds, and the differences associated with sediment properties were explored in the two farming practices. Compared to CMC ponds, GC ponds had lower contents of TC, TN, and TP in sediments, and similar trends for sediment pH and moisture content. Sediment bacterial communities were significantly different between GC and CMC ponds, with higher bacterial richness and diversity in GC ponds. The bacterial communities among the pond sediments were closely associated with sediment pH, TC, and TN. Additionally, the results showed profoundly lower activities of β-1,4-glucosidase, leucine aminopeptidase, and phosphatase in the sediments of GC ponds than CMC ponds. Pearson’s correlation analysis further revealed strong positive correlations between the hydrolytic enzyme activities and nutrient concentrations among the aquaculture ponds, indicating microbial enzyme regulation response to sediment nutrient dynamics. Our study herein reveals that farming practices of fish and crab differently affect bacterial communities and enzymatic activities in pond sediments, suggesting nutrient-driven sediment biological processes in aquaculture ponds for different farming practices.

Control Strategy of Soluble Boron-Free Operation for a Small PWR

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangwen Bi ◽  
Chuntao Tang ◽  
Bo Yang
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategy ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Control Rod ◽  
Burnable Poison ◽  
Power Operation ◽  
And Control ◽  
Power Distribution Control ◽  
Selection Of

Elimination of soluble boron will be a challenge to reactor operation for PWR. This paper is to promote a control strategy of soluble boron-free operation for a small PWR, through selection of burnable poison (BP), BP loading and control rod loading, based on the reactivity balance and manage requirement. The analysis for on-power operation and shutdown condition indicated that this strategy could be suitable for long-term and short-term reactivity and power distribution control for soluble boron-free operation.

Effects of Long-Term Elevated CO2 on Rhizosphere and Bulk Soil Bacterial Community Structure in Pinus sylvestriformis Seedlings Fields

2011 ◽  
Vol 343-344 ◽  
pp. 351-356
Author(s):  
Xia Jia ◽  
Chun Juan Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Bacterial Community Structure ◽  
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Pinus Sylvestriformis ◽  
Soil Bacterial Community Structure ◽  
Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Polymerase Chain

The effect of long-term elevated CO2(as open top chambers) on rhizosphere and bulk bacterial community structure in Pinus sylvestriformis seedlings field was investigated in July, August, and September. The bacterial communities were processed by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of bacterial 16S rDNA fragments amplified by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) from DNA extracted directly from soil. DGGE profiles from rhizosphere samples showed large changes in rhizosphere bacterial community under elevated CO2compared to ambient except for that in September. For bulk samples, bacterial community structure changed when exposed to elevated CO2in three months. With the exception of bulk samples in August, a similitude of bacterial communities structures existed between different elevated CO2concentrations by analyzing UPGMA dendrogram based on Jaccard’s coefficient.

Avian influenza virus: prospects for prevention and control by vaccination

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Won Lee ◽  
David L. Suarez
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Antigenic Drift ◽  
And Control ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
The Ideal

AbstractAlthough vaccination does not always prevent infection of avian influenza (AI) virus, the clear benefit of vaccination is in its ability to prevent disease and to reduce the amount of virus in circulation. Thus, judicious use of vaccination can be an important component of an AI control program. However, the long-term use of vaccination without eradication may result in the selection of the antigenically divergent strains, which compromises the value of vaccination. In this review, the effectiveness of currently available and future AI vaccines is discussed with suggestions for the ideal use of vaccination even with antigenic drift of the virus.

scholarly journals Long-term nutrient enrichment of an oligotroph-dominated wetland increases bacterial diversity in bulk soils and plant rhizospheres

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina B. Bledsoe ◽  
Carol Goodwillie ◽  
Ariane L. Peralta
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Nutrient Enrichment ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Nutrient Addition ◽  
Soil Microbiome ◽  
The Core ◽  
Soil Bacterial

ABSTRACTIn nutrient-limited conditions, plants rely on rhizosphere microbial members to facilitate nutrient acquisition, and in return plants provide carbon resources to these root-associated microorganisms. However, atmospheric nutrient deposition can affect plant-microbe relationships by changing soil bacterial composition and by reducing cooperation between microbial taxa and plants. To examine how long-term nutrient addition shapes rhizosphere community composition, we compared traits associated with bacterial (fast growing copiotrophs, slow growing oligotrophs) and plant (C3 forb, C4 grass) communities residing in a nutrient poor wetland ecosystem. Results revealed that oligotrophic taxa dominated soil bacterial communities and that fertilization increased the presence of oligotrophs in bulk and rhizosphere communities. Additionally, bacterial species diversity was greatest in fertilized soils, particularly in bulk soils. Nutrient enrichment (fertilized vs. unfertilized) and plant association (bulk vs. rhizosphere) determined bacterial community composition; bacterial community structure associated with plant functional group (grass vs. forb) was similar within treatments but differed between fertilization treatments. The core forb microbiome consisted of 602 unique taxa, and the core grass microbiome consisted of 372 unique taxa. Forb rhizospheres were enriched in potentially disease suppressive bacterial taxa and grass rhizospheres were enriched in bacterial taxa associated with complex carbon decomposition. Results from this study demonstrate that fertilization serves as a strong environmental filter on the soil microbiome, which leads to distinct rhizosphere communities and can shift plant effects on the rhizosphere microbiome. These taxonomic shifts within plant rhizospheres could have implications for plant health and ecosystem functions associated with carbon and nitrogen cycling.ImportanceOver the last century, humans have substantially altered nitrogen and phosphorus cycling. Use of synthetic fertilizer and burning of fossil fuels and biomass have increased nitrogen and phosphorous deposition, which results in unintended fertilization of historically low-nutrient ecosystems. With increased nutrient availability, plant biodiversity is expected to decline and bacterial communities are anticipated to increase in abundance of copiotrophic taxa. Here, we address how bacterial communities associated with different plant functional types (forb, grass) shift due to long-term nutrient enrichment. Unlike other studies, results revealed an increase in bacterial diversity, particularly, of oligotrophic bacteria in fertilized plots. We observed that nutrient addition strongly determines forb and grass rhizosphere composition, which could indicate different metabolic preferences in the bacterial communities. This study highlights how long-term fertilization of oligotroph-dominated wetlands could alter the metabolism of rhizosphere bacterial communities in unexpected ways.

scholarly journals Compatibility Between Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) and Neem Extract against Brown Plant-Hopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Nova Laili Wisuda ◽  
Tri Harjaka ◽  
Indah Dwi Prasetyaningrum
Keyword(s):  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Nilaparvata Lugens ◽  
Spore Density ◽  
Neem Extract ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Nilaparvata Lugens Stål ◽  
And Control

Beauveria bassiana fungi and neem extract as botanical insecticide can be combined to get the synergizing effect to control brown planthopper (BPH). This study was conducted to determine the best combination between the spore density of B. bassiana and concentration of neem extract to control BPH effectively. The two factorial treatment consisted concentration of B. bassiana (106  Colony Forming Unit (CFU) and 107 CFU) and concentration of neem extract (5%, 10%, 15%), and control.  The treatments were assigned in Completely Randomized Design with three replications. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and  LSD at 5%. The test was conducted in vitro and bio assay of testing insects, BPH, was conducted using dipping method.  B. bassiana was suitable with neem extract with T value ranged from 78.58- 90.38. The mortality of BPH occurred on day 5 after application. The highest mortality (91.67%) occurred on the treatment with B. bassiana 107 CFU + neem extract 10%. The shortest LT50 was found at the treatment of B. bassiana 106 CFU+  neem extract 15%  (2.74 days) but not significantly different from B. bassiana 107 CFU + neem extract 15% (2.76 days). B. bassiana spores combined with neem extract are assumed to speed up the mortality of BPH by increasing the concentration.

scholarly journals Effect of formaldehyde exposure on bacterial communities in simulating indoor environments

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianguo Guo ◽  
Yi Xiong ◽  
Taisheng Kang ◽  
Hua Zhu ◽  
Qiwen Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Chemical Degradation ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Formaldehyde Exposure ◽  
Recommended Level

AbstractIndoor formaldehyde (CH2O) exceeding the recommended level is a severe threat to human health. Few studies have investigated its effect on indoor surface bacterial communities, affecting habitants' health. This study used 20-L glass containers to mimic the indoor environment with bacterial inputs from human oral respiration. The behavior of bacterial communities responding to CH2O varied among the different CH2O levels. The bacterial community structure significantly changed over time in the 0.054 mg·m−3 CH2O group, which varied from the 0.1 mg·m−3 and 0.25 mg·m−3 CH2O groups. The Chao1 and Shannon index significantly increased in the 0.054 mg·m−3 CH2O group at 6 week, while they remained unchanged in the 0.25 mg·m−3 CH2O group. At 12 week, the Chao1 significantly increased in the 0.25 mg·m−3 CH2O group, while it remained unchanged in the 0.054 mg·m−3 CH2O group. Only a few Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) significantly correlated with the CH2O concentration. CH2O-induced OTUs mainly belong to the Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. Furthermore, bacterial communities formed at 6 or 12 weeks differed significantly among different CH2O levels. Functional analysis of bacterial communities showed that inferred genes related to chemical degradation and diseases were the highest in the 0.25 mg·m−3 CH2O group at 12 weeks. The development of nematodes fed with bacteria collected at 12 weeks was applied to evaluate the bacterial community's hazards. This showed significantly impaired growth in the 0.1 mg·m−3 and 0.25 mg·m−3 CH2O groups. These findings confirmed that CH2O concentration and exposure time could affect the indoor bacterial community and formed bacterial communities with a possibly more significant hazard to human health after long-term exposure to high CH2O levels.

scholarly journals Impact of long-term industrial contamination on the bacterial communities in urban river sediments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Demei Tu ◽  
Xingchen Li ◽  
Wenxuan Lu ◽  
Jing Li
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Industrial Pollution ◽  
River Sediments ◽  
Urban River ◽  
Industrial Contamination ◽  
Different Types

Abstract Background: The contamination of the aquatic environment of urban rivers with industrial wastewater has affected the abiotic conditions and biological activities of the trophic levels of the ecosystem, particularly sediments. However, most current research about microorganism in urban aquatic environments has focused on indicator bacteria related to feces and organic pollution. Meanwhile, they ignored the interactions among microorganisms. To deeply understand the impact of industrial contamination on microbial community, we study the bacterial community structure and diversity in river sediments under the influence of different types of industrial pollution by Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology and conduct a more detailed analysis of microbial community structure through co-occurrence networks.Results: The overall community composition and abundance of individual bacterial groups differed between samples. In addition, redundancy analysis indicated that the structure of the bacterial community in river sediments was influenced by a variety of environmental factors. TN, TP, TOC and metals (Cu, Zn and Cd) were the most important driving factors that determined the bacterial community in urban river sediments (P <0.01). According to PICRUSt analysis, the bacterial communities in different locations had similar overall functional profiles. It is worth noting that the 15 functional genes related to xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism were the most abundant in the same location. The non-random assembly patterns of bacterial composition in different types of industrially polluted sediments were determined by a co-occurrence network. Environmental conditions resulting from different industrial pollutants may play an important role in determining their co-occurrence patterns of these bacterial taxa. Among them, the bacterial taxa involved in carbon and nitrogen cycles in module I were relatively abundant, and the bacterial taxa in module II were involved in the repair of metal pollution.Conclusions: Our data indicate that long-term potential interactions between different types of industrial pollution and taxa collectively affect the structure of the bacterial community in urban river sediments.

scholarly journals Intersex Plays a Role in Microbial Homeostasis in the Brown Planthopper

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 875
Author(s):  
Hou-Hong Zhang ◽  
Han-Jing Li ◽  
Yu-Xuan Ye ◽  
Ji-Chong Zhuo ◽  
Chuan-Xi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Nilaparvata Lugens ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Rna Targeting ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Rrna Sequencing ◽  
Combating Infection

Insects harbor a wide variety of symbiotic microorganisms that are capable of regulating host health and promoting host adaptation to their environment and food sources. However, there is little knowledge concerning the mechanisms that maintain the microbial community homeostasis within insects. In this study, we found that the intersex (ix) gene played an essential role in maintaining microbial homeostasis in the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens. Injection of the double-strand RNA targeting N. lugens ix (Nlix) into the newly emerged females resulted in abnormal expansion of the copulatory bursa of BPH after mating. Further observation by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the abnormally enlarged copulatory bursa resulting from dsNlix treatment was full of microorganisms, while in contrast, the copulatory bursa of dsGFP-treated individuals stored a large number of sperm accompanied by a few bacteria. Moreover, RNA-seq analysis showed that the gene responses to bacteria were remarkably enriched in differentially expressed genes (DEGs). In addition, 16s rRNA sequencing indicated that, compared with control samples, changes in the composition of microbes presented in dsNlix-treated copulatory bursa. Together, our results revealed the immune functions of the Nlix gene in maintaining microbial homeostasis and combating infection in BPH.

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