scholarly journals Climate Change, Carbon Dioxide, and Pest Biology, Managing the Future: Coffee as a Case Study

Agronomy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis Ziska ◽  
Bethany Bradley ◽  
Rebekah Wallace ◽  
Charles Bargeron ◽  
Joseph LaForest ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Geographic Ranges ◽  
Distribution Mapping ◽  
Projected Changes

The challenge of maintaining sufficient food, feed, fiber, and forests, for a projected end of century population of between 9–10 billion in the context of a climate averaging 2–4 °C warmer, is a global imperative. However, climate change is likely to alter the geographic ranges and impacts for a variety of insect pests, plant pathogens, and weeds, and the consequences for managed systems, particularly agriculture, remain uncertain. That uncertainty is related, in part, to whether pest management practices (e.g., biological, chemical, cultural, etc.) can adapt to climate/CO2 induced changes in pest biology to minimize potential loss. The ongoing and projected changes in CO2, environment, managed plant systems, and pest interactions, necessitates an assessment of current management practices and, if warranted, development of viable alternative strategies to counter damage from invasive alien species and evolving native pest populations. We provide an overview of the interactions regarding pest biology and climate/CO2; assess these interactions currently using coffee as a case study; identify the potential vulnerabilities regarding future pest impacts; and discuss possible adaptive strategies, including early detection and rapid response via EDDMapS (Early Detection & Distribution Mapping System), and integrated pest management (IPM), as adaptive means to improve monitoring pest movements and minimizing biotic losses while improving the efficacy of pest control.

Plant pathogens, insect pests and weeds in a changing global climate: a review of approaches, challenges, research gaps, key studies and concepts

2012 ◽  
Vol 151 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. JUROSZEK ◽  
A. von TIEDEMANN
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Climate Change Research ◽  
Recent Climate

SUMMARYClimate change biology is witnessing a significant quantity of new publications each year, which compromises efforts to keep up-to-date on the rapidly growing body of climate change biology literature. The present paper provides an overview on research approaches and challenges in climate change biology with respect to plant pathogens, insect pests and weeds (collectively termed ‘pests’ here). It also summarizes the suggestions of researchers about how to conceptualize and prioritize future research strategies. Recently published key studies demonstrate that climate change research is qualitatively advancing and that the interactions among environmental and biotic factors which have been found are complex. This complexity hinders attempts to generalize responses of pests to changes in climate. The challenge remains to identify the most significant causal relationships and to separate them from other factors such as crop management practices, which may also influence the observed changes in pest distribution and prevalence in managed ecosystems. In addition, the present overview shows that there are still gaps in many research areas, while other fields have been intensively investigated. For example, the identification of potential benefits in plant protection that may emerge from future climate change has not been explored as extensively as the potential threats. However, encouraging developments can be observed in recent climate change research, for instance the increased number of studies performed under subtropical and tropical climatic conditions, the increased availability of results from multi-factorial field experiments and modelling studies do consider increasingly pest–crop–climate interactions. Further progress can be expected, provided that researchers, sponsors and other stakeholders maintain their interest in climate change biology research.

scholarly journals Social Organization and Agricultural Strategies to Face Climate Variability: A Case Study in Guaraciaba, Southern Brazil

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Bonatti ◽  
Sandro L. Schlindwein ◽  
Ana Carolina F. De Vasconcelos ◽  
Stefan Sieber ◽  
Luiz Renato D Agostini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Adaptation Strategy ◽  
Support Network ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Biodiversity Management ◽  
Crop Species

<p>Climate scenarios and projections have suggested that the impacts of climate change on land use will be noticed particularly by the communities that depend on natural resources for their subsistence. The climate vulnerability of poor communities varies greatly, but in general, climate change combines with other threats and becomes superimposed on existing vulnerabilities. This paper presents a case study that strives to understand the social organization in a vulnerable community of Guaraciaba, in southern Brazil, to investigate aspects of an adaptation strategy to climate change based on the local development and conservation of landraces of a set of crop species. Landraces are varieties better adapted to adversities, especially drought, which is an important threat to the famers in the region. Every farmer receives annually a “kit of biodiversity”, a set of local varieties with the amount of seeds necessary to be cultivated in order to produce enough food for the family. The study had a qualitative approach and was carried out through semi-structured interviews with technicians and 30% of the rural families who farm with landraces. The study concludes that the factors that make this adaptation strategy sustainable are: the ability to undertake actions strongly based on local socio-cultural needs (a social support network), biodiversity management practices designed to reduce external economic dependence, self management of genetic resources, the establishment of priorities based on locally available resources, a work plan for community participation (field days, a community based festival), the establishment of the roles of community in the planning and implementation of programs for biodiversity management.</p>

scholarly journals Farmers’ Knowledge on Pesticide Safety and Pest Management Practices: A Case Study of Vegetable Growers in Chitwan, Nepal

Agriculture ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jhalendra Rijal ◽  
Rajendra Regmi ◽  
Rajan Ghimire ◽  
Krishna Puri ◽  
Sudan Gyawaly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Pesticide Safety

Anticipating the consequences of climate change for Canada’s boreal forest ecosystems

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 322-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Price ◽  
R.I. Alfaro ◽  
K.J. Brown ◽  
M.D. Flannigan ◽  
R.A. Fleming ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Warming Trend ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Boreal Zone ◽  
Future Global Warming

Canadian boreal woodlands and forests cover approximately 3.09 × 106 km2, located within a larger boreal zone characterized by cool summers and long cold winters. Warming since the 1850s, increases in annual mean temperature of at least 2 °C between 2000 and 2050 are highly probable. Annual mean temperatures across the Canadian boreal zone could be 4–5 °C warmer than today’s by 2100. All aspects of boreal forest ecosystem function are likely to be affected. Further, several potential “tipping elements” — where exposure to increasing changes in climate may trigger distinct shifts in ecosystem state — can be identified across the Canadian boreal zone. Approximately 40% of the forested area is underlain by permafrost, some of which is already degrading irreversibly, triggering a process of forest decline and re-establishment lasting several decades, while also releasing significant quantities of greenhouse gases that will amplify the future global warming trend. Warmer temperatures coupled with significant changes in the distribution and timing of annual precipitation are likely to cause serious tree-killing droughts in the west; east of the Great Lakes, however, where precipitation is generally nonlimiting, warming coupled with increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide may stimulate higher forest productivity. Large wildfires, which can cause serious economic losses, are expected to become more frequent, but increases in mean annual area burned will be relatively gradual. The most immediate threats could come from endemic forest insect pests that have the potential for population outbreaks in response to relatively small temperature increases. Quantifying the multiple effects of climate change will be challenging, particularly because there are great uncertainties attached to possible interactions among them, as well as with other land-use pressures. Considerable ingenuity will be needed from forest managers and scientists to address the formidable challenges posed by climate change to boreal ecosystems and develop effective strategies to adapt sustainable forest management practices to the impending changes.

scholarly journals Barriers to IPM adoption for insect pests in New Zealand pastures

2019 ◽  
pp. 139-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Mansfield ◽  
Colin M. Ferguson ◽  
Toni White ◽  
Scott Hardwick ◽  
Sean D.G. Marshall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Current Management ◽  
Share Information

New Zealand’s pastoral sector faces significant challenges to pest management as long-standing insecticides are deregistered. To protect their pastures, farmers need to shift from reactive responses that lead to poor economic outcomes to pre-emptive responses that are viable in the long term. Current management practices (insecticides, endophytes, biological control) for New Zealand’s pasture insect pests were assessed from the perspective of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Potential impacts from novel control strategies and emerging digital technologies were evaluated to determine how these could improve pest management. Cryptic IPM is present within the New Zealand pastoral sector: that is, farmers practise various elements of IPM but these elements are not integrated into a cohesive system, so farmers often fail to recognise pest impacts until significant economic losses have occurred. We identified important networks by which farmers, industry and researchers communicate and share information, and can develop strategies to raise awareness of IPM. To encourage adoption, farmers need to feel ownership of pasture IPM. Investment in IPM training for farmers through industry extension networks is essential to prepare farmers for the shift away from chemical insecticides to new biologically based control methods. Adoption of IPM will help pastoralists respond to current and new pest challenges.

scholarly journals Farmers Status, Knowledge & Management Practices on Major Chickpea Insect Pests in Some Selected Zones of Ethiopia

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarekegn Fite ◽  
Tadele Tefera ◽  
Mulugeta Negeri ◽  
Mulugeta Negeri ◽  
Hirpa Legesse
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Callosobruchus Chinensis ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Production Constraints ◽  
Development Agents

Survey were undertaken in five zones of Oromiya and Amhara regional states, Ethiopia from February to March 2018 to investigate farmers&rsquo; status, knowledge, major chickpea production constraints and insect pest management practices of chickpea. The survey involved 293 randomly taken farmers, who are interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Chickpea insect pests were considered as the main, among production constraints of chickpea by most of the interviewed farmers in Ethiopia. The majority of the farmers&rsquo; responded that Helicoverpa armigera (H&uuml;bner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is the most prevalent insect pests of chickpea under field condition and Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) in storage. Development Agents (DAs) were the top pest advisory service providers in the current study. A conventional insecticide (namely; Lambda-cyhalotrin and Dimethoate) for the control of H. armigera was the most commonly used pest management methods. Moreover, Two times insecticide applications per cropping season were the most frequent, deployed by most of the interviewed farmers followed by cultural pest management practices. Use of biological control and resistant chickpea varieties against major insect pests were low to negligible in the current survey study in the area. The majority of the farmers began control decision when H. armigera larval stages were smaller and they did not consider larval number per chickpea plant for the decision. These results will be used to formulate future effective and sustainable integrated pest management (IPM) in chickpea for Ethiopian farmers emphasizing ecologically and economically-based approaches.

scholarly journals Economic valuation of increased malaria due to climate change: A South African case study

2002 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall Spalding-Fecher ◽  
Shomenthree Moodley
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
South African ◽  
Economic Valuation ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Projected Changes ◽  
Complex Health Problems ◽  
Valuation Tools

Malaria is one of the world's most serious and complex health problems. It is also one of the diseases identified as most likely to be affected by climate change, because transmission is sensitive to temperature and rainfall. The objective of this paper is to provide an initial economic valuation of the increased incidence of malaria due to projected changes in climate in South Africa, excluding costs and benefits of prevention and adaptation. We use market based economic valuation tools for morbidity, including cost of treatment and lost short term productivity, and report lost disability adjusted life years from malaria mortality due to climate change. We also discuss how human capital and willingness to pay approaches could be used for mortality valuation. The results show that the opportunity cost of increased morbidity from malaria would be between R277 million and R466 million in 2010, while the lost disability adjusted life years from increased mortality would be from 11 800 to 18 300 years in that year.

Second-level integrated pest management in commercial apple orchards

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 148-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Prokopy ◽  
Daniel R. Cooley ◽  
Wesley R. Autio ◽  
William M. Coli
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Single Class ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Management Tactics

AbstractAs historical background helpful to understanding current concepts and practices of apple pest management, we review the origin and rise of key pests of apple in North America and the evolution of approaches to their management, culminating with the concept of integrated pest management (IPM). We propose four levels of integration of orchard pest management practices. First-level IPM integrates chemically based and biologically based management tactics for a single class of pests, such as arthropods, diseases, weeds or vertebrates. Second-level IPM, the focus of our effort here, integrates multiple management tactics across all classes of pests. We describe components of second-level IPM for Massachusetts apple orchards, which are threatened each year by an exceptionally broad range of injurious pests. We illustrate the tentative advantages and shortcomings of second-level IPM using 1993 data from six commercial orchard test blocks. Our predominant approach was to use chemically based tactics for controlling arthropods, diseases and weeds early in the growing season, and afterwards to rely exclusively (for insects) or largely (for other pests) on biologically based tactics, such as cultural, behavioral, and biological controls. Compared with nearby first-level IPM blocks, insecticide use in 1993 was reduced substantially (about 30%), with only slightly more insect injury to fruit and little difference in populations of foliar insect pests. The results for mite pests and diseases were less encouraging although summer pruning significantly reduced disease injury caused by flyspeck. We discuss how second-level IPM poses special biological or operational challenges to apple pest management practitioners. The concept has merit, but refinements are necessary before it can be recommended broadly to commercial apple growers in Massachusetts as an economical and reliable alternative to first-level IPM.

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