scholarly journals Characterization of Anaerobic Rumen Fungal Community Composition in Yak, Tibetan Sheep and Small Tail Han Sheep Grazing on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Guo ◽  
Weiwei Wang ◽  
Sisi Bi ◽  
Ruijun Long ◽  
Farman Ullah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Keystone Species ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Tibetan Sheep ◽  
Fungal Structure

The anaerobic rumen fungal community play a critical role in fibrous material degradation. However, there is a lack of data describing the composition of anaerobic rumen fungal community of full grazing ruminants in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. For this reason, we employed the next-generation sequencing technique to elucidate the rumen fungal structure composition and evaluate the effects of host species on fungal communities. Community comparisons (Bray–Curtis index) between yak and Tibetan sheep revealed that the rumen fungal community was affected by host species (p < 0.05). The alpha diversity indices in the yak were significantly higher than in the Tibetan sheep and Small Tail Han sheep. Neocallimastigomycota was predominant regardless of host species. Within this phylum, unidentified genus of Neocallimastigaceae was the most dominant in all samples, followed by Piromyces and Orpinomyces. Moreover, the shared and unique OTUs in the rumen were identified and most of them belonged to the Orpinomyces. Co-occurrence network analysis identified that each animal species had their own keystone species and most of them were non-dominant flora. Our data indicate that host breeds override living environment as the key factor that determines fungal community in the rumen of grazing ruminants in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of Distinct Fungal Communities in the Soil of a Rare Rarth Mining Area

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
jingjing Liu ◽  
Chun Li ◽  
Wendan Ma ◽  
Wei Liu ◽  
Weixiang Wu
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Mining Area ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Fungal Structure ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Mining Soils

Abstract The exploitation of ion absorbed rare earth elements (REEs) has caused serious ecological destruction and environmental pollution. Effect on soil fungal structure and diversity caused by mining activities are usually ignored, although fungi are one of the most important components in soil ecosystems. In the present research, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and high-throughput Illumina MiSeq sequencing were conducted to characterize fungal community composition and structure in soil of a rare earth mining area after in-situ leaching. Statistical analyses, Network and FUNGuild were used to conduct in-depth analysis. Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Glomeromycota and unclassified fungi were the most abundant phyla in the mining soils. Organic matter, TC and TN contents, but not pH or REEs contents, were the vital factors to determine soil fungal abundances and diversities. Fungal community structures were stable after leaching practice, but nutrition contents significantly and positively contributed to fungal abundances and diversities. Fungi could mediate the interaction between species to enhance their ability to resist the harsh environment of REEs toxicity or ammonium caused by in-situ leaching practice. Saprotroph in phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the dominant fungal trophic mode in the mining soils, and they played a critical role in nutrient cycling, transformation processes and reducing metal toxicity. Symbiotrophs of phyla Glomeromycota contributed to soil aggregation and slowing down nutrient losses after in-situ leaching practice.

scholarly journals Long-Term Monoculture Negatively Regulates Fungal Community Composition and Abundance of Tea Orchards

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasir Arafat ◽  
Muhammad Tayyab ◽  
Muhammad Umar Khan ◽  
Ting Chen ◽  
Hira Amjad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Continuous Cropping System ◽  
Tea Plants

Continuous cropping frequently leads to soil acidification and major soil-borne diseases in tea plants, resulting in low tea yield. We have limited knowledge about the effects of continuous tea monoculture on soil properties and the fungal community. Here, we selected three replanted tea fields with 2, 15, and 30 years of monoculture history to assess the influence of continuous cropping on fungal communities and soil physiochemical attributes. The results showed that continuous tea monoculture significantly reduced soil pH and tea yield. Alpha diversity analysis showed that species richness declined significantly as the tea planting years increased and the results based on diversity indicated inconsistency. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) revealed that monoculture duration had the highest loading in structuring fungal communities. The relative abundance of Ascomycota, Glomeromycota, and Chytridiomycota decreased and Zygomycota and Basidiomycota increased with increasing cropping time. Continuous tea cropping not only decreased some beneficial fungal species such as Mortierella alpina and Mortierella elongatula, but also promoted potentially pathogenic fungal species such as Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, and Microidium phyllanthi over time. Overall, continuous tea cropping decreased soil pH and potentially beneficial microbes and increased soil pathogenic microbes, which could be the reason for reducing tea yield. Thus, developing sustainable tea farming to improve soil pH, microbial activity, and enhanced beneficial soil microbes under a continuous cropping system is vital for tea production.

Effects of green manure of wild rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia L.) on cucumber rhizosphere fungal community

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-100
Author(s):  
X.H. Zhang ◽  
H.L Xie ◽  
Y.Y. Wang ◽  
X.G. Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Cucumis Sativus L ◽  
Manure Treatment ◽  
Wild Rocket

In pot culture, we evaluated the effects of green manure of wild rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.) on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) rhizosphere fungal community composition. Cucumber rhizosphere fungal composition was analyzed by high-throughput amplicon sequencing of fungal ITS regions. Results showed that cucumber seedling rhizosphere fungal community composition was different between the fallow treatment and green manure treatment. However, green manure treatment did not affect the cucumber seedlings fungal community alpha diversity. Compared with the fallow treatment, cucumber grown in green manure of wild rocket had higher relative abundance of phylum Ascomycota but lower relative abundance of phylum Zygomycota. Moreover, green manure of wild rocket decreased operational taxonomic units (OTUs) classified as Pseudallescheria and Kernia spp. but increased OTUs classified as Humicola and Fusarium spp. in cucumber rhizosphere.

Mudflat reclamation causes change in the composition of fungal communities under long-term rice cultivation

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 530-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Zhang ◽  
Qing Li ◽  
Yinglong Chen ◽  
Qigen Dai ◽  
Jian Hu
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Rice Cultivation ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Saprotrophic Fungi ◽  
Factors Affecting

Fungi play a critical role in farmland ecosystems, especially in improving soil fertility; however, little is known about the changes in fungal communities caused by mudflat reclamation under rice cultivation. In this study, mudflats located in Yancheng, China, which were divided into nine plots with 0, 11, and 20 years of successive rice cultivation histories, were sampled to determine the fungal community composition by using Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Results show that the Shannon diversity of the fungal communities did not change significantly but the species richness increased under mudflat reclamation with long-term rice cultivation. Ascomycota was the dominant phylum throughout the reclaimed mudflats samples, while Sordariomycetes was the dominant class. Fungal functional prediction found that the relative abundance of saprotrophs gradually increased with mudflat reclamation and mainly belonged to Ascomycota after 20 years of successive reclamation. Redundancy analysis showed that electrical conductivity, organic matter, and total nitrogen were the main factors affecting the composition and ecological function of the fungal community during mudflat reclamation. In short, a fungal community dominated by Ascomycota was established during mudflat reclamation under rice cultivation, which is more conducive to promoting soil fertility because of the higher proportion of saprotrophic fungi in Ascomycota.

scholarly journals Root Exudates Regulate Soil Fungal Community Composition and Diversity

2007 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 738-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corey D. Broeckling ◽  
Amanda K. Broz ◽  
Joy Bergelson ◽  
Daniel K. Manter ◽  
Jorge M. Vivanco
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Root Exudates ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Fungal Biomass ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
General Role ◽  
Soil Fungal Community ◽  
Fungal Populations ◽  
Soil Fungal Community Composition

ABSTRACT Plants are in constant contact with a community of soil biota that contains fungi ranging from pathogenic to symbiotic. A few studies have demonstrated a critical role of chemical communication in establishing highly specialized relationships, but the general role for root exudates in structuring the soil fungal community is poorly described. This study demonstrates that two model plant species (Arabidopsis thaliana and Medicago truncatula) are able to maintain resident soil fungal populations but unable to maintain nonresident soil fungal populations. This is mediated largely through root exudates: the effects of adding in vitro-generated root exudates to the soil fungal community were qualitatively and quantitatively similar to the results observed for plants grown in those same soils. This effect is observed for total fungal biomass, phylotype diversity, and overall community similarity to the starting community. Nonresident plants and root exudates influenced the fungal community by both positively and negatively impacting the relative abundance of individual phylotypes. A net increase in fungal biomass was observed when nonresident root exudates were added to resident plant treatments, suggesting that increases in specific carbon substrates and/or signaling compounds support an increased soil fungal population load. This study establishes root exudates as a mechanism through which a plant is able to regulate soil fungal community composition.

scholarly journals Changes in Fungal Community Structure in Freshwater Canals across a Gradient of Urbanization

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1917
Author(s):  
Tianma Yuan ◽  
Haihan Zhang ◽  
Qiaoli Feng ◽  
Xiangyu Wu ◽  
Yixin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
Impact Of Urbanization ◽  
The Impact

Fungi are an important, yet often, neglected component of the aquatic microflora, and is responsible for primary decomposition and further processing of organic matter. By comparison, the ecological roles of terrestrial fungi have been well-studied, but the diversity and function of fungi that populate aquatic environments remain poorly understood. Here, the impact of urbanization on fungal diversity and community composition in the canal system of Suzhou was assessed by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region of the rRNA operon. It was amplified from environmental DNA that has been extracted from water samples and pre-deployed decomposing leaves collected from nine sampling locations (high, medium and low urbanization) over two seasons. The fungal diversity and community composition were determined by bioinformatic analysis of the large DNA sequence datasets generated to identify operational taxonomic units (OTUs) for phylogenetic assignment; over 1 million amplicons were sequenced from 36 samples. The alpha-diversity estimates showed high differences in fungal diversity between water and leaf samples, and winter versus summer. Higher numbers of fungal OTUs were identified in both water and leaf samples collected in the summer, and fungal diversity was also generally higher in water than on colonized leaves in both seasons. The fungal community on leaves was usually dominated by Ascomycetes, especially in winter, while water samples contained more diversity at phylum level with Chytridiomycetes often prominent, particularly in summer. At a genus level, a very high relative abundance of Alternaria on leaves was observed in winter at all locations, in contrast to very low abundance of this genus across all water samples. Fungal community composition also varied between sampling locations (i.e., urbanization); in cluster analysis, samples from high urbanization locations formed a distinct cluster, with medium and low urbanization samples clustering together or in some instances, separately. Redundancy analysis shed further light on the relationships between variation in fungal community composition and water physico-chemical properties. Fungal community diversity variation and correlation with different parameters is discussed in detail, but overall, the influence of season outweighed that of urbanization. This study is significant in cataloguing the impact of urbanization on fungal diversity to inform future restoration of urban canal systems on the importance of protecting the natural aquatic fungal flora.

scholarly journals Fungi associated with mesophotic macroalgae from the ‘Au‘au Channel, west Maui are differentiated by host and overlap terrestrial communities

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin J. Wainwright ◽  
Geoffrey L. Zahn ◽  
Heather L. Spalding ◽  
Alison R. Sherwood ◽  
Celia M. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Terrestrial Environment ◽  
Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems ◽  
Water Depths ◽  
Mesophotic Reef

Mesophotic coral ecosystems are an almost entirely unexplored and undocumented environment that likely contains vast reservoirs of undescribed biodiversity. Twenty-four macroalgae samples, representing four genera, were collected from a Hawaiian mesophotic reef at water depths between 65 and 86 m in the ‘Au‘au Channel, Maui, Hawai‘i. Algal tissues were surveyed for the presence and diversity of fungi by sequencing the ITS1 gene using Illumina technology. Fungi from these algae were then compared to previous fungal surveys conducted in Hawaiian terrestrial ecosystems. Twenty-seven percent of the OTUs present on the mesophotic coral ecosystem samples were shared between the marine and terrestrial environment. Subsequent analyses indicated that host species of algae significantly differentiate fungal community composition. This work demonstrates yet another understudied habitat with a moderate diversity of fungi that should be considered when estimating global fungal diversity.

scholarly journals Taxonomic and Functional Composition of Soil Mycobiome of Two Agricultural Sites in Khartoum State, Sudan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwa H. E. Elnaiem ◽  
Takeshi Taniguchi ◽  
Marmar El Siddig
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Community Structure ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Fungal Community Structure ◽  
Land Use Types ◽  
Diverse Groups ◽  
First Time

Abstract Fungi are one of the most diverse groups of organisms and considered as one of the least-explored biodiversity resources. Soil fungal community was investigated in two agricultural sites in Khartoum state, Sudan, during two seasons. A total of 42 soil samples were collected, their physicochemical properties were determined, then subjected to metabarcoding and metagenomic analyses. fungal community composition, diversity and microbial trophic modes were determined utilizing R software packages. From both sites, a total of 15 different phyla were detected, out of them, 11 were the most abundant and frequent. Ascomycota was the dominant phylum (86.54% total abundance), followed by the Basidiomycota (8.29%). The dominant class was Sordariomycetes (41.02%), followed by Dothideomycetes (19.80%). Aspergillus (6.2%), Curvularia (6.0%), Neurospora (5.8%) and Fusarium (4.9%) were the most abundant genera. Deniquelata for the first time being recorded in Sudan. Apha diversity measures revealed sample richness ranging from 71 to 361 ASVs, and Shannon index ranging from 2.794 to 5.087. The two sites had significantly different alpha diversity. Land-use types were also significantly different in their diversity regardless of site. Season had no effect on alpha diversity of soil fungal communities. Beta diversity analysis indicated significant differences between the two sites and the different land-use types. No significant differences in the community structure recorded between the two seasons. The dominant trophic mode among the assigned ASVs in soil mycobiome was saprotroph mode (22.11%). Results of this study reveals that fungal community structure is affected by site and land-use type. It gives a comprehensive database for the mycobiome of the agricultural soil in Khartoum state.

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