scholarly journals Identification of the Potential Role of the Rumen Microbiome in Milk Protein and Fat Synthesis in Dairy Cows Using Metagenomic Sequencing

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1247
Author(s):  
Xin Wu ◽  
Shuai Huang ◽  
Jinfeng Huang ◽  
Peng Peng ◽  
Yanan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
Prevotella Species

The rumen contains abundant microorganisms that aid in the digestion of lignocellulosic feed and are associated with host phenotype traits. Cows with extremely high milk protein and fat percentages (HPF; n = 3) and low milk protein and fat percentages (LPF; n = 3) were selected from 4000 lactating Holstein cows under the same nutritional and management conditions. We found that the total concentration of volatile fatty acids, acetate, butyrate, and propionate in the rumen fluid was significantly higher in the HPF group than in the LPF group. Moreover, we identified 38 most abundant species displaying differential richness between the two groups, in which Prevotella accounted for 68.8% of the species, with the highest abundance in the HPF group. Functional annotation based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genome (KEGG), evolutionary genealogy of genes: Non-supervised Orthologous Groups (eggNOG), and Carbohydrate-Active enzymes (CAZy) databases showed that the significantly more abundant species in the HPF group are enriched in carbohydrate, amino acid, pyruvate, insulin, and lipid metabolism and transportation. Furthermore, Spearman’s rank correlation analysis revealed that specific microbial taxa (mainly the Prevotella species and Neocallimastix californiae) are positively correlated with total volatile fatty acids (VFA). Collectively, we found that the HPF group was enriched with several Prevotella species related to the total VFA, acetate, and amino acid synthesis. Thereby, these fulfilled the host’s needs for energy, fat, and rumen microbial protein, which can be used for increased biosynthesis of milk fat and milk protein. Our findings provide novel information for elucidation of the regulatory mechanism of the rumen in the formation of milk composition.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF BREWERS DRIED GRAINS ON THE RUMINAL VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS (VFA)PRODUCTION AND MILK CONSTITUENTS IN ZEBU COWS

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
J. A. Ibeawuchi ◽  
A. O. Akinsoyinu
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Molar Percent ◽  
Time Of Feeding ◽  
Zebu Cows

Four lactating White Fulani (Zebu) cows fitted with permanent rumen cannular were fed four. diets: (A) Acha hay (Digitaria exilis Stapf, (B) 50% acha hay plus 50% brewers dried grains (BDG), (C) 75% BDG plus 25% hay and (D) 100% BDG in a 4 x 4 latin square design. Analysis of rumen total Volatile Fatty acids (VFAS), individual VFAs, ammonia-N and pH as well as some milk constituents were carried out simultaneously. Mean ruminal pH and total VFA (MM/100ml) were 7.1,6.2; 6.5, 8.0; 5.8,  14.9 and 5.8, 13.1 for A, B, C, and D respectively. The corresponding acetate to propionate (A/P) ratios were 4.97, 4.40, 3.20 and 3.40. The molar percent values of butyrate yielded by A and B were similar and less (P<0.05) than the value for C or D. Ruminal ammonia-N (mg/100ml) ranged from 5.7 for A to 6.8 for D. Total VFA, NH3-N and pH of the rumen fluid were affected by time of feeding (P<0.05). The correlations between ruminal pH and acetate (r = 0.98), pH and total VFA (r = -0.90), and acetate and propionate (r = -0.75) were significanct(P <0.05). Cows on treatment A (acha hay) yielded higher percent milk fat (P<0.05) and lower percent milk protein than those on B, C, or D. Treatment effects on milk pH and percentages of lactose, solids-not-fat (SNF) and ash were not significant. The observed depression in milk fat of cows on treatments B, C and D in comparison with cows on treatment A wasrelated to a decrease in rumen acetate and an increase in propionate. It was observed that the fermentation of BDG yielded acetate within limits required for efficient milk production.

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF THE ADDITION OF GLUCOGENIC MATERIALS TO THE RATIONS OF LACTATING COWS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 721-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER ◽  
J. D. ERFLE ◽  
F. D. SAUER
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Beta Hydroxybutyrate

Glutamate, succinate, propylene glycol, or glycerol were added to a basic concentrate at 3.3% of air-dry feed. Each concentrate was fed both ad libitum and in restricted amounts to four cows in early lactation. Dietary intake, milk yield and composition, molar proportions of rumen volatile fatty acids and blood glucose, ketones and plasma free fatty acids were used as criteria of effect of these supplements. Propylene glycol in the diet resulted in a lower intake of concentrate compared with glycerol (11.44 versus 14.30 kg/day) and significantly decreased (P < 0.05) rumen butyrate and plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate. Glutamate supplementation prevented the fall in milk fat content which occurred when the other three supplemented concentrates were fed ad libitum, and this effect may have been related to the constancy in the ratio of acetate to propionate in the rumen fluid.

Concentrate feeding and ruminal fermentation. 1. Influence of the frequency of feeding concentrates on rumen acid composition, feed intake and milk production.

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-248
Author(s):  
A. Malestein ◽  
A.T. van't Klooster ◽  
G.H.M. Counotte ◽  
R.A. Prins
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Short Time

1. Four cows with rumen cannulae were given 12 kg concentrates daily in 2 equal portions at 0800 and 1530, in one portion of 12 kg at 0800 or in 4 portions of 3 kg each at 0800, 1100, 1400 and 1700 h. Every period lasted 2 weeks. In addition to the concentrates hay was provided at 0900 and 1630 h and was adjusted so that the daily remainder was at least 1 kg. In 1978 experiments were made with concentrates low in starch and sugars (LSS) (23%) and in 1979 with concentrates high in starch and sugars (HSS) (50%). In 1978 when total DM intake, milk production and milk fat content of each milking were estimated daily, the trend in pH and concentration of L-lactic acid in rumen fluid were estimated on the last day of the preliminary period (2 X 6 kg) and on the 1st, 7th and 14th days of the experimental periods (1 X 12 kg and 4 X 3 kg). In 1979 the same estimations were made, but D-lactic acid and volatile fatty acids were also estimated. Compared to 2 X 6 kg concentrates the changeover to daily 1 X 12 kg or 4 X 3 kg concentrates did not result in significant differences in DM intake nor in milk or milk fat production. Within types of concentrates there was hardly any difference in lowest rumen pH between frequencies of concentrate feeding. When HSS concentrates were given pH in rumen fluid tended to be lower than with the LSS concentrates. With 2 X 6 kg HSS concentrates, pH in rumen fluid was for a short time lower than 5.5. Lactic acid concentrations in the rumen fluid reached maximum within 1 h after concentrate feeding and L-lactic acid was 6.5, 5.0 and 2.0 mmol/litre, respectively, for 1 X 12, 2 X 6 and 4 X 3 kg LSS concentrates. For HSS concentrates the values were 4.5, 2.5 and 1.0 mmol/litre. When the HSS concentrates were given maximum concentration of D-lactic acid in rumen fluid were 2.5 to 3 times the L-lactic acid concentration. When lactic acid was not increased D- and L-lactic acid concentrations were similar. At 0800 h the molar ratio of volatile fatty acids (C2:C3:C4) as a percentage of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) in rumen fluid was 62:22:15 and changed gradually to 56:24:20 at 1900 h. Differences in VFA between frequencies of concentrate feeding were small. Total concentrations of VFA did not vary between treatments. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Incorporation of radioactive carbon from [14C] alanine in the rumen of a cow given feed containing urea as the sole source of nitrogen

1980 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
Eeva-Liisa Syväoja ◽  
Matti Kreula
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Trichloracetic Acid

The utilisation of exogenic amino acid in a cow given feed containing urea and ammonium salts as the sole sources of nitrogen was studied by means of intraruminal administration of [14C]alanine. The labelling of the trichloracetic acid-precipitated bacterial cell mass, the main volatile fatty acids (acetic, propionic and butyric acid) and a number of isolated amino acids after 1,3, 8 and 26 h was determined. The rumen micro-organisms rapidly incorporated the [14C]alanine into their cellular constituents. After the above-mentioned times the microbial cell mass was found to contain 47.4, 49.7, 70.0 and 80.0 % of the total activity of the rumen contents. Although the carbon skeleton of alanine can be used for the formation of many amino acids the rumen bacteria studied were shown to utilise only small amounts of this amino acid in their synthesis of Asp, Glu, Tyr and Phe. The combined label present in these 4 amino acids was 1.5, 1.9, 2.9 and 5.5 % of the total activity of the rumen fluid at the stated times. A considerable proportion of the [14C]alanine was degraded to volatile fatty acids: label present in acetic, propionic and butyric acid totalled 40.8, 32.3, 23.0 and 5.0 % of that in the rumen fluid. Of these, acetic acid had the strongest labelling after 1 and 3 h, and propionic acid the weakest at all stages.

scholarly journals Potential Role of the Rumen Microbiome in Modulating Milk Protein and Fat in Dairy Cow Using Microgenomic Sequencing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Wu ◽  
Peng Peng ◽  
Yanan Liu ◽  
Bo Han ◽  
Dongxiao Sun
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
High Group ◽  
Function Annotation ◽  
Rumen Microbiome

Abstract Background The rumen is the main digestive and absorption organ of dairy cows that contains abundant microorganisms and effectively utilizes human-indigestible plant mass. Investigation on microbiome in the rumen from lactating dairy cows using metagenomic sequencing is reasonable for identifying ruminal microorganisms that contribute to milk composition traits. Results We used the Illumina HiSeq platform to generate the rumen microbiome of the six lactating Holstein cows with extremely high and low milk protein and fat percentages (high and low groups of PP and FP). In total, 6977 microorganism species were detected in which Bacteroidetes (51.4%) and Prevotella (38.48%) was the most predominant phylum and genus, respectively. Between high and low groups, we observed significantly differential microorganism abundances in genus and species levels. By performing LEfSe and Metastats analyses, we identified 38 top abundant species displaying differential richness between two groups in common (LDA > 3, p < 0.05, q = 0.037 ~ 0.048), in which Prevotella accounted for 68.8% of the species with higher abundance in high group. Function annotation with KEGG, eggnog and CAZy databases showed the species with significantly higher abundance in high group were enriched in carbohydrate, amino acid, pyruvate, insulin and lipid metabolism and transportation, indicating their higher capability of digesting feed and subsequently providing substrate for milk composition synthesis in mammary gland. In addition, a kind of anaerobic fungi, Neocallimastix californiae, was identified in high group that could coexist with rumen microbes and promote cellulose digestion. Conclusion This study investigated the rumen microbiome in lactating Holstein cows using metagenomic sequencing. Significant differential bacterial richness were observed between the cows with extremely high and low PP and FP. Function annotation showed the abundant species in high group were involved in carbohydrate, amino acid, pyruvate, insulin and lipid metabolism and transportation, indicating the significant correlation between rumen microbiota and milk compositions formation in dairy cattle.

scholarly journals Dairy proteins, dairy lipids, and postprandial lipemia in persons with abdominal obesity (DairyHealth): a 12-wk, randomized, parallel-controlled, double-blinded, diet intervention study

2015 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 870-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mette Bohl ◽  
Ann Bjørnshave ◽  
Kia V Rasmussen ◽  
Anne Grethe Schioldan ◽  
Bashar Amer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Intervention Study ◽  
Postprandial Lipemia ◽  
Double Blinded ◽  
Postprandial Triacylglycerol

ABSTRACT Background: Abdominal obesity and exaggerated postprandial lipemia are independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality, and both are affected by dietary behavior. Objective: We investigated whether dietary supplementation with whey protein and medium-chain saturated fatty acids (MC-SFAs) improved postprandial lipid metabolism in humans with abdominal obesity. Design: We conducted a 12-wk, randomized, double-blinded, diet intervention study. Sixty-three adults were randomly allocated to one of 4 diets in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Participants consumed 60 g milk protein (whey or casein) and 63 g milk fat (with high or low MC-SFA content) daily. Before and after the intervention, a high-fat meal test was performed. We measured changes from baseline in fasting and postprandial triacylglycerol, apolipoprotein B-48 (apoB-48; reflecting chylomicrons of intestinal origin), free fatty acids (FFAs), insulin, glucose, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP). Furthermore, changes in the expression of adipose tissue genes involved in lipid metabolism were investigated. Two-factor ANOVA was used to examine the difference between protein types and fatty acid compositions, as well as any interaction between the two. Results: Fifty-two participants completed the study. We found that the postprandial apoB-48 response decreased significantly after whey compared with casein (P = 0.025) independently of fatty acid composition. Furthermore, supplementation with casein resulted in a significant increase in the postprandial GLP-1 response compared with whey (P = 0.003). We found no difference in postprandial triacylglycerol, FFA, insulin, glucose, glucagon, or GIP related to protein type or MC-SFA content. We observed no interaction between milk protein and milk fat on postprandial lipemia. Conclusion: We found that a whey protein supplement decreased the postprandial chylomicron response compared with casein in persons with abdominal obesity, thereby indicating a beneficial impact on CVD risk. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01472666.

scholarly journals Concentrate containing calcium salts of fatty acids rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids can change rumen fermentation in grazing goats

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 2621
Author(s):  
Ludmila Couto Gomes ◽  
Claudete Regina Alcalde ◽  
Julio Cesar Damasceno ◽  
Luiz Paulo Rigolon ◽  
Ana Paula Silva Possamai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Ruminal Ph

Feeding goats with calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) can supply ruminants with lipids, with minimal effects on ruminal fermentation and fiber digestibility. However, there is a shortage of information on the effect of CSFA on characteristics of rumen fermentation in grassland goats. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the addition of CSFA to concentrate on the parameters of rumen fermentation of grazing goats. Five rumen cannulated goats were distributed in a Latin square 5x5 design (treatments: 0%, 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5% and 6.0% CSFA. The pH, ammonia N and volatile fatty acids (VFA) content were analyzed in the ruminal fluid at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after concentrate supplementation. The pH and ammonia N concentration showed a linear effect with the addition of CSFA. There was no effect observed for the VFA molar concentration after grazing goats were fed with the experimental diet. In conclusion, further research is needed to investigate the addition of CSFA to goat diets because there is evidence that CSFA increases ruminal pH and decreases excess ruminal ammonia without changing the VFA concentration in the rumen fluid.

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