scholarly journals Basic Needs in Horses?—A Literature Review

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1798
Author(s):  
Konstanze Krueger ◽  
Laureen Esch ◽  
Kate Farmer ◽  
Isabell Marr
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Basic Needs ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Free Movement ◽  
Abnormal Behaviour ◽  
Environmental Requirements ◽  
Contact Free ◽  
Social Companionship ◽  
Physiological Reactions

Every animal species has particular environmental requirements that are essential for its welfare, and when these so-called “basic needs” are not fulfilled, the animals suffer. The basic needs of horses have been claimed to be social contact, social companionship, free movement and access to roughage. To assess whether horses suffer when one or more of the four proposed basic needs are restricted, we examined several studies (n = 38) that reported behavioural and physiological reactions to these restrictions. We assigned the studies according to the four types of responses investigated: (a) Stress, (b) Active, (c) Passive, and (d) Abnormal Behaviour. Furthermore, the number of studies indicating that horses reacted to the restrictions were compared with the number of studies reporting no reaction. The limited number of studies available on single management restrictions did not allow conclusions to be drawn on the effect of each restriction separately, especially in the case of social companionship. However, when combinations of social contact, free movement and access to roughage were restricted, many of the horses had developed responses consistent with suffering. Passive Responses, indicating acute suffering, and Abnormal Behaviour, indicating suffering currently or at some time in the past, were especially clearly demonstrated. This provides further evidence of the usefulness of assessing behavioural parameters in combination with physiological measurements when evaluating horse welfare. This meta-analysis of the literature confirms that it is justified to claim that social contact, free movement and access to roughage are basic needs in horses.

scholarly journals Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of coronavirus in the world: One health approach is urgent

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Faustino ◽  
Miguel Faria ◽  
Monica Teixeira ◽  
Filipe Palavra ◽  
Maria Do Ceu Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
One Health ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Forest Plot ◽  
Atypical Pneumonia ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Different Strains

Coronaviruses have been responsible for major epidemic crises in 2003 with SARS-CoV-1, in 2012 with MERS-CoV and in 2019 with SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), causing serious atypical pneumonia in humans. We intend, with this systematic analysis and meta-analysis, to clarify the prevalence of the various strains of coronavirus in different animal species. For this purpose, we carried out an electronic survey using Pubmed's Veterinary Science search tool to conduct a systematic assessment of published studies reporting the prevalence of different strains of coronavirus in different animal species between 2015 and 2020. We conducted different analysis to assess sensitivity, publication bias, and heterogeneity, using random and fixed effects. The final meta-analysis included 42 studies for systematic review and 29 in the meta-analysis. For the geographic regions with a prevalence greater than or equal to 0.20 (Forest plot overall; prevalence = 0.20, p < 0.01, Q = 10476.22 and I2 = 100%), the most commonly detected viruses were: enteric coronavirus (ECoV), pigeon-dominant coronavirus, (PdCoV), Avian coronavirus M41, Avian coronavirus C46, Avian coronavirus A99, Avian coronavirus JMK, MERS-CoV, Bovine coronavirus, Ro-BatCoV GCCDC1, Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Deltacoronavirus, Gamacoronavirus and human coronaviruses (HCoVs). The wide presence of different strains of coronavirus in different animal species on all continents demonstrates the great biodiversity and ubiquity of these viruses. The most recent epidemiological crises caused by coronavirus demonstrates our unpreparedness to anticipate and mitigate emerging risks, as well as the need to implement new epidemiological surveillance programs for viruses. Combined with the need to create advanced training courses in One Health, this is paramount in order to ensure greater effectiveness in fighting the next pandemics.

scholarly journals Cryptosporidium animal species in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mousa Motavalli Haghi ◽  
Zohreh Khorshidvand ◽  
Salman Khazaei ◽  
Faezeh Foroughi-Parvar ◽  
Hossein Sarmadian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Forest Plot ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Severe Diarrhea ◽  
System Defect ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

Abstract Background Cryptosporidiosis is an acute and short-term infection which can lead to severe diarrhea (intestinal cryptosporidiosis) associated with a persistent cough in the host with immune system defect. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the prevalence of animal Cryptosporidium species and the corresponding epidemiological aspects in Iran. Methods In this study, all original research articles relating to the animal cryptosporidiosis in Iran were collected from reliable databases using keywords. A meta-analysis was conducted separately for each subgroup, and heterogeneity among the studies was performed using the Q and I2 tests. Furthermore, it should be noticed that the significance level in the statistical analysis with the Comprehensive Meta-analysis software was considered to be less than 0.05. Finally, meta-analysis results were shown in forest plot with a 95% CI. Results In total, 4795 studies were included in the initial screening. Duplicated or non-original studies and the ones which did not meet our considered criteria were excluded from the list. Out of the 100 articles included in our first list for the meta-analysis, 40, 16, 13, 10, 9, 7, and 5 were done on cattle and calves, birds, dogs, sheep, rodents, camels, and horses, respectively. The prevalence rate of cryptosporidiosis among the birds, horses, rodents, camels, dogs, cattle, and sheep in Iran was estimated to be 7.5%, 19.5%, 20.8%, 8.4%, 4.9%, 14.4%, and 9.1%, respectively. Conclusion The different Cryptosporidium species have been found in different regions of Iran. Geographical region, climate, and domestic animals are considered as factors responsible for animal cryptosporidiosis prevalence in the area. Moreover, this parasite is zoonotic which causes disease in animals as well as humans which can result in economic loss.

What is the form of the productivity–animal-species-richness relationship? A critical review and meta-analysis

Ecology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (10) ◽  
pp. 2241-2252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarrod Cusens ◽  
Shane D. Wright ◽  
Paul D. McBride ◽  
Len N. Gillman
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Meta Analysis

The effect of mirrors for the control of stereotypic weaving in the stabled horse

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 185-186
Author(s):  
E Grime ◽  
A Northrop ◽  
M E Rosbotham ◽  
K L Howells
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Physical Restraint ◽  
Coping Response ◽  
Abnormal Behaviour ◽  
Stereotypic Behaviour

The exhibition and aetiology of abnormal behaviour in the equine is a coping response to a sub-optimal environment (McBride and Cuddeford, 2001). Physical prevention of performance of these behaviours could however lead to compromised welfare so alternative welfare enhancement methods have been sought as alternatives. Nicol (1999) indicated that the cause of weaving as a specific stereotypic behaviour is related to the management of the stabled horse. Enrichment devices have been successful in reducing abnormal behaviour and fostering increased expression of more normal behaviours in many animal species but studies have remained limited in relation to the equine. By strategic placement of mirrors in the stable the current study aimed to reduce the stabled horses need to perform stereotypic weaving behaviour without the use of physical restraint in order to enhance the welfare outcome.Four horses, two males and two females were housed individually in 10*12m loose boxes and provided with straw bedding.

Individual subject meta-analysis of parameters forCryptosporidium parvumshedding and diarrhoea in animal experimental models

2012 ◽  
Vol 141 (8) ◽  
pp. 1662-1678 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. ADELL ◽  
W. A. MILLER ◽  
D. J. HARVEY ◽  
E. VANWORMER ◽  
S. WUERTZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Publication Bias ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Infected Animal ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Individual Subject

SUMMARYCryptosporidiumis a zoonotic protozoan parasite with public health importance worldwide. The objectives of this study were to (1) conduct a meta-analysis of published literature for oocyst shedding and diarrhoea outcomes, and (2) develop recommendations for standardization of experimental dose–response studies. Results showed that for the outcome of oocyst shedding in faeces, the covariates ‘experimental species’, ‘immunosuppression’, ‘oocyst dose’ and ‘oocyst dose’ × ‘age’ were all significant (P ⩽ 0·05). This study suggests that exposing mice, piglets, or ruminants, and using immunosuppressed experimental hosts, is more likely to result in oocyst shedding. For the outcome of diarrhoea in experimentally infected animal species, the key covariates ‘experimental species’, ‘age’ and ‘immunosuppression’ were significant (P ⩽ 0·2). Therefore, based on the results of this meta-analysis, these variables should be carefully reported and considered when designing experimental dose–response studies. Additionally, detection of possible publication bias highlights the need to publish additional studies that convey statistically non-significant as well as significant results in the future.

scholarly journals The Impact of Quality of Life on the Health of Older People from a Multidimensional Perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Miguel Rondón García ◽  
Jose Manuel Ramírez Navarrro
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Subjective Health ◽  
Level Of Satisfaction ◽  
Capacity Level ◽  
The Impact

Background. This research analyzes the impact of quality of life as a metavariable that conditions the health and social welfare of the elderly. The sample of this study is composed of 500 people, randomly selected from the major day centers for the elderly in the province of Granada (Spain).Method. For the inferential analysis, we used the CUBRECAVI questionnaire, which is a multidimensional scale of health and quality of life, along with the Katz and García measure questionnaires, which are also applied to quality of life. Through the technique of the interview, we have distributed the participants into two groups: experimental and control.Results and Conclusions. Once the tests have been completed, we have concluded from the meta-analysis and validation tests that the participants have a good perception of their quality of life, considering health, leisure, environmental quality, functional capacity, level of satisfaction, social support, social networks, and positive social interactions as the determinants of their well-being, although social contact reduces as the age advances. We conclude that multidimensional evaluation is an effective tool to evaluate the quality of life and the objective and subjective health of the elderly. These variables can be related to the improvement of health and well-being.

scholarly journals Does testosterone affect lateralization of brain and behaviour? A meta-analysis in humans and other animal species

2008 ◽  
Vol 364 (1519) ◽  
pp. 929-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina A Pfannkuche ◽  
Anke Bouma ◽  
Ton G.G Groothuis
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Visuospatial Cognition ◽  
Organizational Effects ◽  
Meta Analyses

Lateralization of brain and behaviour has been the topic of research for many years in neuropsychology, but the factors guiding its development remain elusive. Based on sex differences in human lateralization, four hypotheses have been postulated that suggest a role for androgens, specifically testosterone. With the discovery that lateralization is a fundamental principle in the organization of brain and behaviour among vertebrates, it has now become possible to experimentally test such hypotheses in animal models. The use of different taxa, humans, other mammalian species and birds (with oestradiol and not testosterone involved in sexual differentiation in birds) facilitates to differentiate between the hypotheses. We used meta-analyses for analysing papers that provided sufficient information, and a semi-quantitative approach based on all relevant studies that we extracted from the literature. We tested the predictions of these hypotheses regarding strength and direction of lateralization for motor output, language and visuospatial cognition in these three taxa. We tested for sex differences and early organizational effects of testosterone (both correlative and experimental studies). We found sex differences in the direction of lateralization for non-human mammals (motor biases similar to humans) and in direction and strength in birds (visual cognitive tasks). However, the prediction that prenatal testosterone exposure affects the direction of lateralization was not supported for humans. In birds and non-human mammals, opposite trends were found, with the effect in non-human mammals being opposite to the expectation based on sex differences. None of the four hypotheses was sufficiently supported and more studies, testing a wider array of functions in different taxa while reporting the data more completely are needed.

scholarly journals Worldwide epidemiology of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in humans, ticks and other animal species, a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. e0009299
Author(s):  
Jean Thierry Ebogo Belobo ◽  
Sebastien Kenmoe ◽  
Cyprien Kengne-Nde ◽  
Cynthia Paola Demeni Emoh ◽  
Arnol Bowo-Ngandji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever Virus

There are uncertainties about the global epidemiological data of infections due to Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV). We estimated the global case fatality rate (CFR) of CCHFV infections and the prevalence of CCHFV in humans, ticks and other animal species. We also explored the socio-demographic and clinical factors that influence these parameters. In this systematic review with meta–analyses we searched publications from database inception to 03rd February 2020 in Pubmed, Scopus, and Global Index Medicus. Studies included in this review provided cross-sectional data on the CFR and/or prevalence of one or more targets used for the detection of CCHFV. Two independent investigators selected studies to be included. Data extraction and risk of bias assessment were conducted independently by all authors. Data collected were analysed using a random effect meta-analysis. In all, 2345 records were found and a total of 312 articles (802 prevalence and/or CFR data) that met the inclusion criteria were retained. The overall CFR was 11.7% (95% CI = 9.1–14.5), 8.0% (95% CI = 1.0–18.9), and 4.7% (95% CI = 0.0–37.6) in humans with acute, recent, and past CCHFV infections respectively. The overall CCHFV acute infections prevalence was 22.5% (95% CI = 15.7–30.1) in humans, 2.1% (95% CI = 1.3–2.9) in ticks, and 4.5% (95% CI = 1.9–7.9) in other animal species. The overall CCHFV recent infections seroprevalence was 11.6% (95% CI = 7.9–16.4) in humans and 0.4% (95% CI = 0.0–2.9) in other animal species. The overall CCHFV past infections seroprevalence was 4.3% (95% CI = 3.3–5.4) in humans and 12.0% (95% CI = 9.9–14.3) in other animal species. CFR was higher in low-income countries, countries in the WHO African, South-East Asia and Eastern Mediterranean regions, in adult and ambulatory patients. CCHFV detection rate in humans were higher in CCHFV suspected cases, healthcare workers, adult and hospitalized patients, ticks of the genus Ornithodoros and Amblyomma and in animals of the orders Perissodactyla and Bucerotiformes. This review highlights a significant disease burden due to CCHFV with a strong disparity according to country income levels, geographic regions, various human categories and tick and other animal species. Preventive measures in the light of these findings are expected.

scholarly journals A protocol for a meta-analysis of consumers’ and citizens willingness-to-pay for farm animal welfare and disease prevention

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth Clark ◽  
Gavin B Stewart ◽  
Luca A Panzone ◽  
Lynn J Frewer
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Farm Animal ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Farm Animal Welfare ◽  
Niche Markets ◽  
Data Synthesis

This article outlines a protocol for a meta-analysis into willingness-to-pay (WTP) for farm animal welfare. The analysis seeks to establish the public's WTP for farm animal welfare and whether there is evidence to support niche markets for products produced to designated and usually higher welfare standards. A number of secondary objectives will also be explored in relation to the heterogeneity within the data relating to a number of variables known to vary within existing data including; animal species, welfare measures, socio-demographic and socio-economic characteristics. The protocol outlines the rationale, objectives, inclusion criteria, search strategy and screening processes for the meta-analysis, and the plans for data extraction, risk of bias and data synthesis.

Control as a Defining Characteristic of Torture

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hernán Reyes ◽  
Metİn Bașoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Learning Theory ◽  
Basic Needs ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Mental Pain ◽  
Theory Formulation ◽  
Interrogation Techniques ◽  
In Captivity

An analysis of the Kubark interrogation techniques clearly demonstrates that they are specifically designed to induce helplessness in detainees by enhancing the unpredictability and uncontrollability of captivity stressors. By providing examples of how various aspects of life in captivity (e.g., deprivation of sleep, food, personal hygiene, medical care, social contact, communication with the outside world, and other basic needs) can be manipulated to maximize helplessness, the Kubark manual lends support to a learning theory formulation of torture as “helplessness under the control of others.” It also demonstrates that “severe mental pain or suffering” is caused by the cumulative helplessness effects of all aspects of life in captivity and not just the captors’ “intentional” behaviors during discrete interrogation sessions.

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