scholarly journals Impact of Gait and Diameter during Circular Exercise on Front Hoof Area, Vertical Force, and Pressure in Mature Horses

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3581
Author(s):  
Alyssa A. Logan ◽  
Brian D. Nielsen ◽  
Cara I. Robison ◽  
David B. Hallock ◽  
Jane M. Manfredi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
Large Circle ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Mean Pressure ◽  
Repeated Use ◽  
Exercise Type ◽  
Line P

Circular exercise can be used at varying gaits and diameters to exercise horses, with repeated use anecdotally relating to increased lameness. This work sought to characterize mean area, mean vertical force, and mean pressure of the front hooves while exercising in a straight line at the walk and trot, and small (10-m diameter) and large circles (15-m diameter) at the walk, trot, and canter. Nine mature horses wore TekscanTM Hoof Sensors on their forelimbs adhered with a glue-on shoe. Statistical analysis was performed in SAS 9.4 with fixed effects of leg, gait, and exercise type (PROC GLIMMIX) and p < 0.05 as significant. For all exercise types, the walk had greater mean pressure than the trot (p < 0.01). At the walk, the straight line had greater mean area loaded than the large circle (p = 0.01), and both circle sizes had lower mean vertical force than the straight line (p = 0.003). During circular exercise at the canter, the outside front limb had greater mean area loaded than at the walk and trot (p = 0.001). This study found that gait is an important factor when evaluating circular exercise and should be considered when exercising horses to prevent injury.

scholarly journals AN IMPROVED METHODOLOGY TO DETERMINE THE WIGGLE FACTOR: AN APPLICATION FOR SPANISH ROAD TRANSPORT

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Domínguez-Caamaño ◽  
José Antonio Comesana Benavides ◽  
José Carlos Prado Prado
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Correction Factor ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Road Infrastructure ◽  
The Real ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Fuel Costs

The Wiggle Factor (WF) is a correction factor defined as the ratio between the real distance travelled by road and the straight line between the two points. It is commonly used to estimate route distances for land transport. Though WF is an approximation, certain degree of accuracy is required, because it is frequently used to calculate fuel costs (which represent approximately half of the total truck costs). Performing a statistical analysis with more than 10.000 routes, this article shows that the most common Wiggle Factor (1.2) is not a good approximation for Spanish roads, thus two different WF are presented: the first WF (1.36) characterizes mainly road infrastructure in rural areas while the second WF (1.29) characterizes high-capacity roads (typically motorways). In addition, we present a methodology to easily calculate a WF that can be applied to other countries or specific zones.

scholarly journals Motorcycle Structural Fatigue Monitoring Using Smart Wheels

Vehicles ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 648-674
Author(s):  
Federico Ballo ◽  
Francesco Comolli ◽  
Massimiliano Gobbi ◽  
Giampiero Mastinu
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Extreme Case ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Structural Monitoring ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
Structural Fatigue ◽  
Load Spectra ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Real Time Estimation

The paper is devoted to the measurement and to the processing of load spectra of forces and moments acting at the wheel hub of a motorcycle. Smart wheels (SWs) have been specifically developed for the scope. Throughout the paper, the extreme case of a race motorcycle is considered. Accurate load spectra were measured in two race circuits. Standardized load spectra are derived by processing measured data. A way to easily generalize the measured load spectra is proposed for the first time for motorcycles. Several loading conditions, related to the motorcycle straight line motion, cornering, curb hit and gear shift, are identified and extracted from the experimental measures. For each loading condition, by means of simple semi-analytical models (SAMs), a relationship is found between the vertical force on the wheel, the tilt angle of the motorcycle and the remaining forces and moments acting at the wheel hub. Such relationships are nothing else than the standardized load spectra. Additionally, a simple and efficient method based on smart wheels for real-time structural monitoring is proposed. Standardized load spectra prove to provide consistent results even when compared to real-time structural monitoring data. By means of the presented smart wheels, advanced lightweight motorcycle construction is enabled by derivation of standardized load spectra or real time estimation of the damage of structural components.

scholarly journals Fifth metatarsal stress fracture in elite male football players: an on-field analysis of plantar loading

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. e000377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Athol Thomson ◽  
Richard Akenhead ◽  
Rodney Whiteley ◽  
Pieter D'Hooghe ◽  
Ken Van Alsenoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Fracture ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Field Analysis ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
Primary Stress ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Plantar Force ◽  
To Receive

ObjectiveEvaluate plantar loading during ‘on-field’ common football movements in players after fifth metatarsal (MT-5) stress fracture and compare with matched healthy players.MethodsFourteen elite male soccer players participated in the study conducted on a natural grass playing surface using firm ground football boots. Seven players who had suffered a primary stress fracture (MT-5 group) and seven matched healthy players (controls, CON) performed three common football movements while in-shoe plantar loading data were collected.ResultsLarge between-group differences exist for maximal vertical force normalised to bodyweight (Fmax) at the lateral toes (2-5) of the stance leg during a set-piece kick (MT-5: 0.2±0.06 bodyweight (BW), CON: 0.1±0.05 BW, effect size (ES) 1.4) and the curved run where the MT-5 group showed higher Fmaxwith very large effect size at the lateral forefoot of the injured (closest to curve) limb when running a curve to receive a pass (MT-5 injured−CON=0.01 BW, ES 1.5). Small between-group differences were evident during straight-line running. However, between-limb analysis of MT-5 group showed significant unloading of the lateral forefoot region of the involved foot.ConclusionsElite male football players who have returned to play after MT-5 stress fracture display significantly higher maximum plantar force at the lateral forefoot and lateral toes (2-5) compared with healthy matched control players during two football movements (kick and curved run) with the magnitude of these differences being very large. These findings may have important implications for manipulating regional load during rehabilitation or should a player report lateral forefoot prodromal symptoms.

Estimation of response slopes in respiratory control using directional statistics

1978 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 823-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Daubenspeck ◽  
R. D. Ogden
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Directional Data ◽  
Statistical Techniques ◽  
Directional Statistics ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Response Slope ◽  
Direct Measurements

The ventilatory sensitivity to alveolar PCO2 and slope of the straight line relating VE to VT are two examples of response slopes of interest in respiratory control. Statistical techniques have not been available to analyze repeated direct estimations of these slopes by paired consideration of initial and final responses to a stimulus. Rather, existing statistical techniques sacrifice much information by describing the response slope as that of the line which, in some sense, best fits the unpaired responses. We have adapted techniques established for the statistical analysis of directional data to analyze direct measurements of these physiological response slopes and have found that the application of these directional techniques can result in better estimation of the ventilatory sensitivity to CO2, for example, than is provided using unpaired analysis techniques.

The Messages Replication Factor: Methods Tailored to Messages as Objects of Study

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 984-996
Author(s):  
Sally Jackson ◽  
Daniel J. O'Keefe ◽  
Dale E. Brashers
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Communication Research ◽  
Concrete Material ◽  
Replication Factor ◽  
Treatment Comparisons ◽  
Replication Factors ◽  
The Relationship

In research on effects of message variables, it is generally necessary to examine responses to actual messages that represent, embody, or instantiate the values of the variable of interest. Researchers have lately become attentive to problems of confounding in the use of individual concrete messages to represent abstract theoretical contrasts, and replicated treatment comparisons are increasingly common in communication research. How to treat the replications factor in the statistical analysis remains controversial. Whether to treat replication factors as fixed or as random hinges on what is assumed about the relationship between abstract treatment contrasts and their concrete material implementations. We argue that reflection on this relationship justifies a general policy of treating replications as random. Two circumstances in which fixed-effects analyses might seem attractive (the case of matched-message designs and the case of experimental manipulations occurring outside of messages) are considered, but it is concluded that these situations also require random-effects analyses.

scholarly journals Comment on linear data-fitting methods

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgio Gambirasio
Keyword(s):  
Data Fitting ◽  
Standard Methodology ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Line P

Fitting the best straight line through experimental points is a common practice performed with a standard methodology. However, as it is commented about on this paper, there is more than one useful method to compute the best line.

scholarly journals CORRELAÇÕES GENÉTICAS, FENOTÍPICAS E DE AMBIENTE ENTRE OS PESOS DE VÁRIAS IDADES EM BOVINOS DA RAÇA GUZERÁ NO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO

2002 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. M. MALHADO ◽  
J. C. SOUZA ◽  
L. O. C. SILVA ◽  
P. B. FERRAZ FILHO
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Statistical Model ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Mixing Models ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Environmental Correlation ◽  
Environmental Correlations

Este trabalho tem como finalidade estudar as correlações genéticas, fenotípicas e de ambientes sobre os pesos de animais da raça Guzerá, criados no estado de São Paulo, aos 205 (P205), 365 (P365) e 550 (P550) dias de idade. Para realização das análises estatísticas, utilizouse da metodologia de modelos mistos, programa MTDFREML. O modelo estatístico continha os efeitos aleatórios de animal, touro, vaca e o erro; e, como efeitos fixos de grupo contemporâneo (fazenda, sexo, estação: (água e seca), mês e ano de nascimento do bezerro) e a covariável idade da vaca ao parto (quadrática). As correlações genética foram iguais a 0,75, entre os P205 e P365; 0,61, entre os P205 e P550 e 0,65, entre os P365 e P550. A correlação de ambiente entre os P205 e P365 foi 0,44; para o P205 e P550 foi 0,49; entre P365 e P550 foi 0,66. Os valores obtidos para as correlações fenotípica foram 0,59, 0,42 e 0,65 entre os P205 e P365; P205 e P550; P365 e P550; respectivamente. Os valores obtidos para as correlações genéticas indicam que a seleção para peso em idades jovens deverá promover mudanças nos pesos posteriores de um mesmo animal, apontando que a seleção poderá ser realizada em idades mais jovens. Genetic, phenotypical and environmental correlations between weight and age in the State of Paulo bovines from the guzera breed Abstract The main purpose of the present research work is centered in the study of genetic, phenotypical and environmental correlations regarding the weight of Guzera breed bovines at 205, 365 and 550 days of age. Statistical analysis was carried out by the methodology of mixing models, programs MTDFREML, the statistical model containing the aleatory effects of the animal, sire, cow and the error, and as fixed effects of contemporary group - farm, sex, season, water and drought, the year of birth of the calf, and the covariable age of dam. The genetic correlations was found to be equal do 0.75, 0.61 and 0.65, between P295 and P365. P205 and P550, and P365 and P550, respectively. The environmental correlation between P205 and P365, P205 and P550, and P365 and P550 was 0.44, 0.49 and 0.66, respectively. The phenotypical correlation between P205 and P365, P205 and P550, and P365 and P550 was of 0.59, 0.42, and 0.65, respectively. The values found for the genetic correlations indicate the possibility to select the animals, taking their weight as a parameter, earlier during their life.

A Straight Line p/z Plot in Multilayer Tight Gas Reservoirs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kittiphongs Jongkittinarukorn ◽  
Nick Last
Keyword(s):  
Tight Gas ◽  
Gas Reservoirs ◽  
Tight Gas Reservoirs ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Line P

scholarly journals The Biomass of the Bottom Fauna in the English Channel off Plymouth

1953 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Holme
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Bottom Fauna ◽  
English Channel ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Quantitative Sample ◽  
Line Relationship

A survey has been made of the biomass of the macrobenthos at twenty stations in the English Channel off Plymouth. The object was to provide a basis for following long-term fluctuations in the fauna.A brief survey of physical conditions in the area is given, and a gradeanalysis of the soil at each station has been made.Core-samples show that the sediment is shallow in many places and rock has been taken at 36 cm. or less below the surface at a number of stations.Samples totalling ½m.2 were taken at each station with a modified 'scoopsampler', covering 1/10m.2, which is briefly described.Sources of error in sampling are considered in detail. Some species may evade the sampler and others live too deep in the sediment to be taken. A comparison against a Petersen grab and a new ' suction-corer' show that the scoop-sampler does take a reasonably quantitative sample. The number of species taken in successive hauls, when plotted against the log of the area sampled, approaches a straight-line relationship similar to that obtained by Williams (1950).A statistical analysis is made of a series of samples taken at one station, and the variance between the two samples in each haul and between successive hauls calculated. At this pàrticular station the fauna in successive samples is shown to be fairly random.A sieve of 2-2 mm. mesh was employed. Compared with a finer sieve losses in terms of numbers may be quite large, but the total weight taken is little affected.

scholarly journals Statistical analysis plan for the Steppedwedge Cluster Randomized trial of Electronic Early Notification of sepsis in hospitalized ward patients (SCREEN)

Trials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaseen M. Arabi ◽  
Ramesh Kumar Vishwakarma ◽  
Hasan M. Al-Dorzi ◽  
Eman Al Qasim ◽  
Sheryl Ann Abdukahil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Randomized Trial ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Cluster Randomized Trial ◽  
Statistical Analysis Plan ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Stepped Wedge ◽  
Cluster Randomized

Abstract Background It is unclear whether screening for sepsis using an electronic alert in hospitalized ward patients improves outcomes. The objective of the Stepped-wedge Cluster Randomized Trial of Electronic Early Notification of Sepsis in Hospitalized Ward Patients (SCREEN) trial is to evaluate whether an electronic screening for sepsis compared to no screening among hospitalized ward patients reduces all-cause 90-day in-hospital mortality. Methods and design This study is designed as a stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial in which the unit of randomization or cluster is the hospital ward. An electronic alert for sepsis was developed in the electronic medical record (EMR), with the feature of being active (visible to treating team) or masked (inactive in EMR frontend for the treating team but active in the backend of the EMR). Forty-five clusters in 5 hospitals are randomized into 9 sequences of 5 clusters each to receive the intervention (active alert) over 10 periods, 2 months each, the first being the baseline period. Data are extracted from EMR and are compared between the intervention (active alert) and control group (masked alert). During the study period, some of the hospital wards were allocated to manage patients with COVID-19. The primary outcome of all-cause hospital mortality by day 90 will be compared using a generalized linear mixed model with a binary distribution and a log-link function to estimate the relative risk as a measure of effect. We will include two levels of random effects to account for nested clustering within wards and periods and two levels of fixed effects: hospitals and COVID-19 ward status in addition to the intervention. Results will be expressed as relative risk with a 95% confidence interval. Conclusion The SCREEN trial provides an opportunity for a novel trial design and analysis of routinely collected and entered data to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention (alert) for a common medical problem (sepsis in ward patients). In this statistical analysis plan, we outline details of the planned analyses in advance of trial completion. Prior specification of the statistical methods and outcome analysis will facilitate unbiased analyses of these important clinical data. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04078594. Registered on September 6, 2019

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