scholarly journals An Examination of the Performance of Blank Cartridges Used in Captive Bolt Devices for the Pre-Slaughter Stunning and Euthanasia of Animals

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Grist ◽  
Jeff A. Lines ◽  
Randall Bock ◽  
Toby G. Knowles ◽  
Stephen B. Wotton
Keyword(s):  
Average Velocity ◽  
Power Source ◽  
Practice Variation ◽  
Velocity Measurements ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Determine Function ◽  
Fill Volume ◽  
Lower Charge ◽  
Blank Cartridges

Blank cartridges provide the power source for the majority of captive bolt devices used for rendering animals unconscious prior to slaughter within the United Kingdom or euthanasia worldwide. This paper presents the results of the examination of cartridges as one of the variables that can contribute to an unsuccessful application of this method in practice. Variation was found in cartridge weight, propellant fill volume and velocity within boxes of 1000 cartridges. The variation found was greater in lower charge (1.00 grain) cartridges than in 3.00 grain cartridges, however velocity was found to be variable in both sets. For example, in vivo velocity measurements with 0.25″ calibre 3.00 grain cartridges demonstrated an average velocity of 50.8 m/s over 200 shots with a range of 35.7 to 62.9 m/s when used in the same device. This work demonstrates that variation in cartridge performance does occur and can be due to various factors such as fill volume and propellant function, and simply weighing cartridges cannot be used to determine function, therefore cartridge performance must be a factor that is considered in the event of a miss-stun.

Average Velocity Measurements in Six Automotive Torque Converters: Part I — Pump Measurements

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warren D. Claudel ◽  
Ronald D. Flack ◽  
Alexander Yermakov
Keyword(s):  
Average Velocity ◽  
Velocity Measurements ◽  
Torque Converters

Reliability Of Peak And Average Velocity Measurements During Sit-to-stand Assessments Using A Portable Linear Transducer

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 796
Author(s):  
Jamie C. Clark ◽  
Cameron S. Mackey ◽  
Ryan M. Thiele ◽  
Ty B. Palmer ◽  
Doug B. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Average Velocity ◽  
Velocity Measurements ◽  
Sit To Stand ◽  
Linear Transducer

Numerical Simulations of Flow in Cerebral Aneurysms: Comparison of CFD Results and In Vivo MRI Measurements

2008 ◽  
Vol 130 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitaliy L. Rayz ◽  
Loic Boussel ◽  
Gabriel Acevedo-Bolton ◽  
Alastair J. Martin ◽  
William L. Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Fields ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Flow Ratio ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Velocity Measurements ◽  
Cfd Simulations ◽  
Specific Flow ◽  
Inlet Flow ◽  
Good Agreement

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods can be used to compute the velocity field in patient-specific vascular geometries for pulsatile physiological flow. Those simulations require geometric and hemodynamic boundary values. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that CFD models constructed from patient-specific magnetic resonance (MR) angiography and velocimetry data predict flow fields that are in good agreement with in vivo measurements and therefore can provide valuable information for clinicians. The effect of the inlet flow rate conditions on calculated velocity fields was investigated. We assessed the internal consistency of our approach by comparing CFD predictions of the in-plane velocity field to the corresponding in vivo MR velocimetry measurements. Patient-specific surface models of four basilar artery aneurysms were constructed from contrast-enhanced MR angiography data. CFD simulations were carried out in those models using patient-specific flow conditions extracted from MR velocity measurements of flow in the inlet vessels. The simulation results computed for slices through the vasculature of interest were compared with in-plane velocity measurements acquired with phase-contrast MR imaging in vivo. The sensitivity of the flow fields to inlet flow ratio variations was assessed by simulating five different inlet flow scenarios for each of the basilar aneurysm models. In the majority of cases, altering the inlet flow ratio caused major changes in the flow fields predicted in the aneurysm. A good agreement was found between the flow fields measured in vivo using the in-plane MR velocimetry technique and those predicted with CFD simulations. The study serves to demonstrate the consistency and reliability of both MR imaging and numerical modeling methods. The results demonstrate the clinical relevance of computational models and suggest that realistic patient-specific flow conditions are required for numerical simulations of the flow in aneurysmal blood vessels.

scholarly journals Reassortment In Vivo: Driving Force for Diversity of Human Rotavirus Strains Isolated in the United Kingdom between 1995 and 1999

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (8) ◽  
pp. 3696-3705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miren Iturriza-Gómara ◽  
Beverley Isherwood ◽  
Ulrich Desselberger ◽  
Jim Gray
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Genetic Interaction ◽  
Rare Event ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Human Rotavirus

ABSTRACT The G and P genotypes of 3,601 rotavirus strains collected in the United Kingdom between 1995 and 1999 were determined (M. Iturriza-Gómara et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:4394–4401, 2000). In 95.4% of the strains the most common G and P combinations, G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], and G4P[8], were found. A small but significant number (2%) of isolates from the remaining strains were reassortants of the most common cocirculating strains, e.g., G1P[4] and G2P[8]. Rotavirus G9P[6] and G9P[8] strains, which constituted 2.7% of all viruses, were genetically closely related in their G components, but the P components of the G9P[8] strains were very closely related to those of cocirculating strains of the more common G types (G1, G3, and G4). In conclusion, genetic interaction by reassortment among cocirculating rotaviruses is not a rare event and contributes significantly to their overall diversity.

scholarly journals A redshift database towards the Shapley supercluster region

2020 ◽  
Vol 638 ◽  
pp. A27
Author(s):  
Hernán Quintana ◽  
Dominique Proust ◽  
Rolando Dünner ◽  
Eleazar R. Carrasco ◽  
Andreas Reisenegger
Keyword(s):  
Velocity Measurement ◽  
Average Velocity ◽  
Radial Velocities ◽  
Velocity Data ◽  
Velocity Measurements ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Future Publication

We present a database and catalogue of radial velocities of galaxies towards the region of the Shapley Supercluster (SSC) based on 18 129 measured velocities for 10 702 galaxies in the approximately 300 square degree area between 12h43m00s < RA < 14h17m00s and −23° 30′00″ > Dec >   − 38° 30′00″. The database contains velocity measurements that have been reported in the literature up until 2015. It also includes 5084 velocities, corresponding to 4617 galaxies, observed by us at Las Campanas Observatory and Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, which had not been reported individually until now. Of the latter, 2585 correspond to galaxies with no other previously published velocity measurement before 2015. Every galaxy in the velocity database has been identified with a galaxy extracted from the SuperCOSMOS photometric catalogues. We also provide a combined average velocity catalogue for all 10 702 galaxies with measured velocities, adopting the SuperCOSMOS positions as a homogeneous base. A general magnitude cut-off at R2 = 18.0 mag was adopted (with exceptions only for some of the new reported velocities). In general terms, we confirm the overall structure of the SSC as reported in earlier papers. However, the more extensive velocity data show finer structures, which is to be discussed in a future publication.

Accounting for Differences Between Echo Particle Image Velocimetry (EPIV) and Pulse Wave Doppler (PWD) Velocity Measurements

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Walker ◽  
Clifton R. Johnston ◽  
Gary M. Dobson
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Particle Image Velocimetry ◽  
Particle Image ◽  
Pulse Wave ◽  
Velocity Measurements ◽  
Image Velocimetry ◽  
University Of Calgary ◽  
Beam Thickness ◽  
The University

Currently, an echo particle image velocimetry (ePIV) system for the investigation of in vivo blood flow and shear stress is under development at the University of Calgary. To date, encouraging preliminary results have been obtained when comparing ePIV derived velocities to analytical solutions. However, large discrepancies were noted between our steady state ePIV derived velocities and velocities measured using pulse wave Doppler (PWD). Ultrasound beam thickness, off axis centerline measurements and PWD angle of interrogation likely account for the differences observed.

In Vivo Peritoneal Surface Area Measurement in Rats by Micro-Computed Tomography (μCT)

2008 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elodie Breton ◽  
Philippe Choquet ◽  
Laure Bergua ◽  
Mariette Barthelmebs ◽  
Börje Haraldsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Contrast Agent ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Area Measurement ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Peritoneal Surface ◽  
Iodinated Contrast ◽  
Fill Volume

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) uses the dynamic dialysis properties of the peritoneal membrane. The fraction of the anatomic peritoneal surface area (PSA) recruited is of importance for maximizing exchanges and is potentially impacted by parameters such as fill volume. We describe an in vivo assessment of the contact surface area by micro-computed tomography (μCT) using an iodinated contrast medium added to the PD fluid, a contrast agent presumed without surfactant property. In the isotropic volume (reconstructed voxel size 186 μm x 186 μm x 186 μm), the iodinated PD fluid is automatically selected, thanks to its contrast difference with soft tissues, and its surface area is computed. The method was first tested on phantoms showing the ability to select the PD fluid volume and to measure its surface area. In vivo experiments in rat consisted of μCT acquisition of rat abdomen directly after intraperitoneal administration (10 mL/100 g rat body weight) of a dialysis fluid containing 10% by volume iodinated contrast agent. Fluorescein isothiocyanate albumin was used as dilution marker. We found a strong linear relationship ( R2 = 0.98) between recruited PSA (cm2) and rat weight (g) in the range of 235 to 435 g: recruited PSA = (1.61 weight + 40.5) cm2. Applying μCT with a fill volume of 10 mL/100 g rat body weight, the in vivo measured PSA was in the order of magnitude of the ex vivo anatomic PSA as determined by Kuzlan's formula, considered in most instances as the maximal surface area that can be recruited by PD fluid. This new methodology was the first to give an in vivo high-resolution isotropic three-dimensional (3-D) determination of the PSA in contact with dialysate. Its sensitivity allows us to take into account the recruitment of fine 3-D structures of the PSA membrane that were not accessible to previous 2-D-based imaging methodologies. Its in vivo application also integrates the physiological natural tensile stress of tissues.

Perceived vessel lumen and cell-blood velocity ratio: impact on in vivo blood flow rate determination

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (4) ◽  
pp. H1156-H1163 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Cokelet ◽  
I. H. Sarelius
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Average Velocity ◽  
Velocity Ratio ◽  
Blood Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Conservation ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Vessel Lumen ◽  
Image Width

Microscopic images of blood flow through individual capillary segments and divergent capillary bifurcations in cremaster muscle of golden hamster were videotaped, and the data from the videotapes (projected vessel image width and individual red cell velocities) were used in two ways to evaluate blood flow rate. The first method assumes 1) that the vessel lumen is circular with a diameter equal to the projected image width and 2) that the blood average velocity is proportional to the average red cell velocity. The second method makes neither of these assumptions but relies only on the principle of mass conservation. It is demonstrated that the two assumptions of the first method can lead to significant errors in hemodynamic relationships deduced from in vivo data. Although the second method cannot independently give absolute values of average velocity at one vessel location, it can give absolute values of the ratio of blood flow rates through two (or more) vascular lumina.

scholarly journals Corrosion Study of Implanted Tin Electrodes Using Excessive Electrical Stimulation in Minipigs

Metals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzan Meijs ◽  
Kristian Rechendorff ◽  
Søren Sørensen ◽  
Nico Rijkhoff
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Charge Injection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Electrochemical Tests ◽  
Implanted Electrodes ◽  
Electrode Degradation ◽  
Lower Charge

(1) Background: Titanium nitride (TiN) electrodes have been used for implantable stimulation and sensing electrodes for decades. Nevertheless, there still is a discrepancy between the in vitro and in vivo determined safe charge injection limits. This study investigated the consequences of pulsing implanted electrodes beyond the in vivo safe charge injection limits. (2) Methods: The electrodes were implanted for a month and then pulsed at 20 mA and 50 mA and 200 Hz and 400 Hz. Afterwards, the electrodes were investigated using electrochemical and analytical methods to evaluate whether electrode degradation had occurred. (3) Results: Electrochemical tests showed that electrodes that pulsed at 20 mA and 200 Hz (lowest electrical dose) had a significantly lower charge injection capacity and higher impedance than the other used and unused electrodes. (4) Conclusions: The electrodes pulsed at the lowest electrical dose, for which no tissue damage was found, appeared to have degraded. Electrodes pulsed at higher electrical doses for which tissue damage did occur, on the other hand, show no significant degradation in electrochemical tests compared to unused implanted and not implanted electrodes. It is thus clear that the tissue surrounding the electrode has an influence on the charge injection properties of the electrodes and vice versa.

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