scholarly journals Host-Directed Therapies and Anti-Virulence Compounds to Address Anti-Microbial Resistant Tuberculosis Infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Gries ◽  
Claudia Sala ◽  
Jan Rybniker
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Current State ◽  
Major Virulence Factor ◽  
Emerging Therapies ◽  
Active Research

Despite global efforts to contain tuberculosis (TB), the disease remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, further exacerbated by the increased resistance to antibiotics displayed by the tubercle bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In order to treat drug-resistant TB, alternative or complementary approaches to standard anti-TB regimens are being explored. An area of active research is represented by host-directed therapies which aim to modulate the host immune response by mitigating inflammation and by promoting the antimicrobial activity of immune cells. Additionally, compounds that reduce the virulence of M. tuberculosis, for instance by targeting the major virulence factor ESX-1, are being given increased attention by the TB research community. This review article summarizes the current state of the art in the development of these emerging therapies against TB.

scholarly journals A Robust Context-Based Deep Learning Approach for Highly Imbalanced Hyperspectral Classification

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Juan F. Ramirez Rochac ◽  
Nian Zhang ◽  
Lara A. Thompson ◽  
Tolessa Deksissa
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Mineral Exploration ◽  
Classification Models ◽  
Noise Resistance ◽  
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks ◽  
Current State ◽  
Feature Augmentation ◽  
Active Research ◽  
Hyperspectral Classification

Hyperspectral imaging is an area of active research with many applications in remote sensing, mineral exploration, and environmental monitoring. Deep learning and, in particular, convolution-based approaches are the current state-of-the-art classification models. However, in the presence of noisy hyperspectral datasets, these deep convolutional neural networks underperform. In this paper, we proposed a feature augmentation approach to increase noise resistance in imbalanced hyperspectral classification. Our method calculates context-based features, and it uses a deep convolutional neuronet (DCN). We tested our proposed approach on the Pavia datasets and compared three models, DCN, PCA + DCN, and our context-based DCN, using the original datasets and the datasets plus noise. Our experimental results show that DCN and PCA + DCN perform well on the original datasets but not on the noisy datasets. Our robust context-based DCN was able to outperform others in the presence of noise and was able to maintain a comparable classification accuracy on clean hyperspectral images.

scholarly journals Peritoneal Carcinomatosis: Current State of the Art and Schools of Thought

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-91
Author(s):  
Sh. Kh. Gantsev ◽  
M. V. Zabelin ◽  
K. Sh. Gantsev ◽  
A. A. Izmailov ◽  
Sh. R. Kzyrgalin
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Current State ◽  
Emerging Therapies ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Scientific Questions

Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) is a global challenge of modern oncology representing the most unfavourable scenario in diverse-locality tumourisation. Despite certain attention by the oncological community, the management of PC patients is currently palliative, which weakly promotes research into the basic principles of this morbidity. This literature review attempts to comprehensively cover the PC problematic from a global perspective and presents a key evidence on the world schools of thought in this area. Briefly taking, peritoneal carcinomatosis is viewed today as a local process in the conventional implantation theory, which imposes a locoregional character on all current or emerging therapies, such as cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Their inadequate efficacy is largely due to pronounced gaps in our understanding of PC logistics and signalling. PSOGI is a key organisation for centralising the specialty effort in peritoneal carcinomatosis. Despite its global geography and approach to PC discussion, a multitude of scientific questions remain unanswered impeding the establishment of novel effective therapies. The seven countries that nurtured distinguished schools of thought in PC studies are the USA, UK, Japan, China, Italy, France and Germany. Taking peritoneal carcinomatosis in a global perspective, an insufficient attention to its problematic in Russia should be addressed. The founding and fostering of national PC institutions will benefit cancer patients and progress in oncological science.

Modular Prosthetic Design for Transtibial Child Amputees

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan M. Hickey ◽  
Samuel T. Woo ◽  
Sally F. Shady
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Prosthetic Design ◽  
Current State ◽  
Limb Deficiencies

Lower limb deficiencies and below knee amputations are the most common form of deficiency that may arise from disease or trauma, and returning a patient close to a normal quality-of-life requires prosthetics, which can be quite challenging. Children present even further difficulty to prosthetists and physicians than adults. Although the underlying prosthetic principles for adults are the same for children, additional considerations must be made for practicality, such as downsizing while maintaining its degree of complexity, and frequent appointments to account for the rapid growth of an adolescent. This review article will evaluate the current state-of-the-art in the field of transtibial-amputee prosthetics, review the insurance coverage a typical family would face, and suggest potential improvements to children’s biomimetic prostheses that aid in reducing the frequency of health care provider intervention.

scholarly journals Biomechanical behaviours of the bone–implant interface: a review

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (156) ◽  
pp. 20190259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing Gao ◽  
Manon Fraulob ◽  
Guillaume Haïat
Keyword(s):  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Implant Stability ◽  
Bone Implant ◽  
Current State ◽  
Mechanical Methods

In recent decades, cementless implants have been widely used in clinical practice to replace missing organs, to replace damaged or missing bone tissue or to restore joint functionality. However, there remain risks of failure which may have dramatic consequences. The success of an implant depends on its stability, which is determined by the biomechanical properties of the bone–implant interface (BII). The aim of this review article is to provide more insight on the current state of the art concerning the evolution of the biomechanical properties of the BII as a function of the implant's environment. The main characteristics of the BII and the determinants of implant stability are first introduced. Then, the different mechanical methods that have been employed to derive the macroscopic properties of the BII will be described. The experimental multi-modality approaches used to determine the microscopic biomechanical properties of periprosthetic newly formed bone tissue are also reviewed. Eventually, the influence of the implant's properties, in terms of both surface properties and biomaterials, is investigated. A better understanding of the phenomena occurring at the BII will lead to (i) medical devices that help surgeons to determine an implant's stability and (ii) an improvement in the quality of implants.

You Need Teachers

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-125
Author(s):  
Miles Weinberger
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Current State ◽  
Children With Asthma ◽  
Degree Of Control ◽  
Considerable Morbidity ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Changing Role ◽  
Excellent Review Article

The excellent review article by Leffert1 and the accompanying commentary by Bergner2 made important points regarding the changing role of the pediatric allergist and the broad requirements for knowledge of any physicians who are to provide specialty care for children with asthma. While the current state of the art allows a high degree of control for this disease,3 considerable morbidity from inadequately treated asthma persists. This situation is unlikely to change rapidly unless departments of pediatrics place a high priority on ensuring that the modern allergist described by Dr. Bergner is on their faculty to teach the current housestaff and provide continuing education for the practitioner; only then will most general pediatricians be able to assume the role envisioned by Dr. Leffert.

Compassionate use of and expanded access to new drugs for drug-resistant tuberculosis [Review article]

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Jr Horsburgh ◽  
M. Haxaire-Theeuwes ◽  
C. Lienhardt ◽  
C. Wingfield ◽  
D. McNeeley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Review Article ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Compassionate Use ◽  
Drug Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Expanded Access ◽  
Resistant Tuberculosis

scholarly journals A Systematic Literature Review on Military Software Defined Networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasileios Gkioulos ◽  
Håkon Gunleifsen ◽  
Goitom Weldehawaryat
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Software Defined Networks ◽  
Application Domain ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Current State ◽  
Active Research

Software Defined Networking (SDN) is an evolving network architecture paradigm that focuses on the separation of control and data planes. SDN receives increasing attention both from academia and industry, across a multitude of application domains. In this article, we examine the current state of obtained knowledge on military SDN by conducting a systematic literature review (SLR). Through this work, we seek to evaluate the current state of the art in terms of research tracks, publications, methods, trends, and most active research areas. Accordingly, we utilize these findings for consolidating the areas of past and current research on the examined application domain, and propose directions for future research.

scholarly journals Splicing Localization Based on Noise Level Inconsistencies in Residuals of Color Channel Differences

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 764-769
Keyword(s):  
Noise Level ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Forensic Analysis ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Image Splicing ◽  
Color Channel ◽  
Local Statistics ◽  
Image Sharing ◽  
Active Research ◽  
Photo Editing

With the rapid usage of networking sites there is an enormous increase in image sharing over the internet. At the same time altering or tempering images has become much easier with the availability of photo editing software. Splicing is one of the tempering method, where an object from one image is copied and pasted into another image, is often used with the aim of either getting attention for fun or misleading the general masses. Thus, authenticity of images shared on internet is debatable. Active research is going on in the field of image forensics in order to examine the trustworthiness of the images. Amongst several techniques available for dealing with image splicing, the statistical based methods are gaining attention in research community as it uses image’s local statistics. We propose a simple and effective method based on noise inconsistencies in residuals of Color channel difference for forensic analysis to localize the splicing image forgery. First the image is decomposed in to super pixels and extracted in regular shapes. From each super pixel, three color channel differences are extracted and noise level is estimated on the residual. Finally, the super pixels are clustered into two groups using Farthest Distributed Centroids Clustering (FDCC) method for classifying superpixel as tampered or original. The experimental results show the simplicity and effectiveness of the proposed method over the state of the art.

scholarly journals Beta-lactam antibiotics as reserve medications for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 78-85
Author(s):  
G. N. Mozhokina ◽  
A. G. Samoilova ◽  
I. A. Vasilyeva
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Drug Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Beta Lactam Antibiotics ◽  
Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Extensive Drug Resistance ◽  
Tuberculosis Activity

The review article presents an analysis of literature data on the necessity to expand the range of medications possessing anti-tuberculosis activity for the treatment of the most severe forms of drug-resistant tuberculosis through the use of beta-lactam antibiotics in chemotherapy regimens. The mechanism of action of beta- lactam antibiotics on mycobacterium tuberculosis is shown, and the results of in vitro studies to assess their anti-tuberculosis activity are presented. Clinical studies on the use of carbapenems prove the feasibility of their use for the treatment of patients with tuberculosis with multiple and extensive drug resistance of the pathogen.

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