scholarly journals Modeling Head-On Collisions: The Problem of Identifying Collision Parameters

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 6212
Author(s):  
Piotr Aleksandrowicz
Keyword(s):  
Model Development ◽  
Crash Test ◽  
Legal Proceedings ◽  
Car Body ◽  
Impact Simulation ◽  
Default Data ◽  
Multi Body ◽  
Crash Model ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Legal Consequences

The analyses performed by the experts are crucial for the settlement of court disputes, and they have legal consequences for the parties to legal proceedings. The reliability of the simulation result is crucial. First, in article, an impact simulation was performed with the use of the program default data. Next, the impact parameters were identified from a crash test, and a simulation was presented. Due to the difficulties in obtaining the data identified, the experts usually take advantage of simplifications using only default data provided by the simulation program. This article includes the original conclusions on specific reasons of simplified collision modeling in Multi Body Systems (MBS) programs and provides specific directions of development of the V-SIM4 program used in the study to enhance the models applied. This manuscript indicates a direction for crash model development in MBS programs to consider a varied 3D body space zones stiffness related to the structure of the car body and the internal car elements instead of modeling the car body as a solid with an average stiffness. Such an approach would provide an alternative to Finite Element Method (FEM) convention modeling.

PERSONALIZED CUSTOMIZATION METHOD OF HYBRID HUMAN MODEL FOR PEDESTRIAN-VEHICLE ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (02) ◽  
pp. 2150009
Author(s):  
SHA XU ◽  
XIANLONG JIN ◽  
CHUANG QIN ◽  
XIANGHAI CHAI
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Human Model ◽  
Accident Reconstruction ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Impact Simulation ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Vehicle Accident ◽  
Pedestrian Traffic ◽  
Multi Body ◽  
The Impact

Traffic accident reconstruction is a reverse dynamic problem, which requires hundreds of iterations to reconstruct the whole process of accident. However, in current pedestrian-vehicle accident reconstructions, it is difficult to quickly establish a pedestrian model based on specific cases, and it is hard to solve the contradiction between calculation accuracy and calculation time. In this paper, a personalized pedestrian customization method is proposed. First, the pedestrian structure is divided into independent modules according to obvious bony markers. For each independent module, multi-body (MB) model and finite element (FE) model are established, respectively. Then the appropriate modules are selected to form the whole hybrid pedestrian model. This method can customize the structure of pedestrian model according to the injury characteristics of pedestrians in specific accidents, and customize the parameters of pedestrian model according to the height and weight of pedestrians. The impact simulation tests are carried out on hybrid pedestrian models to verify the reliability of the models. The proposed method can effectively improve the modeling efficiency of pedestrian models and the reconstruction quality of pedestrian traffic accidents.

PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN KERUGIAN NEGARA DALAM PENGELOLAAN KEUANGAN DAERAH

EDUKASI ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendra Karianga
Keyword(s):  
Financial Management ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Proceedings ◽  
Regional Finance ◽  
Regional Budget ◽  
State Finance ◽  
Budget Policy ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

Sources of revenue and expenditure of APBD (regional budget) can be allocated to finance the compulsory affairs and optional affairs in the form of programs and activities related to the improvement of public services, job creation, poverty alleviation, improvement of environmental quality, and regional economic growth. The implications of these policies is the need for funds to finance the implementation of the functions, that have become regional authority, is also increasing. In practice, regional financial management still poses a complicated issue because the regional head are reluctant to release pro-people regional budget policy, even implication of regional autonomy is likely to give birth to little kings in region causing losses to state finance and most end up in legal proceedings. This paper discusses the loss of state finance and forms of liability for losses to the state finance. The result of the study can be concluded firstly,  there are still many differences in giving meaning and definition of the loss of state finace and no standard definition of state losses, can cause difficulties. The difficulty there is in an effort to determine the amount of the state finance losses. The calculation of state/regions losses that occur today is simply assessing the suitability of the size of the budget and expenditure without considering profits earned by the community and the impact of the use of budget to the community. Secondly, the liability for losses to the state finance is the fulfillment of the consequences for a person to give or to do something in the regional financial management by giving birth to three forms of liability, namely the Criminal liability, Civil liability, and Administrative liability.Keywords: state finance losses, liability, regional finance.

The Africanisation Of South African Civil Procedure: The Way Forward

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fawzia Cassim ◽  
Nomulelo Queen Mabeka
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
Civil Procedure ◽  
African Culture ◽  
Legal Proceedings ◽  
Seventeenth Amendment ◽  
Procedural Law ◽  
Lower Courts ◽  
The Law ◽  
Court Proceedings ◽  
The Impact

Civil procedure enforces the rules and provisions of civil law.  The law of civil procedure involves the issuing, service and filing of documents to initiate court proceedings in the superior courts and lower courts. Indeed, notice of legal proceedings is given to every person to ensure compliance with the audi alteram partem maxim (“hear the other side”). There are various rules and legislation that regulate these court proceedings such as inter alia, the Superior Courts Act, 2013, Uniform Rules of Court, Constitution Seventeenth Amendment Act, 2012 and the Magistrates’ Courts Act of 1944. The rules of court are binding on a court by virtue of their nature.  The purpose of these rules is to facilitate inexpensive and efficient legislation. However, civil procedure does not only depend on statutory provisions and the rules of court.  Common law also plays a role. Superior Courts are said to exercise inherent jurisdiction in that its jurisdiction is derived from common law.  It is noteworthy that whilst our rules of court and statutes are largely based on the English law, Roman-Dutch law also has an impact on our procedural law. The question thus arises, how can our law of civil procedure transform to accommodate elements of Africanisation as we are part and parcel of the African continent/diaspora? In this regard, the article examines the origins of Western-based civil procedure, our formal court systems, the impact of the Constitution on traditional civil procedure, the use of dispute resolution mechanisms in Western legal systems and African culture, an overview of the Traditional Courts Bill of 2012 and the advent of the Traditional Courts Bill of 2017. The article also examines how the contentious Traditional Courts Bills of 2012 and 2017 will transform or complement the law of civil procedure and apply in practice once it is passed into law.

ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN CIVIL PROCESS

2019 ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
Alexandr Neznamov
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Significant Feature ◽  
Legal Proceedings ◽  
Civil Process ◽  
Civil Proceedings ◽  
Processing Information ◽  
The Impact

Digital technologies are no longer the future but are the present of civil proceedings. That is why any research in this direction seems to be relevant. At the same time, some of the fundamental problems remain unattended by the scientific community. One of these problems is the problem of classification of digital technologies in civil proceedings. On the basis of instrumental and genetic approaches to the understanding of digital technologies, it is concluded that their most significant feature is the ability to mediate the interaction of participants in legal proceedings with information; their differentiating feature is the function performed by a particular technology in the interaction with information. On this basis, it is proposed to distinguish the following groups of digital technologies in civil proceedings: a) technologies of recording, storing and displaying (reproducing) information, b) technologies of transferring information, c) technologies of processing information. A brief description is given to each of the groups. Presented classification could serve as a basis for a more systematic discussion of the impact of digital technologies on the essence of civil proceedings. Particularly, it is pointed out that issues of recording, storing, reproducing and transferring information are traditionally more «technological» for civil process, while issues of information processing are more conceptual.

scholarly journals Simulation of Energy Absorption Performance of the Couplers in Urban Railway Vehicles during a Heavy Collision

Machines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Sunghyun Lim ◽  
Yong-hyeon Ji ◽  
Yeong-il Park
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Force ◽  
Crash Test ◽  
Railway Vehicle ◽  
Buffer System ◽  
Railway Vehicles ◽  
Hydraulic Shock Absorber ◽  
Coupling Buffer ◽  
Absorption Performance ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
The Impact

Railway vehicles are generally operated by connecting several vehicles in a row. Mechanisms connecting railway vehicles must also absorb front and rear shock loads that occur during a train’s operation. To minimize damage, rail car couplers are equipped with a buffer system that absorbs the impact of energy. It is difficult to perform a crash test and evaluate performance by applying a buffer to an actual railway vehicle. In this study, a simulation technique using a mathematical buffer model was introduced to overcome these difficulties. For this, a model of each element of the buffer was built based on the experimental data for each element of the coupling buffer system and a collision simulation program was developed. The buffering characteristics of a 10-car train colliding at 25 km/h were analyzed using a developed simulator. The results of the heavy collision simulation showed that the rubber buffer was directly connected to the hydraulic shock absorber in a solid contact state, and displacement of the hydraulic buffer hardly occurred despite the increase in reaction force due to the high impact speed. Since the impact force is concentrated on the vehicle to which the collision is applied, it may be appropriate to apply a deformation tube with different characteristics depending on the vehicle location.

scholarly journals Modeling Building Stock Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 723
Author(s):  
Antti Kurvinen ◽  
Arto Saari ◽  
Juhani Heljo ◽  
Eero Nippala
Keyword(s):  
Model Development ◽  
Housing Demand ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Test Arena ◽  
Climate Targets ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
The Impact

It is widely agreed that dynamics of building stocks are relatively poorly known even if it is recognized to be an important research topic. Better understanding of building stock dynamics and future development is crucial, e.g., for sustainable management of the built environment as various analyses require long-term projections of building stock development. Recognizing the uncertainty in relation to long-term modeling, we propose a transparent calculation-based QuantiSTOCK model for modeling building stock development. Our approach not only provides a tangible tool for understanding development when selected assumptions are valid but also, most importantly, allows for studying the sensitivity of results to alternative developments of the key variables. Therefore, this relatively simple modeling approach provides fruitful grounds for understanding the impact of different key variables, which is needed to facilitate meaningful debate on different housing, land use, and environment-related policies. The QuantiSTOCK model may be extended in numerous ways and lays the groundwork for modeling the future developments of building stocks. The presented model may be used in a wide range of analyses ranging from assessing housing demand at the regional level to providing input for defining sustainable pathways towards climate targets. Due to the availability of high-quality data, the Finnish building stock provided a great test arena for the model development.

scholarly journals Multi-body simulation of a canine hind limb: model development, experimental validation and calculation of ground reaction forces

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Helms ◽  
Bernd-Arno Behrens ◽  
Martin Stolorz ◽  
Patrick Wefstaedt ◽  
Ingo Nolte
Keyword(s):  
Hind Limb ◽  
Experimental Validation ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Multi Body

Performance Modeling of Desiccant Wheels: 1 — Model Development

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaoqin Zhai ◽  
David H. Archer ◽  
John C. Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Model Development ◽  
Axial Direction ◽  
Performance Model ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Residual Water ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Operating Variables ◽  
Steady State Operation ◽  
Rotary Speed ◽  
The Impact

This paper presents the development of an equation based model to simulate the combined heat and mass transfer in the desiccant wheels. The performance model is one dimensional in the axial direction. It applies a lumped formulation in the thickness direction of the desiccant and the substrate. The boundary conditions of this problem represent the inlet outside/process and building exhaust/regeneration air conditions as well as the adiabatic condition of the two ends of the desiccant composite. The solutions of this model are iterated until the wheel reaches periodic steady state operation. The modeling results are obtained as the changes of the outside/process and building exhaust/regeneration air conditions along the wheel depth and the wheel rotation. This performance model relates the wheel’s design parameters, such as the wheel dimension, the channel size and the desiccant properties, and the wheel’s operating variables, such as the rotary speed and the regeneration air flowrate, to its operating performance. The impact of some practical issues, such as wheel purge, residual water in the desiccant and the wheel supporting structure, on the wheel performance has also been investigated.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Set of Impact Data for Common Aerospace Metals

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. W. Brake ◽  
P. L. Reu ◽  
D. S. Aragon
Keyword(s):  
Digital Image Correlation ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Coefficient Of Restitution ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Plastic Behavior ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Force Resolution ◽  
Impact Data ◽  
The Impact

The results of two sets of impact experiments are reported within. To assist with model development using the impact data reported, the materials are mechanically characterized using a series of standard experiments. The first set of impact data comes from a series of coefficient of restitution (COR) experiments, in which a 2 m long pendulum is used to study “in-context” measurements of the coefficient of restitution for eight different materials (6061-T6 aluminum, phosphor bronze alloy 510, Hiperco, nitronic 60A, stainless steel 304, titanium, copper, and annealed copper). The coefficient of restitution is measured via two different techniques: digital image correlation (DIC) and laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV). Due to the strong agreement of the two different methods, only results from the digital image correlation are reported. The coefficient of restitution experiments are in context as the scales of the geometry and impact velocities are representative of common features in the motivating application for this research. Finally, a series of compliance measurements are detailed for the same set of materials. The compliance measurements are conducted using both nano-indentation and micro-indentation machines, providing sub-nm displacement resolution and μN force resolution. Good agreement is seen for load levels spanned by both machines. As the transition from elastic to plastic behavior occurs at contact displacements on the order of 30 nm, this data set provides a unique insight into the transitionary region.

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