Effect of Thermal Treatment of Birch Wood by Saturated Water Vapor on Granulometric Composition of Chips from Sawing and Milling Processes from the Point of View of Its Processing to Composites

The goal of this work is to investigate the impact of thermal modification of birch wood with saturated steam on the particle size distribution of the sawing and milling process. Birch wood (Betula pendula Roth) is an excellent source to produce plywood boards. Wastes from mechanical processing of birch wood are suitable to produce composite materials. Granulometric analyses of chips from sawing processes on the PRW 15M frame saw, as well as on the 5-axis CNC machining centre SCM TECH Z5 and the 5-axis CNC machining centre AX320 Pinnacle, proved that more than 95% of chips are chips of coarse and medium coarse chip fractions with dimensions above 0.125 mm. Depending on the shape, coarse and medium-thick chips belong to the group of fiber chips, the length of which is several times greater than the width and thickness. Fine fractions with dimensions smaller than 125 μm are isometric chips that are approximately the same size in all three dimensions. Thoracic dust fractions below 30 μm were not measured. The performed analyses showed that the heat treatment of birch wood with saturated steam did not affect the grain size of chips formed in sawing and milling processes on CNC machining centre and can be used as a raw material for the production of composite materials. Fabric filters are suitable for separating chips extracted from frame saws, PRW-15M or machining centre. Environmental criteria for the separation of chips from transport air in textile filters are met by filters with a fabric classified in class G4.

Download Full-text

Impact of Instant Controlled Pressure Drop (DIC) Treatment on Drying Kinetics and Caffeine Extraction from Green Coffee Beans

Journal of Food Research ◽

10.5539/jfr.v1n1p24 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 24 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

I. Kamal ◽

A. Gelicus ◽

K. Allaf

Keyword(s):

Pressure Drop ◽

Initial Moisture Content ◽

Effective Diffusivity ◽

Steam Pressure ◽

Raw Material ◽

Saturated Steam ◽

Drying Time ◽

Hot Air ◽

Instant Controlled Pressure Drop ◽

The Impact

The present work is directed towards the impacts of Détente InstantanéeContrôléeDIC (French, for instant controlled pressure-drop) in terms of decaffeination and drying of Ethiopian green coffee beans (GCBs).DICconsisted in subjecting the product to a high-pressure saturated steam during some seconds and ended with an abrupt pressure drop towards a vacuum. A conventional aqueous extraction and a hot air-drying took place after DIC treatment. Inthis study, Response Surface Method (RSM) was used withDIC saturated steam pressure P, thermal treatment time t, and initial moisture content W asthe independent variables. Both direct DICextract recovered from the vacuum tank and the aqueous extracts wereanalyzed and quantified using the reversed phase-HPLC. With decaffeination ratiosas dependent variables, P and Wwere the most significant operating parameters; whilet was much weaker.Total decaffeination ratio could reach 99.5% after DIC treatment at specificconditions of W=11.00% db, P=0.1 MPa, and t=35swhile it was only 58% when achieved with untreated raw material. The effective diffusivity and the starting accessibility were calculated from the diffusion/surface interaction kinetic model of hotair drying after DIC treatment. They dramatically increased with P and t while W had a weak impact.Thus, at the optimized DICconditions, and increased from 0.33 to 12.60 10-10m² s-1and from 0.75 to 11.53 g/100 g db, respectively. Drying time needed to reach 5% db became 60 min instead of 528 min for untreated raw material. RSM analysis showed that the DIC saturated steam pressure P and the initial moisture content W were the most significant variables both affecting the decaffeination ratio; the impact of the total thermal processing time t was much weaker. Total decaffeination ratio could reach 99.5% after DIC treatment at specific conditions of W=11.00% db, P=0.1 MPa, and t=35 s while it was only 58% when achieved with untreated raw material. Using diffusion/surface interaction model of hot-air drying kinetics just after DIC treatment, we could observe that DIC expansion dramatically improved the drying kinetic parameters, with P and t as the most significant DIC operating parameters while the impact of W was much weaker. Thus, the optimized DIC treatment allowed the effective diffusivity and the starting accessibility to increase from 0.33 10-10 m² s-1 and 0.75 g/100 g db to 12.60 10-10 m² s-1 and 11.53 g/100 g db, respectively. Drying time needed to reach 5% db became 60 min instead of 528 min for untreated raw material.

Download Full-text

STUDY ON THE GRINDING TIME DURATION IMPACT ON THE PROPERTIES OF PAPER FROM ALTERNATIVE RAW MATERIALS

Technical science and innovation ◽

10.51346/tstu-01.20.3-77-0067 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 (3) ◽

pp. 24-31

Author(s):

Z Galimova ◽

◽

H Babakhanova ◽

M Abdunazarov ◽

I Ismoilov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Low Cost ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Strength Properties ◽

Milling Process ◽

Raw Material ◽

Time Duration ◽

Paper Production ◽

Fiber Materials ◽

The Impact

Both raw and recycled fiber materials are used for paper production. The increase in percentage use of the latter is due to their paper-forming properties, availability and low cost. The article explores the possibility of using pulp from the inner layer of mulberry twig bark. Mulberry twigs, after removing leaves, which are the main raw material in silk production, have no practical industrial application. Recycling waste - mulberry branches - for the production of pulp is therefore relevant as it is aimed at solving raw material and environmental problems. The purpose of this work is to use local raw materials for paper production, study the impact of processing method of the grinding process on paper forming properties. During grinding the mechanical processes of changes of fibers determine mainly structure of a paper sheet, and colloidal-physical processes - bind and ability of fibers to form strong, homogenous and smooth structure of paper. The structure of the sheet of paper facilitates excessive or "selective" ink absorption into the pores of the paper and thus predetermines the quality of reproduction during the printing process. Methods for determining the physical and mechanical properties of papers were used in this work, and changes in the surface structure of samples cast at various technological modes of the milling process were studied. The results of the study revealed that the addition of cellulose mass from the inner layer of mulberry twig bark helps to obtain a strong paper. The optical properties of the paper, which contains cotton and cellulose from the inner layer of mulberry branch bark, are explained by the whiteness of the added fibers themselves. The strength properties of the paper at a weight grinding degree of 300 CWR are explained by the bond between the split and strongly interwoven fibers of the cellulose fibers. It has been established that the addition of more than 30% cellulose from the inner layer of the mulberry branch bark to the paper pulp mass is undesirable, as this adversely affects the whiteness of the paper

Download Full-text

Interaction between Technological and Material Parameters during Densification of Selected Types of Herbaceous Biomass

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.832.79 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 832 ◽

pp. 79-88

Author(s):

Peter Križan ◽

Miloš Matúš ◽

Juraj Beniak ◽

Michal Svátek

Keyword(s):

Experimental Research ◽

Point Of View ◽

Raw Material ◽

Material Structure ◽

Compression Pressure ◽

Material Particle ◽

Herbaceous Biomass ◽

Biomass Densification ◽

Experimental Findings ◽

The Impact

In this paper, we will present the research findings concerning relationships between technological and material variables (parameters) during densification of selected types of herbaceous biomass. In general during the biomass densification can be recognized various technological and also material variables which significantly influence the final solid biofuels quality. In case of herbaceous biomass densification there are some important differences with comparing the wooden biomass. These differences come from the material (herbaceous) composition and also from material structure and influencing also lonely treatment, densification and also the combustion of final briquettes from herbaceous biomass. The main goal of presented experimental research is to determine the relationship between compression pressure, compression temperature and raw material particle size. Experimental research described in this paper was realized by single-axis densification, which was represented by experimental pressing stand. The impact of investigated variables on the final briquettes density and briquettes dilatation was determined. Mutual interactions of these variables on final briquettes quality are showing the importance of mentioned variables during the densification process. The experimental findings presented here are significant from briquettes production point of view and also from densification machines engineering point of view.

Download Full-text

The Evolution of Natural Gas Prices in EU Countries and their Impact on the Country’s Macroeconomic Indicators

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports ◽

10.2478/ceer-2021-0028 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 255-273

Author(s):

Erika Liptáková ◽

Miroslav Rimár ◽

Ján Kizek ◽

Zuzana Šefčíková

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Interest Rates ◽

Econometric Model ◽

Point Of View ◽

Raw Material ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Natural Gas Prices ◽

Macroeconomic Indicators ◽

Low Carbon Technologies ◽

The Impact

Abstract In the article, the authors characterize the current European market with natural gas, describing differences in prices for households and prices for companies from the point of view of individual components, where they focus more on taxes, levies and fees. The article further deals with the possible impact of the price of natural gas on the country’s economy, more specifically, the correlation with inflation, unemployment and interest rates. The main aim of the authors is to establish an appropriate econometric model, which describes the impact of the price of natural gas together with the unemployment rate and interest rates on the inflation of the country. The price of natural gas, of this strategic raw material, is one of the factors that can influence the processes for low-carbon technologies or more precisely, the process of EU decarbonisation and with it the associated amount of CO2 emissions.

Download Full-text

Implementation of Contact-Condensation Hardening Theory Mechanisms when Forming Building Composites

Proceedings of Southwest State University ◽

10.21869/2223-1560-2020-4-90-102 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 90-102

Author(s):

M. P. Stepanova ◽

O. A. Sotnikova

Keyword(s):

Composite Material ◽

Composite Materials ◽

Structure Formation ◽

Building Materials ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Raw Material ◽

Material Base ◽

Resource Saving ◽

The Impact ◽

Contact Condensation

Purpose of research is to study cheaper composite materials for building structures such as cement-free ones without heat treatment, which will undoubtedly allow finding their application in building industry. To achieve this goal it is necessary to identify patterns of structure formation of clinker-free contact condensation hardening composite materials in which portlandite crystals act as a matrix, and the physicochemical active component of natural origin acts as a filler.Methods. In accordance with the purpose set, one of the main tasks of the work was to be solved; it involved study-ing the patterns of structure formation of contact-condensation hardening systems relying on the basic principles of materials science, which include studying the influence of the composition, structure and state of the starting com-ponents on the properties of a composite material. In this work, we studied the role of the physicochemical activity of raw materials and the possibility of ‘combining’ a portlandite matrix with filling mechano-physicochemical active raw materials capable of producing new structures. To form the composite material, a compaction pressing technique at elevated specific pressures was used, which made it possible to implement the mechanisms of contact condensation technology of structure formation. The formation of physicochemical bonds of portlandite and aluminosilicate filler of various types is also possible with certain ratios of their mass fractions and V/I ratios the optimization of which was one of our objectives.Results. The result of this work is to assess the impact of raw material characteristics and technology parameters on the properties of the resulting material, namely, the improvement of the compacting pressure and the amount of filler when getting a compacted composite.Conclusion. The development of a technology of producing clinker-free contact condensation composites based on portlandite with aluminosilicate filler will expand the raw material base of local building materials, reduce their cost and energy consumption, that is, solve key issues of resource saving in the building materials production.

Download Full-text

The Study of the Characteristics of Sand Concrete Based on Marble Waste Sand

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports ◽

10.2478/ceer-2020-0010 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 130-144

Author(s):

Mohamed Ichem Benhalilou ◽

Mouloud Belachia ◽

Hacène Houari ◽

Assia Abdelouahed

Keyword(s):

Point Of View ◽

Raw Material ◽

Chemical Effect ◽

Partial Replacement ◽

Dune Sand ◽

Economic Reason ◽

Hardened State ◽

Weather Changes ◽

The Impact ◽

Marble Waste

AbstractThe present study aims to valorize the waste and in particular the waste from the Fil-fila quarry. The main reason for choosing the waste from this quarry was the need to reduce the impact on the environment (by reducing stockpiling) and the raw material cost (economic reason). This study therefore consists in recovering this type of waste (discarded powder subject to weather changes) as sand in partial replacement of dune sand in the formulation of sand concrete with percentages of 5, 10, 15 and 20 %, by studying the behavior of these concretes in the fresh state (workability, density and occluded air) and the properties in the hardened state (compressive and tensile strength by bending, absorption by immersion, shrinkage and weight loss, chemical effect of HCl and H2SO4 solutions), and subsequently comparing the results obtained with reference samples (0%) based on ordinary sand. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the substitution of ordinary (dune) sand with marble waste sand provides acceptable results from the point of view of workability, strength and durability.These observations are likely to widen the field of applications of these sand concretes based on marble waste.

Download Full-text

SUSTAINABILITY EVALUATION OF MAIZE SILAGE CULTIVATION ACCORDING TO LEVELS OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION USING THE ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS

Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0013.5809 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol XXI (4) ◽

pp. 254-266

Author(s):

Aleksandra Król-Badziak ◽

Jerzy Księżak

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Fertilization ◽

Sustainability Assessment ◽

Efficiency Index ◽

Point Of View ◽

Maize Silage ◽

Sustainability Evaluation ◽

Gross Margin ◽

Environmental Criteria ◽

Criteria Weights ◽

The Impact

This study aims at the sustainability assessment of maize silage cultivation according to levels of nitrogen fertilization. Based on data provided by a field experiment, economic, production and environmental criteria were evaluated for three levels of nitrogen fertilization: 80, 120 and 160 kg/ha. The environmental impact of maize cultivation was evaluated by the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. In a multi-criteria assessment, the weights of sub-criteria were evaluated on the basis of scientists, agricultural advisers and farmers’ responses through AHP methodology. Based on the mean opinion of the respondents, economic criteria have the greatest impact on overall sustainability evaluation (54%), while the impact of environmental criteria (30%) and production criteria (16%) is much smaller. Analysis of economic subcriteria proved to have the greatest impact of gross margin (61%) on sustainability assessment, followed by the economic efficiency index (31%), while the smallest impact (8%) was obtained for the economic independence index. Among the analysed production subcriteria, the level of production and complexity of agrotechnical operations (44% each) had the greatest impact on sustainability assessment, and the least – labour use (12%). The obtained results showed the best economic evaluation for 120 kg N/ha, while from a production and an environmental point of view the best alternative is the application of 80 kg N/ha. The overall evaluation, with estimated criteria weights, shows the best sustainability performance for an 80 kg/ha fertilization dose.

Download Full-text

Eco-Inefficiency Formula: A Method to Verify the Cost of the Economic, Environmental, and Social Impact of Waste in Food Services

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10061369 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 1369

Author(s):

Maísa Lins ◽

Renata Puppin Zandonadi ◽

Virgílio José Strasburg ◽

Eduardo Yoshio Nakano ◽

Raquel Braz Assunção Botelho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Waste ◽

Social Impact ◽

Water Footprint ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Raw Material ◽

Food Services ◽

Economic Dimension ◽

Definition Of ◽

The Cost ◽

The Impact

This study aimed to develop an Eco-Inefficiency (Ely) formula to verify the cost of the economic, environmental, and social impact of waste, applicable to food services (FS). Six stages were performed: identification of the terms that characterize food waste; definition of constructs influenced by food waste; identification of the variables that make up each construct; indicators capable of measuring the impact generated by food waste; definition of the mathematical formula; and EIy pilot test. The formula was based on eco-efficiency but focused on food waste. The constructs were translated into three dimensions of sustainability: environmental, social, and economic. Researchers created a score for the dimensions and the entire evaluation, based on a literature review. Water footprint, cleaning material, food production waste, the amount of rest-intake, and the amount of distribution leftover were evaluated on the environmental impact. The economic dimension variables were energy consumption to produce the wasted food, cost of raw material used in wasted food, and food handlers’ wages for the economic impact measurement. The social impact variables were: energy density (ED), rest-intake (kcal/g), distribution of leftover ED (kcal/g), use of organic food, and food surpluses’ donation. With an EIy application in each item, we have the item’s score in each dimension. The higher value of an item, the higher is its influence on the dimension, allowing us to identify those with the most significant impact in the restaurant. The Environmental dimension presented the most significant problems in the assessed scenario. The eco-inefficiency formula identifies food waste’s main critical points, allowing us to trace strategies to reduce food waste.

Download Full-text

The Geosciences Applied to Lunar Exploration

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900178222 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

pp. 169-257 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

J. Green

Keyword(s):

Lunar Surface ◽

Probable Mechanism ◽

Point Of View ◽

Lunar Exploration ◽

Geological Model ◽

Apply Geophysics ◽

Surface Features ◽

The Impact

The term geo-sciences has been used here to include the disciplines geology, geophysics and geochemistry. However, in order to apply geophysics and geochemistry effectively one must begin with a geological model. Therefore, the science of geology should be used as the basis for lunar exploration. From an astronomical point of view, a lunar terrain heavily impacted with meteors appears the more reasonable; although from a geological standpoint, volcanism seems the more probable mechanism. A surface liberally marked with volcanic features has been advocated by such geologists as Bülow, Dana, Suess, von Wolff, Shaler, Spurr, and Kuno. In this paper, both the impact and volcanic hypotheses are considered in the application of the geo-sciences to manned lunar exploration. However, more emphasis is placed on the volcanic, or more correctly the defluidization, hypothesis to account for lunar surface features.

Download Full-text

МАРКЕТИНГОВІ АСПЕКТИ ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ ЛІТЕРАТУРНИХ КОНКУРСІВ ТА ПРЕМІЙ

State and Regions. Series: Social Communications ◽

10.32840/cpu2219-8741/2020.2(42).13 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 90

Author(s):

O. Bondar

Keyword(s):

Publishing House ◽

Target Audience ◽

Point Of View ◽

Information Support ◽

Literary Field ◽

Non Profit ◽

Functional Aspects ◽

The Media ◽

Literary Prizes ◽

The Impact

In this study, I have collected and summarized the functional aspects of a literary prize, contest, and rating, which indicate their affiliation with the marketing complex of the publishing house for the first time. For this purpose, I have analyzed and summarized the common concepts of the functioning of literary prizes and contests as advertising tools for publishing activity. Because the previous studies are only focused on the fact of the impact of the prize on the promotion of editions but do not explain it, these aspects have been considered and introduced by me from the book production’s point of view. I investigated that the prizes and the contests in the literary field are effective marketing tools, which meet many publisher’s needs at the same time and can be considered a non-profit form of capital. I have reviewed the works of other authors, who accept that the economic success of the book is rising if the author is a winner of the literary prize or contest. I have found out that the book prize activates the demand for the book, and the literary contest is a tool to track the reader’s reaction to a future publication. In this way, literary prizes and contests can be considered as a way of conducting a marketing dialogue with the target audience. I have focused on the information support of literary national and international prizes and contests by the media, which attracts attention to the book and forms the reader’s interest. The literary prizes and contests are also considered as a way of exploring trends and their changes, familiarization the popular genres among the target audience and fixation the current choice of modern readers. Literary prizes and contests motivate the authors to improve their literary excellence, are the source of new authors and works, and assist in increasing sales of books. However, further research is recommended.Key words: book prize, book rating, literary contest, literary prize, functions of the literary prizes.

Download Full-text