scholarly journals Intersection-Based Routing with Fuzzy Multi-Factor Decision for VANETs

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 7304
Author(s):  
Zhenbo Cao ◽  
Zujie Fan ◽  
Jaesool Kim
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Road Segment ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
Change Direction ◽  
End To End

Due to the limitations of the urban environment, the data transferred between vehicles can only change direction at the intersections. Therefore, the routing decision at an intersection will largely affect the overall routing decision. In this article, we propose an Intersection-Based Routing with Fuzzy Multi-Factor Decision (IRFMF), which utilizes several factors to decide the next road segment. In the scheme, each intersection introduces three factors including the direction, the number of lanes, and the traffic. After the fuzzification and defuzzification of these factors, the candidate segment with the highest evaluation will be selected. The simulation shows a significant improvement of VANETs performance on packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay.

Catechize Global Optimization through Leading Edge Firefly Based Zone Routing Protocol

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha Sharma ◽  
Sherin Zafar ◽  
Usha Batra
Keyword(s):  
Global Optimization ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Firefly Algorithm ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Zone Routing Protocol ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
End To End

Background: Zone Routing Protocol is evolving as an efficient hybrid routing protocol with an extremely high potentiality owing to the integration of two radically different schemes, proactive and reactive in such a way that a balance between control overhead and latency is achieved. Its performance is impacted by various network conditions such as zone radius, network size, mobility, etc. Objective: The research work described in this paper focuses on improving the performance of zone routing protocol by reducing the amount of reactive traffic which is primarily responsible for degraded network performance in case of large networks. The usage of route aggregation approach helps in reducing the routing overhead and also help achieve performance optimization. Methods: The performance of proposed protocol is assessed under varying node size and mobility. Further applied is the firefly algorithm which aims to achieve global optimization that is quite difficult to achieve due to non-linearity of functions and multimodality of algorithms. For performance evaluation a set of benchmark functions are being adopted like, packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay to validate the proposed approach. Results: Simulation results depict better performance of leading edge firefly algorithm when compared to zone routing protocol and route aggregation based zone routing protocol. The proposed leading edge FRA-ZRP approach shows major improvement between ZRP and FRA-ZRP in Packet Delivery Ratio. FRA-ZRP outperforms traditional ZRP and RA-ZRP even in terms of End to End Delay by reducing the delay and gaining a substantial QOS improvement. Conclusion: The achievement of proposed approach can be credited to the formation on zone head and attainment of route from the head hence reduced queuing of data packets due to control packets, by adopting FRA-ZRP approach. The routing optimized zone routing protocol using Route aggregation approach and FRA augments the QoS, which is the most crucial parameter for routing performance enhancement of MANET.

scholarly journals Analisis Kinerja GPSR dan AODV pada VANET dengan Skema Pengimbangan Beban Trafik

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 207
Author(s):  
RENDI DIAN PRASETIA ◽  
DOAN PERDANA ◽  
RIDHA MULDINA NEGARA
Keyword(s):  
Load Balancing ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Vehicle Traffic ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
End To End

ABSTRAKSalah satu permasalahan di kota-kota besar adalah kemacetan lalu lintas yang disebabkan karena tidak mencukupinya ruas jalan, volume kendaraan yang begitu besar, persebaran kendaraan yang tidak merata dan lain-lain. Salah satu solusinya adalah para pengendara dapat menggunakan aplikasi peta digital pada smartphone-nya. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan pengimbangan beban trafik kendaraan. Pada penelitian ini akan dibahas mengenai kinerja VANET yang menggunakan protokol routing GPSR dan AODV dengan skema pengimbangan beban trafik kendaraan dengan pengaruh kepadatan node. Perancangan sistem simulasi terbagi menjadi dua subsistem yaitu subsistem mobilitas dan jaringan. Kemudian dilakukan pengimbangan beban trafik kendaraan, dan kinerja VANET akan diamati. Performansi dievaluasi dengan average end to end delay, throughput, dan packet delivery ratio. Nilai rata-rata throughput, PDR, delay untuk GPSR adalah 142.21 Kbps, 87.47 %, dan 82.83 ms. Sedangkan AODV adalah 119.81 Kbps, 86.67 %, dan 103.21 ms. Dari hasil penelitian nilai QoS performansi dari routing protocol GPSR lebih baik dari pada AODV pada VANET.Kata kunci: Vanet, Pengimbangan Beban, GPSR, AODV.ABSTRACTOne of the problems in big cities is congestion. The congestion is caused byinsufficient road segment, large volume of vehicles, unbalanced spread ofvehicles and others. One solution is that riders can use digital map applications on their smartphones. Therefore it is necessary to balancing the traffic load of vehicles. In this research will be discussed about VANET performance using GPSR and AODV routing protocol with vehicle traffic load balancing scheme with node density influence. The design of the simulation system is divided into two subsystems namely mobility and network subsystem. Then balancing the vehicle traffic load, and VANET performance will be observed. Performance is evaluated with the average end to end delay, throughput, and packet delivery ratio. The mean value of throughput, PDR, delay for GPSR respectively 142.21 Kbps, 87.47%, and 82.83 ms. While AODV is 119.81 Kbps, 86.67%, and 103.21 ms. From the simulation results can be concluded that the performance of GPSR is better than AODV on VANET. Keywords: Vanet, Load Balancing, GPSR, AODV.

Secure Buffer-Based Routing Protocol for WMN

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-44
Author(s):  
Geetanjali Rathee ◽  
Hemraj Saini
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Secure Routing ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Link Failure ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
End To End ◽  
Network Metrics

Secure routing is considered as one of a key challenge in mesh networks because of its dynamic and broadcasting nature. The broadcasting nature of mesh environment invites number of security vulnerabilities to come and affect the network metrics drastically. Further, any node/link failure of a routed path may reduce the performance of the entire network. A number of secure routing protocols have been proposed by different researchers but enhancement of a single network parameter (i.e. security) may affect another performance metrics significantly i.e. throughput, end to end delay, packet delivery ratio etc. In order to ensure secure routing with improved network metrics, a Secure Buffer based Routing Protocol i.e. SBRP is proposed which ensures better network performance with increased level of security. SBRP protocol uses buffers at alternate positions to fasten re-routing mechanism during node/link failure and ensures the security using AES encryption. Further the protocol is analyzed against mAODV protocol in both static and dynamic environment in terms of security, packet delivery ratio, end to end delay and network throughput.

scholarly journals Performance Assessment of QoS Using AODV, TORA and ZRP Routing Protocol in MANET

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 744-750
Author(s):  
Irfan Ahmad ◽  
Fahad Masood ◽  
Arbab Wajid Ullah Khan
Keyword(s):  
Performance Assessment ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Zone Routing Protocol ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
End To End

In Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) nodes often change their location independently where neither fixed nor centralized infrastructure is present. Nodes communicate with each other directly or via intermediate nodes. The advantages of the MANET layout lead to self-structure and compatibility to most important functions such as traffic distribution and load balancing. Whenever the host moves rapidly in the network the topology becomes updated due to which the structure of MANET varies accordingly. In the literature, different routing protocols have been studied and compared by researchers. Still, there are queries regarding the performance of these protocols under different scenarios. MANETs are not based on a predesigned structure. In this paper, the performance assessment of the Quality of Services (QoS) for different protocols such as Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) and Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) in the existence of the various number of communicating nodes is studied. The performance matrices throughput, end – to – end delay and packet delivery ratio are considered for simulations. Ns 2.35 simulator is used for carrying out these simulations. Results are compared for AODV, TORA, and ZRP routing protocols. The results show that AODV and TORA perform well in end – to – end delay as compared to zone routing protocol. Zone routing protocol performs well in packet delivery ratio and throughput as compared to both the other protocols.

scholarly journals RPL LOAD BALANCING IN INTERNET OF THINGS

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Reza Parsaei ◽  
Ahmad Reza Parnian ◽  
Samaneh Miri Rostami ◽  
Reza Javidan
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Load Balancing ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Smart Objects ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
End To End

ABSTRACT:  The wide address space provided by Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) lets any thing to be identified uniquely. consistency of the modified version of IPv6 protocol stack with smart objects, facilitated the Internet interconnection of the networks of smart objects and introduced Internet of things. A smart object is a small micro-electronic device that consists of a communication device, a small microprocessor and a sensor or an actuator. A network made of such devices is called low-power and lossy network. RPL routing protocol that is consistent to IPv6, is designed to be used in these kinds of networks. Load balancing is not considered in the RPL design process. Whenever RPL is used in large scale low-power and lossy networks some nodes will suffer from congestion and this problem severely degrades network performance. In this paper, we consider solutions provided to tackle RPL load balancing problems. Load balancing algorithms and protoclos are evaluated through simulation. We evaluate IETF RPL implementation and LB-RPL method with Contiki OS Java (COOJA) simulator. They are assessed comprehensively through metrics such as Packet delivery Ratio, Average End to End delay, and Gateway Throughput. LB-RPL improves RPL in terms of Packet delivery Ratio and throughput but increases Average End to End delay. Simulations results show that RPL load balancing needs extensive works to be performed yet.

scholarly journals Combating Resource Consumption and Byzantine Attacks in MANET through Enhanced CBDS Technique

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muskan Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Resource Consumption ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
End To End ◽  
Security Checks ◽  
Wireless Infrastructure ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Byzantine Attacks

MANET is a network where mobile works as node and it is wireless, infrastructure-less network in which nodes can move freely and can change their positions also. It is wireless, so it needs more security than the wired network. We are using Enhanced CBDS technique here, so that we can save our network from Resource consumption and Byzantine attacks. Resource consumption attack can be detected by adding new security checks to the algorithms. If the battery and bandwidth usage of any node are not going as per optimized usage thresholds set. Byzantine Attack we will be detected as if acknowledgement is not received by source in desired time. Adding alarm packet in the CBDS technique is the Enhanced CBDS technique. It shows better results than the CBDS technique Enhanced CBDS technique is better than 2 ACK, BFTR and DSR on the basis of various parameters like packet delivery ratio, end to end delay, and throughput.

Hybrid AODV: An Efficient Routing Protocol for Manet Using MFR and Firefly Optimization Technique

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150004
Author(s):  
ANKUR GOYAL ◽  
VIVEK KUMAR SHARMA ◽  
SANDEEP KUMAR ◽  
RAMESH CHANDRA POONIA
Keyword(s):  
Shortest Path ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Optimization Technique ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Routing Overhead ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
End To End

A MANET is a category of ad hoc protocol that could vary positions and track itself on the flutter. It utilizes wireless connections that are attached to several networks. They include wirelessly in a self-configured, self-healing network while not having permanent communication linked in a collection of mobile networks. The network topology of nodes typically varies in MANET, and nodes are free to stir errantly and independently as a router as they accelerate traffic to more nodes within the network. Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) was employed for node selection to attain the shortest path strategy in existing techniques. In the proposed system, the hybrid AODV (HAODV) technique incorporates the MFR (Most Forward within Radius) technique to detect the shortest path routing algorithm. The MFR method was deployed for selecting the neighbor node, while HAODV was deployed to find the shortest path. To find the shortest path based on the updating equation, the Firefly algorithm is also implemented into the Hybrid AODV. The proposed work’s performance is calculated by different network parameters like the end to end delay, average routing overhead, throughput, and packet delivery ratio. After comparing AODV and DSR algorithms, the proposed algorithm (HAODV) shows improvement in packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, Routing overhead, and throughput.

scholarly journals Analisis Kinerja Protokol Routing AODV dan DSDV

SISTEMASI ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Fajar Baihaqy
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Service ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
End To End

MANET merupakan tipe jaringan khusus yang mampu melibatkan banyak orang atau peralatan komunikasi tanpa ketergantungan terhadap suatu infrastruktur. AODV dan DSDV merupakan contoh routing protocol yang efisien untuk jaringan Ad Hoc pada tipe routing protocol masing-masing. AODV untuk tipe routing protocol reactive dan DSDV untuk tipe routing protocol proactive. Setiap routing protocol tentunya memiliki kemampuan masing-masing, sehingga Quality of Service (QoS) untuk setiap routing protocol akan berbeda juga. Dalam penelitian melakukan analisis QoS pada routing protocol AODV dan DSDV dengan parameter yang di uji adalah Packet Delivery Ratio, Throughput, dan end-to-end Delay. Hasil pengujian memperlihatkan bahwa masing-masing routing protocol yang diteliti, routing protocol AODV memiliki waktu yang lebih cepat dalam proses pengiriman packet ke node selanjutnya. Untuk jumlah paket yang terkirim routing protocol AODV lebih baik dibandingkan DSDV.

scholarly journals SIMULASI DAN ANALISIS PERFORMANSI DARI PROTOKOL ROUTING BERBASIS POSISI GPRS DAN GyTAR UNTUK VEHICLE COMMUNICATION PADA VEHICULAR AD HOC NETWORK (VANET)

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irma Nurlita Dewi ◽  
Rendy Munadi ◽  
Leanna Vidya Y.
Keyword(s):  
Packet Loss ◽  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Vehicle Communication ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
End To End

Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) merupakan konsep subset dari Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) sebagai teknologi yang memungkinkan komunikasi Inter Vehicle Communication (IVC) dan Roadside-toVehicle (RVC).VANET dikarakteristikkan dengan membangun jaringan ad hoc yang dibentuk dari nodenode berupa kendaraan bermobilitas tinggi yang dibatasi dengan aturan lalu lintas sehingga pergerakannya disesuaikan dengan pola tertentu, tidak seperti MANET yang pergerakannya bisa random tanpa ada batasan. Dengan demikian, protokol routing konvensional berbasis topologi pada MANET dinilai tidak cocok untuk VANET. Protokol routing berbasis posisi sepeti GPSR dan GyTAR dinilai cocok untuk VANET. Hal ini tak lain karena aspek dinamika topologi pada VANET yang dapat berdampak nyata pada analisis protokol routing. Dari hasil simulasi diperoleh bahwa GyTAR unggul pada skenario lingkungan perkotaan dilihat dari seluruh parameter end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, packet loss dan normalized routing overhead yang lebih baik dari GPSR dengan rata-rata nilai masing-masing, yakni 2,294 ms, 0,958, 4,19%, dan 0,482. Sementara pada skenario lingkungan jalan tol GPSR lebih unggul dibandingkan GyTAR dengan rata-rata nilai end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, dan packet loss sebesar 2,639 ms, 0,920, dan 7,923%; namun dengan perolehan NRO yang lebih kecil oleh GyTAR, yakni sebesar 1,725.Kata Kunci: VANET, MANET , GPSR, GyTAR, IVC, SUMO

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document