scholarly journals NH3 and N2O Real World Emissions Measurement from a CNG Heavy Duty Vehicle Using On-Board Measurement Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 10055
Author(s):  
Ricardo Suarez-Bertoa ◽  
Roberto Gioria ◽  
Tommaso Selleri ◽  
Velizara Lilova ◽  
Anastasios Melas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
The Road ◽  
Heavy Duty Vehicle ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Development And Utilization ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Road Testing

The development and utilization of a series of after-treatment devices in modern vehicles has led to an increase in emissions of NH3 and/or N2O with respect to the past. N2O is a long-lived greenhouse gas and an ozone-depleting substance, while NH3 is a precursor of secondary aerosols in the atmosphere. Certain regions, e.g., the EU and the USA, have introduced limits to the emissions of NH3 or N2O for vehicles tested in the laboratory. However, due to the lack of on-board systems that allow for the measurement of these compounds when the regulations were developed, these vehicles’ real-world emissions have not been regulated. This work evaluates on-board systems that could allow measuring real-world emissions of NH3 and N2O from heavy-duty vehicles. In particular, emissions of NH3 or N2O from a Euro VI Step D urban/interurban bus fueled with Compressed Natural Gas were measured using the HORIBA’s OBS-ONE-XL, which is based on a specifically developed technique called Infrared Laser Absorption Modulation, and uses a Quantum Cascade Laser as a light source. They were also measured using the PEMS-LAB, which is a more conventional FTIR-based system. Emissions were measured under real-world driving conditions on the road and in a climatic test cell at different ambient temperatures. For most of the conditions tested, the on-board systems correlated well with a laboratory-grade FTIR used as reference. In addition, a good correlation with R2 > 0.9 was found for the N2O concentrations measured by OBS-ONE-XL and PEMS-LAB during on-road testing.

scholarly journals Real-world measurement and mechanical-analysis-based verification of NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from an in-use heavy-duty vehicle

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 2115-2126
Author(s):  
Hiroo Hata ◽  
Kazuo Kokuryo ◽  
Takehiko Ogata ◽  
Masahiko Kugata ◽  
Koichi Yanai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Catalytic Reduction ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Emission Measurement ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Driving Mode ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Heavy Duty Vehicle

Abstract. A portable emission measurement system (PEMS) was used to measure the real-world driving emissions pertaining to a Japanese middle-sized heavy-duty vehicle. The testing was performed with the vehicle being driven in the metropolitan area of Tokyo in four seasons (January, June, August, and November) to analyze the seasonal dependence of NOx and CO2 emissions. The experimental results indicated that the amount of NOx emissions was particularly high in the cold season owing to the slow starting of the NOx after-treatment systems, which is to say the exhaust gas recirculation and urea-selective-catalytic-reduction systems, under low-ambient-temperature conditions. In real-world driving, a high acceleration pattern was observed in the low-speed region which is not considered in the world harmonized vehicle cycle, which is the worldwide official driving mode in the chassis dynamometer experiment. Finally, the transient emission tables for NOx and CO2 were constructed based on the PEMS measurement results and the classical mechanic theory. The constructed tables replicated well the experimental results in all the considered conditions involving different ambient temperatures and locations. The proposed approach can be used to evaluate emission inventories in the future.

scholarly journals Emission Factors of a Euro VI Heavy-duty Diesel Refuse Collection Vehicle

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barouch Giechaskiel ◽  
Roberto Gioria ◽  
Massimo Carriero ◽  
Tero Lähde ◽  
Fabrizio Forloni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Number ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Refuse Collection ◽  
The Road ◽  
Heavy Duty Vehicle ◽  
Heavy Duty Diesel ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Exhaust Gas Temperature

Modern (Euro VI) heavy-duty vehicles have significantly lower pollutant emissions than older vehicles. However, there are still concerns regarding the emissions of refuse collection vehicles in cities, because in some cases they may use engines designed for long haulage trucks. For this reason, we tested a diesel Euro VI (step C) refuse collection heavy-duty vehicle, both in the laboratory on a chassis dynamometer and on the road, similar to the regulated in-service conformity cycle, but also with actual refuse collection cycles. Particle number (PN) and gaseous pollutants (NOx, CO, HC) were measured using a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS). Additionally, in the laboratory we used laboratory grade gaseous, particle number, and FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) systems to assess the PEMS. For short periods, where the exhaust gas temperature was low for the aftertreatment devices (cold start, some city conditions), the NOx emissions reached 2000 mg/km. Nevertheless, all pollutants were well below the applicable emissions limits expressed in mg/kWh for all cycles examined (in brackets the ratio to the laboratory limit): NOx < 400 mg/kWh (0.87), CO < 850 mg/kWh (0.21), HC < 12 mg/kWh (0.08), PN < 2.4×1010 p/kWh (0.04). To make sure that this will always be the case, future heavy-duty type approval emissions regulations should specifically consider the urban conditions for municipality vehicles, such as refuse trucks.

Social Progress in Britain

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony F. Heath ◽  
Elizabeth Garratt ◽  
Ridhi Kashyap ◽  
Yaojun Li ◽  
Lindsay Richards
Keyword(s):  
Free Market ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
The Road ◽  
Social Divisions ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
The Usa ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Free Market Reforms ◽  
Made In

Social Progress in Britain examines how much progress has made in the years since Sir William Beveridge described the ‘five giants on the road to reconstruction’—the giants of Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor, and Idleness. The book has chapters examining the progress which Britain has made in improving material prosperity and tackling poverty; in extending length of life and tackling disease; in raising participation in education and improving educational standards; in tackling the scourge of unemployment, especially youth unemployment; and in providing better-quality housing and tackling overcrowding. In addition to Beveridge’s five giants, the book also explores inequalities of opportunity (focussing on inequalities between social classes, men and women, and ethnic groups), and the changing nature of social divisions and social cohesion in Britain. Throughout, the chapters put British progress into perspective by drawing comparisons with progress made in other large developed democracies such as Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Sweden, and the USA. As well as looking at the average level of prosperity, life expectancy, education, and housing, the book examines the extent of inequality around the average and pays particular attention to whether the most disadvantaged sections of society have shared in progress or have fallen behind. It concludes with an assessment of the effect of policy interventions such as Margaret Thatcher’s free market reforms of the 1980s on different aspects of social progress.

More obstacles on the road to unification

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Alden Smith
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Real World ◽  
Institutional Constraints ◽  
Historical Contingency ◽  
Behavioral Sciences ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road

The synthesis proposed by Gintis is valuable but insufficient. Greater consideration must be given to epistemological diversity within the behavioral sciences, to incorporating historical contingency and institutional constraints on decision-making, and to vigorously testing deductive models of human behavior in real-world contexts.

Occurrence and Prevention of Changes in the Chemical Structure of Natural Rubber Tire Tread Vulcanizates during Service

1970 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1215-1224 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. I. Cunneen ◽  
R. M. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Main Chain ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Structural Alterations ◽  
The Road ◽  
Rubber Tire ◽  
Before And After ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Made In

Abstract The chemical structure of the tread vulcanizate of heavy-duty tires has been investigated before and after service on the road, and after testing under conditions designed to induce tread-lift. Significant changes occurred. These included a marked reduction in the concentration of polysulfide crosslinks, and an increase in the amount of monosulfide crosslinks and main chain modification. Experiments with vulcanizates made in the laboratory indicated that the structural alterations in the tires were due to thermal anaerobic reactions caused by heat build-up, and that they resulted in a deterioration in some of the physical properties of the tread vulcanizate. The rate of desulfuration of ‘model’ polysulfides has been found to depend critically upon the nature of the vulcanization recipe. These novel findings point the way to improving the stability of vulcanizates used in the treads of tires and, consequently, tire performance.

Method for Translation of In-Use Fuel Consumption and NOX Emissions Between Different Heavy-Duty Vehicle Routes

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar F. Delgado ◽  
Nigel N. Clark ◽  
Gregory J. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Relative Error ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Chassis Dynamometer ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
The Road ◽  
Heavy Duty Vehicle ◽  
Vehicle Activity

Portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) are used to perform in-use measurements for emissions inventory and regulatory applications. PEMS data represent real world conditions more accurately than chassis dynamometer or engine dynamometer testing, arguably being the most realistic method of determining exhaust emissions over a certain driving route. However, measured emissions and fuel consumption depend strongly on both the route followed and the traffic situation that the vehicle encounters. A tool for translation of emissions and fuel consumption between diverse types of vehicle activity is required. The purpose of this paper is to assess the possibility of using route-averaged properties (kinematic parameters) for translation of fuel consumption and NOx emissions for a set of eighteen heavy-duty vehicles operating over up to eight different driving routes. A linear model developed for heavy-duty vehicle chassis dynamometer data modeling has been extended to in-use heavy-duty vehicle data. Two approaches were implemented; the first approach mimicked the prior chassis dynamometer work by incorporating average vehicle speed and average positive acceleration and the second approach incorporated road grade in a characteristic power parameter. The end result is a simple method which was shown to be accurate for estimation of fuel consumption (within 5% relative error) and NOx emissions (within 12% relative error) for over-the-road vehicles over “unseen” roads or traffic situations, without the need to perform additional over-the-road tests.

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