scholarly journals Emission Factors of a Euro VI Heavy-duty Diesel Refuse Collection Vehicle

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barouch Giechaskiel ◽  
Roberto Gioria ◽  
Massimo Carriero ◽  
Tero Lähde ◽  
Fabrizio Forloni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Number ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Refuse Collection ◽  
The Road ◽  
Heavy Duty Vehicle ◽  
Heavy Duty Diesel ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Exhaust Gas Temperature

Modern (Euro VI) heavy-duty vehicles have significantly lower pollutant emissions than older vehicles. However, there are still concerns regarding the emissions of refuse collection vehicles in cities, because in some cases they may use engines designed for long haulage trucks. For this reason, we tested a diesel Euro VI (step C) refuse collection heavy-duty vehicle, both in the laboratory on a chassis dynamometer and on the road, similar to the regulated in-service conformity cycle, but also with actual refuse collection cycles. Particle number (PN) and gaseous pollutants (NOx, CO, HC) were measured using a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS). Additionally, in the laboratory we used laboratory grade gaseous, particle number, and FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) systems to assess the PEMS. For short periods, where the exhaust gas temperature was low for the aftertreatment devices (cold start, some city conditions), the NOx emissions reached 2000 mg/km. Nevertheless, all pollutants were well below the applicable emissions limits expressed in mg/kWh for all cycles examined (in brackets the ratio to the laboratory limit): NOx < 400 mg/kWh (0.87), CO < 850 mg/kWh (0.21), HC < 12 mg/kWh (0.08), PN < 2.4×1010 p/kWh (0.04). To make sure that this will always be the case, future heavy-duty type approval emissions regulations should specifically consider the urban conditions for municipality vehicles, such as refuse trucks.

scholarly journals NH3 and N2O Real World Emissions Measurement from a CNG Heavy Duty Vehicle Using On-Board Measurement Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 10055
Author(s):  
Ricardo Suarez-Bertoa ◽  
Roberto Gioria ◽  
Tommaso Selleri ◽  
Velizara Lilova ◽  
Anastasios Melas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
The Road ◽  
Heavy Duty Vehicle ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Development And Utilization ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Road Testing

The development and utilization of a series of after-treatment devices in modern vehicles has led to an increase in emissions of NH3 and/or N2O with respect to the past. N2O is a long-lived greenhouse gas and an ozone-depleting substance, while NH3 is a precursor of secondary aerosols in the atmosphere. Certain regions, e.g., the EU and the USA, have introduced limits to the emissions of NH3 or N2O for vehicles tested in the laboratory. However, due to the lack of on-board systems that allow for the measurement of these compounds when the regulations were developed, these vehicles’ real-world emissions have not been regulated. This work evaluates on-board systems that could allow measuring real-world emissions of NH3 and N2O from heavy-duty vehicles. In particular, emissions of NH3 or N2O from a Euro VI Step D urban/interurban bus fueled with Compressed Natural Gas were measured using the HORIBA’s OBS-ONE-XL, which is based on a specifically developed technique called Infrared Laser Absorption Modulation, and uses a Quantum Cascade Laser as a light source. They were also measured using the PEMS-LAB, which is a more conventional FTIR-based system. Emissions were measured under real-world driving conditions on the road and in a climatic test cell at different ambient temperatures. For most of the conditions tested, the on-board systems correlated well with a laboratory-grade FTIR used as reference. In addition, a good correlation with R2 > 0.9 was found for the N2O concentrations measured by OBS-ONE-XL and PEMS-LAB during on-road testing.

scholarly journals On-Road Bus Emission Comparison for Diverse Locations and Fuel Types in Real-World Operation Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Wang ◽  
Zhuoqun Sun ◽  
Zhirui Ye
Keyword(s):  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Heat Maps ◽  
The Road ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Bus Stop ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Bus Stops ◽  
Heavy Duty Diesel ◽  
Mdd Method

Urban buses have energy and environmental impacts because they are mostly equipped with heavy-duty diesel engines, having higher emission factors and pollution levels. This study proposed a mean distribution deviation (MDD) method to identify bus pollutant emissions including CO, CO2, HC, and NOX at road sections, intersections, and bus stops for different fuel types; and explore the changes in emissions for different locations in the road sections, bus stops, and intersection influence areas. Bus speed, acceleration, and emissions data were collected from four fuel types in China. For different locations and fuel types, the differences in emissions were all statistically significant. MDD values for different locations indicated that there were more obvious differences in emissions between road sections and intersections. In addition, heat maps were applied in this study to better understand changes in bus emissions for different locations in the bus stop influence areas, intersection influence areas, and road sections.

scholarly journals Improving Efficiency, Extending the Maximum Load Limit and Characterizing the Control-Related Problems Associated With Higher Loads in a 6-Cylinder Heavy-Duty Natural Gas Engine

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrzad Kaiadi ◽  
Per Tunestal ◽  
Bengt Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Compression Ratio ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Load Limit ◽  
Overall Efficiency ◽  
Exhaust Gas Temperature

High EGR rates combined with turbocharging has been identified as a promising way to increase the maximum load and efficiency of heavy duty spark ignition Natural Gas engines. With stoichiometric conditions a three way catalyst can be used which means that regulated emissions can be kept at very low levels. Most of the heavy duty NG engines are diesel engines which are converted for SI operation. These engine’s components are in common with the diesel-engine which put limits on higher exhaust gas temperature. The engines have lower maximum load level than the corresponding diesel engines. This is mainly due to the lower density of NG, lower compression ratio and limits on knocking and also high exhaust gas temperature. They also have lower efficiency due to mainly the lower compression ratio and the throttling losses. However performing some modifications on the engines such as redesigning the engine’s piston in a way to achieve higher compression ratio and more turbulence, modifying EGR system and optimizing the turbocharging system will result in improving the overall efficiency and the maximum load limit of the engine. This paper presents the detailed information about the engine modifications which result in improving the overall efficiency and extending the maximum load of the engine. Control-related problems associated with the higher loads are also identified and appropriate solutions are suggested.

scholarly journals Analisis pengaruh V/C ratio lalu lintas kendaraan terhadap tingkat polusi udara berdasarkan volume lalu lintas kendaraan (studi di kawasan persimpangan Mall SKA Kota Pekanbaru)

Jurnal Zona ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-74
Author(s):  
Muhammad Yevizal ◽  
Aras Mulyadi ◽  
Ferry Fatnanta
Keyword(s):  
Quality Standards ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Observation Point ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Bus Lane ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The City

Completion of the transportation problems in the city of Pekanbaru currently only looked at in terms of congestion, but not touching insights from environmental aspects such as performance air pollution and noise levels. This research was conducted at the observation point road ahead Repair Tambusai lord Eastern Daihatshu, road Tuanku Tambusai West Side Mall SKA, North Soekarno Hatta street front retail outlets, street front Soekarno Hatta South Hotel Ibis Pekanbaru. V / C Ratio highest in the afternoon rush hour on the road ahead Tambusai lord Stations Daihatsu ie 0.86 pelyanan road performance E. Quality Standard ambient NOx emissions do not exceed the threshold of ambient quality standards, the NOx emission = 281.76 mg/m3. Quality Standard ambient CO emissions do not exceed the threshold of ambient quality standards, namely emission = 7456.79 mg/m3, the noise level over the limit of noise that is 71.41 dB (A). To balance the load reduction in pollutant emissions and noise levels at the flyover plan with the plan of special bus lane traffic volume assumptions have to move 25% of the transfer of the road users of private vehicles and motorbikes switch to using mass public transport vehicles ie Trans Metro bus Pekanbaru.

Occurrence and Prevention of Changes in the Chemical Structure of Natural Rubber Tire Tread Vulcanizates during Service

1970 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1215-1224 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. I. Cunneen ◽  
R. M. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Main Chain ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Structural Alterations ◽  
The Road ◽  
Rubber Tire ◽  
Before And After ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Made In

Abstract The chemical structure of the tread vulcanizate of heavy-duty tires has been investigated before and after service on the road, and after testing under conditions designed to induce tread-lift. Significant changes occurred. These included a marked reduction in the concentration of polysulfide crosslinks, and an increase in the amount of monosulfide crosslinks and main chain modification. Experiments with vulcanizates made in the laboratory indicated that the structural alterations in the tires were due to thermal anaerobic reactions caused by heat build-up, and that they resulted in a deterioration in some of the physical properties of the tread vulcanizate. The rate of desulfuration of ‘model’ polysulfides has been found to depend critically upon the nature of the vulcanization recipe. These novel findings point the way to improving the stability of vulcanizates used in the treads of tires and, consequently, tire performance.

Method for Translation of In-Use Fuel Consumption and NOX Emissions Between Different Heavy-Duty Vehicle Routes

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar F. Delgado ◽  
Nigel N. Clark ◽  
Gregory J. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Relative Error ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Chassis Dynamometer ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
The Road ◽  
Heavy Duty Vehicle ◽  
Vehicle Activity

Portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) are used to perform in-use measurements for emissions inventory and regulatory applications. PEMS data represent real world conditions more accurately than chassis dynamometer or engine dynamometer testing, arguably being the most realistic method of determining exhaust emissions over a certain driving route. However, measured emissions and fuel consumption depend strongly on both the route followed and the traffic situation that the vehicle encounters. A tool for translation of emissions and fuel consumption between diverse types of vehicle activity is required. The purpose of this paper is to assess the possibility of using route-averaged properties (kinematic parameters) for translation of fuel consumption and NOx emissions for a set of eighteen heavy-duty vehicles operating over up to eight different driving routes. A linear model developed for heavy-duty vehicle chassis dynamometer data modeling has been extended to in-use heavy-duty vehicle data. Two approaches were implemented; the first approach mimicked the prior chassis dynamometer work by incorporating average vehicle speed and average positive acceleration and the second approach incorporated road grade in a characteristic power parameter. The end result is a simple method which was shown to be accurate for estimation of fuel consumption (within 5% relative error) and NOx emissions (within 12% relative error) for over-the-road vehicles over “unseen” roads or traffic situations, without the need to perform additional over-the-road tests.

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