scholarly journals High Contribution of Biomass Combustion to PM2.5 in the City Centre of Naples (Italy)

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmina Sirignano ◽  
Angelo Riccio ◽  
Elena Chianese ◽  
Haiyan Ni ◽  
Katrin Zenker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosol ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Biomass Combustion ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The City ◽  
Fossil Fuel Emissions

A better knowledge of the local and regional sources of the atmospheric particulate matter provides policy makers with the proper awareness when acting to improve air quality, in order to protect public health. A source apportionment study of the carbonaceous aerosol in Naples (Italy) is presented here, in order to improve this understanding in a vulnerable urban area. The aim of this study is quantifying directly fossil and non-fossil contributions to carbonaceous aerosol, by means of radiocarbon measurements. This is the first time that such an approach is implemented in this area. Fine particles with diameter ≤ 2.5 µm (PM2.5) were collected daily on top of a building in the city center, from November 2016 until January 2017. The carbonaceous aerosol was separated into organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), by a two-step thermal desorption method. Subsequent radiocarbon analysis enabled the partitioning of the major sources of carbonaceous aerosol into fossil and non-fossil ones by applying radiocarbon isotopic mass balance. The PM2.5 concentration was on average 29 ± 3 µg⁄m3 (mean ± standard error; n = 18), with a maximum of 68.6 ± 0.7 µg⁄m3 on a day when air masses back-trajectories suggest a local origin and stagnant airflow conditions in the region. The carbonaceous component accounts for roughly half of the PM2.5 mass. Fossil fuel emissions are a minor source of OC (23%), but the dominant source of EC (66%), which is directly emitted during combustion processes. However, overall only 30% of the total carbon is of fossil origin, accounting for 14% of PM2.5 mass. Surprisingly, a comparable contribution is due to primary biomass burning carbon, which accounts in total for 15% of PM2.5 mass. Traffic pollution, the main cause of fossil fuel emissions in urban areas, is a significant, but not the predominant source of carbonaceous particle concentration. These findings support the conclusion of a predominant contribution from non-fossil sources to the carbon in airborne particulate matter, which policy makers should take into account when planning mitigation strategies to improve urban air quality.

scholarly journals Fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning and biogenic sources of fine carbonaceous aerosol in the Carpathian Basin

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 4295-4312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imre Salma ◽  
Anikó Vasanits-Zsigrai ◽  
Attila Machon ◽  
Tamás Varga ◽  
István Major ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
Carpathian Basin ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosol ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Fossil Fuel Combustion ◽  
Regional Background ◽  
The City

Abstract. Fine-fraction aerosol samples were collected, and air pollutants and meteorological properties were measured in situ in the regional background environment of the Carpathian Basin, a suburban area and central part of its largest city, Budapest, in each season for a 1-year-long time interval. The samples were analysed for PM2.5 mass, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble OC (WSOC), radiocarbon, levoglucosan (LVG) and its stereoisomers, and some chemical elements. Carbonaceous aerosol species made up 36 % of the PM2.5 mass, with a modest seasonal variation and with a slightly increasing tendency from the regional background to the city centre (from 32 % to 39 %). A coupled radiocarbon-LVG marker method was applied to apportion the total carbon (TC = OC + EC) into contributions of EC and OC from fossil fuel (FF) combustion (ECFF and OCFF, respectively), EC and OC from biomass burning (BB) (ECBB and OCBB, respectively), and OC from biogenic sources (OCBIO). Fossil fuel combustion showed rather constant daily or monthly mean contributions (of 35 %) to the TC in the whole year in all atmospheric environments, while the daily contributions of BB and biogenic sources changed radically (from <2 % up to 70 %–85 %) at all locations and over the years. In October, the three major sources contributed equally to the TC in all environments. In January, it was the BB that was the major source, with a share of 70 % at all sites. The contributions from biogenic sources in January were the smallest. In April, FF combustion and biogenic sources were the largest two contributors at all locations with typical shares of 45 %–50 % each. In July, biogenic sources became the major source type with a monotonically increasing tendency (from 56 % to 72 %) from the city centre to the regional background. The share of BB was hardly quantifiable in July. The ECFF made up more than 90 % of EC in April and July, while in October and January, the contributions of ECBB were considerable. Biomass burning in winter and autumn offers the largest and most considerable potential for improving the air quality in cities as well as in rural areas of the Carpathian Basin.

scholarly journals Fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning and biogenic sources of fine carbonaceous aerosol in the Carpathian Basin

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imre Salma ◽  
Anikó Vasanits-Zsigrai ◽  
Attila Machon ◽  
Tamás Varga ◽  
István Major ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
Carpathian Basin ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosol ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Fossil Fuel Combustion ◽  
Regional Background

Abstract. Fine-fraction aerosol samples were collected, air pollutants and meteorological properties were measured in-situ in regional background environment of the Carpathian Basin, a suburban area and central part of its largest city, Budapest in each season for 1 year-long time interval. The samples were analysed for PM2.5 mass, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble OC (WSOC), radiocarbon, levoglucosan (LVG) and its stereoisomers, and some chemical elements. Carbonaceous aerosol species made up 36 % of the PM2.5 mass with a modest seasonal variation and with a slightly increasing tendency from the regional background to the city centre (from 32 to 39 %). Coupled radiocarbon-LVG marker method was applied to apportion the total carbon (TC = OC + EC) into contributions of EC and OC from fossil fuel (FF) combustion (ECFF and OCFF, respectively), EC and OC from biomass burning (BB) (ECBB and OCBB, respectively) and OC from biogenic sources (OCBIO). Fossil fuel combustion showed rather constant daily or seasonal mean contributions (of 35 %) to the TC in the whole year in all atmospheric environments, while the daily contributions of BB and biogenic sources changed radically (from

scholarly journals Solution to Urban Air Pollution – Carbon Free Transport

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-47
Author(s):  
Jānis Kleperis ◽  
Biruta Sloka ◽  
Justs Dimants ◽  
Ilze Dimanta ◽  
Jānis Kleperis
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
City Council ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
City Centre ◽  
The City

Abstract The analysis of the results of long-term air quality monitoring in Riga is presented, which shows that in city centre throughout the measurement time (2004-2014) according to the guidelines defined by the European Union directives and Latvian laws the limits of small particles PM10 and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are exceeded. From the nature of appearance of pollution and from the research of morphology and composition of fine dust particles it was concluded that in the city centre where the monitoring was performed the main air pollutants are caused by internal combustion engine vehicles. The measures to reduce air pollution performed by two Action Programs (2004-2009; 2011-2015) of the City Council showed that there were only two possible ways to improve air quality in urban environment ‒ to decrease the number of traffic units and/or to decrease exhaust emissions from vehicles. From the analysis of energy consumption and resources used for it the conclusion was drawn that Latvia is dependent on fossil fuel import, especially in traffic sector (99 %). A new trend has been observed in Latvia ‒ the type of cars is changing: the number of gasoline cars rapidly decreases and number of diesel cars is growing. Both fuels in exhaust gases of second-hand cars are giving high emissions of fine particles (soot) and nitrogen oxides as compared with new cars; 72 % of cars on the roads of Latvia are more than 13 years old. The switch to bio-diesel can improve Latvian statistics according to CO2 reduction target for 2020 but not the concentration of PM10 and NO2 on streets with dense traffic. Therefore, to improve air quality in urban environment and simultaneously reduce the dependence of Latvia from fossil fuel import, a scenario is proposed for the changeover to zero-carbon technologies in transport and energy production. Hydrogen is analyzed from the point of view of availability of resources and commercialized technologies. The research of the public opinion was done because there is little awareness in society about hydrogen as energy carrier and simultaneously as fuel.

What Makes a City Bikeable? A Study of Intercity and Intracity Patterns of Bicycle Ridership using Mobike Big Data Records

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-75
Author(s):  
Ying Long ◽  
Jianting Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Rating System ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Usage Frequency ◽  
Share Data ◽  
The City

This paper examines how mass ridership data can help describe cities from the bikers' perspective. We explore the possibility of using the data to reveal general bikeability patterns in 202 major Chinese cities. This process is conducted by constructing a bikeability rating system, the Mobike Riding Index (MRI), to measure bikeability in terms of usage frequency and the built environment. We first investigated mass ridership data and relevant supporting data; we then established the MRI framework and calculated MRI scores accordingly. This study finds that people tend to ride shared bikes at speeds close to 10 km/h for an average distance of 2 km roughly three times a day. The MRI results show that at the street level, the weekday and weekend MRI distributions are analogous, with an average score of 49.8 (range 0–100). At the township level, high-scoring townships are those close to the city centre; at the city level, the MRI is unevenly distributed, with high-MRI cities along the southern coastline or in the middle inland area. These patterns have policy implications for urban planners and policy-makers. This is the first and largest-scale study to incorporate mobile bike-share data into bikeability measurements, thus laying the groundwork for further research.

scholarly journals Urban influence on the concentration and composition of submicron particulate matter in central Amazonia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzane S. de Sá ◽  
Brett B. Palm ◽  
Pedro Campuzano-Jost ◽  
Douglas A. Day ◽  
Weiwei Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Anthropogenic Emissions ◽  
Organic Mass ◽  
The City

Abstract. Fundamental to quantifying the influence of human activities on climate and air quality is an understanding of how anthropogenic emissions affect the concentrations and composition of airborne particulate matter (PM). The central Amazon basin, especially around the city of Manaus, Brazil, has experienced rapid changes in the past decades due to ongoing urbanization. Herein, changes in the concentration and composition of submicron PM due to pollution downwind of the Manaus metropolitan region are reported as part of the GoAmazon2014/5 experiment. A high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and a suite of other gas- and particle-phase instruments were deployed at the T3 research site, 70 km downwind of Manaus, during the wet season. At this site, organic components represented on average 79 ± 7 % of the non-refractory PM1 mass concentration, which was in the same range as several upwind sites. The organic PM1 was, however, considerably more oxidized at T3 compared to upwind measurements. Positive-matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to the time series of organic mass spectra collected at the T3 site, yielding three factors representing secondary processes (73 ± 15 % of total organic mass concentration) and three factors representing primary anthropogenic emissions (27 ± 15 %). Fuzzy c-means clustering (FCM) was applied to the afternoon time series of concentrations of NOy, ozone, total particle number, black carbon, and sulfate. Four clusters were identified and characterized by distinct airmass origins and particle compositions. Two clusters, Bkgd-1 and Bkgd-2, were associated with background conditions. Bkgd-1 appeared to represent near-field atmospheric PM production and oxidation of a day or less. Bkgd-2 appeared to represent material transported and oxidized for two or more days, often with out-of-basin contributions. Two other clusters, Pol-1 and Pol-2, represented the Manaus influence, one apparently associated with the northern region of Manaus and the other with the southern region of the city. A composite of the PMF and FCM analyses provided insights into the anthropogenic effects on PM concentration and composition. The increase in mass concentration of submicron PM ranged from 25 % to 200 % under polluted compared to background conditions, including contributions from both primary and secondary PM. Furthermore, a comparison of PMF factor loadings for different clusters suggested a shift in the pathways of PM production under polluted conditions. Nitrogen oxides may have played a critical role in these shifts. Increased concentrations of nitrogen oxides can shift pathways of PM production from HO2-dominant to NO-dominant as well as increase the concentrations of oxidants in the atmosphere. Consequently, the oxidation of biogenic and anthropogenic precursor gases as well as the oxidative processing of pre-existing atmospheric PM can be accelerated. The combined set of results demonstrates the susceptibility of atmospheric chemistry, air quality, and associated climate forcing to anthropogenic perturbations over tropical forests.

scholarly journals Ambient Particulate Matter Air Pollution in Mpererwe District, Kampala, Uganda: A Pilot Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Schwander ◽  
Clement D. Okello ◽  
Juergen Freers ◽  
Judith C. Chow ◽  
John G. Watson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Airborne Particulate Matter ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosol ◽  
Coarse Particles

Air quality in Kampala, the capital of Uganda, has deteriorated significantly in the past two decades. We made spot measurements in Mpererwe district for airborne particulate matter PM2.5(fine particles) and coarse particles. PM was collected on Teflon-membrane filters and analyzed for mass, 51 elements, 3 anions, and 5 cations. Both fine and coarse particle concentrations were above 100 µg/m3in all the samples collected. Markers for crustal/soil (e.g., Si and Al) were the most abundant in the PM2.5fraction, followed by primary combustion products from biomass burning and incinerator emissions (e.g., K and Cl). Over 90% of the measured PM2.5mass can be explained by crustal species (41% and 59%) and carbonaceous aerosol (33%–55%). Crustal elements dominated the coarse particles collected from Kampala. The results of this pilot study are indicative of unhealthy air and suggest that exposure to ambient air in Kampala may increase the burden of environmentally induced cardiovascular, metabolic, and respiratory diseases including infections. Greater awareness and more extensive research are required to confirm our findings, to identify personal exposure and pollution sources, and to develop air quality management plans and policies to protect public health.

scholarly journals The Australian terrestrial carbon budget

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 12259-12308 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Haverd ◽  
M. R. Raupach ◽  
P. R. Briggs ◽  
J. G. Canadell ◽  
S. J. Davis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Carbon Budget ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Regional Studies ◽  
Australian Continent ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Riverine Export ◽  
Fossil Fuel Emissions

Abstract. This paper reports a study of the full carbon (C-CO2) budget of the Australian continent, focussing on 1990–2011 in the context of estimates over two centuries. The work is a contribution to the RECCAP (REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes) project, as one of numerous regional studies being synthesised in RECCAP. In constructing the budget, we estimate the following component carbon fluxes: Net Primary Production (NPP); Net Ecosystem Production (NEP); fire; Land Use Change (LUC); riverine export; dust export; harvest (wood, crop and livestock) and fossil fuel emissions (both territorial and non-territorial). The mean NEP reveals that climate variability and rising CO2 contributed 12 ± 29 (1σ error on mean) and 68 ± 35 Tg C yr−1 respectively. However these gains were partially offset by fire and LUC (along with other minor fluxes), which caused net losses of 31 ± 5 Tg C yr−1 and 18 ± 7 Tg C yr−1 respectively. The resultant Net Biome Production (NBP) of 31 ± 35 Tg C yr−1 offset fossil fuel emissions (95 ± 6 Tg C yr−1) by 32 ± 36%. The interannual variability (IAV) in the Australian carbon budget exceeds Australia's total carbon emissions by fossil fuel combustion and is dominated by IAV in NEP. Territorial fossil fuel emissions are significantly smaller than the rapidly growing fossil fuel exports: in 2009–2010, Australia exported 2.5 times more carbon in fossil fuels than it emitted by burning fossil fuels.

scholarly journals Estimates of CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes over the City of Cape Town, South Africa, through Bayesian inverse modelling

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alecia Nickless ◽  
Peter J. Rayner ◽  
Francois Engelbrecht ◽  
Ernst-Günther Brunke ◽  
Birgit Erni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Interquartile Range ◽  
Background Site ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The City ◽  
Fossil Fuel Emissions ◽  
Biogenic Fluxes ◽  
Robben Island

Abstract. The results of a high resolution Bayesian inversion over the City of Cape Town, South Africa, are presented, which used observations of atmospheric carbon dioxide from sites at Robben Island and Hangklip lighthouses collected over a sixteen month period from March 2012 until June 2013. A Lagrangian particle dispersion model driven by the regional climate model Conformal Cubic Atmospheric Model (CCAM) was used to provide the sensitivities of the observations to the surface sources and boundary concentrations. This regional climate model was dynamically coupled to the CABLE (Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange) model, which provided prior estimates of the biogenic fluxes. Prior estimates of the fossil fuel emissions were obtained from an inventory analysis specifically carried out for this inversion exercise, making use of vehicle count data, population census data, fuel usage at industrial point sources, and aviation and shipping vessel counts. The inversion solved for the actual concentration measurements at each site, which was made possible by the use of the Cape Point background site to provide information on the boundaries, and was necessary due to the effect of topography on the atmospheric transport, affecting particularly the sensitivity of the Robben Island site to the surface fluxes. Night-time observations were included, but allocated much larger errors compared to the daytime observations. The inversion was able to substantially improve the agreement between the modelled and observed concentrations, and able to better represent the diurnal cycle in the concentrations compared with the prior modelled concentrations. The mean bias in the modelled concentrations was reduced from −2.9 ppm, with interquartile range −9.1 to 3.7, for the prior modelled concentrations, to 0.5, with interquartile range −1.5 to 1.5, for the posterior modelled concentrations at Robben Island, and from a bias of 2.4 ppm in the prior modelled concentrations at the Hangklip site, with interquartile range −2.3 to 6.5, to a bias of 0.04, with interquartile range −1.1 to 0.8. The standard deviations of the posterior residuals at both sites were reduced to values below that of the observed concentrations. The inversion solved for working week and weekend fossil fuel emissions, and weekly biogenic fluxes, each split into day and night contributions, for each month; therefore six surface sources per week within each of the 10,201 surface pixels. The inversion was also allowed to solve for each of the four boundary concentrations (north, east, south and west), but these were provided with tight constraints provided by the background site. The inversion tended to reduce fossil fuel emissions over all months. During the warmer, drier months, the inversion increased the biogenic fluxes, but reduced the biogenic emissions during the cooler, wetter months. The uncertainty reduction in the total estimate for the domain over each month ranged between 8.6 to 40.0% for the biogenic fluxes and between 0.4 to 16.4% for the fossil fuel fluxes. Model assessment by means of the Chi squared statistic indicated that the mean statistic was 1.48 over all months, indicating that either the prior values for the model errors or the uncertainty in the fluxes was not specified high enough for some months. A companion paper on sensitivity analyses will address different options for the specification of the correlations between errors in the modelled concentrations, how these prior errors are determined, how correlations are determined between the prior fluxes, and how the state vector is specified. Greater confidence is given to the inversion's ability to correct the total flux within each pixel, rather than the individual flux estimates.

scholarly journals Fossil vs. non-fossil sources of fine carbonaceous aerosols in four Chinese cities during the extreme winter haze episode of 2013

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 1299-1312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.-L. Zhang ◽  
R.-J. Huang ◽  
I. El Haddad ◽  
K.-F. Ho ◽  
J.-J. Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
World Health ◽  
Biomass Combustion ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosols ◽  
Haze Episode ◽  
Mass Concentrations

Abstract. During winter 2013, extremely high concentrations (i.e., 4–20 times higher than the World Health Organization guideline) of PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm) mass concentrations (24 h samples) were found in four major cities in China including Xi'an, Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. Statistical analysis of a combined data set from elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), 14C and biomass-burning marker measurements using Latin hypercube sampling allowed a quantitative source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosols. Based on 14C measurements of EC fractions (six samples each city), we found that fossil emissions from coal combustion and vehicle exhaust dominated EC with a mean contribution of 75 ± 8% across all sites. The remaining 25 ± 8% was exclusively attributed to biomass combustion, consistent with the measurements of biomass-burning markers such as anhydrosugars (levoglucosan and mannosan) and water-soluble potassium (K+). With a combination of the levoglucosan-to-mannosan and levoglucosan-to-K+ ratios, the major source of biomass burning in winter in China is suggested to be combustion of crop residues. The contribution of fossil sources to OC was highest in Beijing (58 ± 5%) and decreased from Shanghai (49 ± 2%) to Xi'an (38 ± 3%) and Guangzhou (35 ± 7%). Generally, a larger fraction of fossil OC was from secondary origins than primary sources for all sites. Non-fossil sources accounted on average for 55 ± 10 and 48 ± 9% of OC and total carbon (TC), respectively, which suggests that non-fossil emissions were very important contributors of urban carbonaceous aerosols in China. The primary biomass-burning emissions accounted for 40 ± 8, 48 ± 18, 53 ± 4 and 65 ± 26% of non-fossil OC for Xi'an, Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, respectively. Other non-fossil sources excluding primary biomass burning were mainly attributed to formation of secondary organic carbon (SOC) from non-fossil precursors such as biomass-burning emissions. For each site, we also compared samples from moderately to heavily polluted days according to particulate matter mass. Despite a significant increase of the absolute mass concentrations of primary emissions from both fossil and non-fossil sources during the heavily polluted events, their relative contribution to TC was even decreased, whereas the portion of SOC was consistently increased at all sites. This observation indicates that SOC was an important fraction in the increment of carbonaceous aerosols during the haze episode in China.

scholarly journals Sources of PM<sub>2.5</sub> carbonaceous aerosol in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qijing Bian ◽  
Badr Alharbi ◽  
Mohammed M. Sharee ◽  
Tahir Husai ◽  
Mohammad J. Pasha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Elemental Carbon ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Continuous Method ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosol ◽  
Abstract Knowledge ◽  
The City

Abstract. Knowledge of the sources of carbonaceous aerosol affecting air quality in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia is limited, but needed for the development of pollution control strategies. We conducted sampling of PM2.5 from April to September, 2012 at various sites in the city, and used a thermo-optical semi-continuous method to quantify the organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations. The average OC and EC concentrations were 4.7 ± 4.4 and 2.1 ± 2.5 μg  m

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