scholarly journals Water Footprint Sustainability as a Tool to Address Climate Change in the Wine Sector: A Methodological Approach Applied to a Portuguese Case Study

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur Saraiva ◽  
Pedro Presumido ◽  
José Silvestre ◽  
Manuel Feliciano ◽  
Gonçalo Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Best Available Techniques ◽  
Wine Sector ◽  
The Impact

In the Mediterranean region, climate change is likely to generate an increase in water demand and the deterioration of its quality. The adoption of precision viticulture and the best available techniques aiming at sustainable production, minimizing the impact on natural resources and reducing production costs, has therefore been a goal of winegrowers. In this work, the water footprint (WFP) in the wine sector was evaluated, from the vineyard to the bottle, through the implementation of a methodology based on field experiments and life cycle assessment (LCA) on two Portuguese case studies. Regarding direct water footprint, it ranged from 366 to 899 L/FU (0.75 L bottle), with green water being the most significant component, representing more than 50% of the overall water footprint. The approach used in the current study revealed that although more than 97.5% of the water footprint is associated with vineyard, the winery stage is responsible for more than 75% of the global warming potential indicator. A linear correlation between the carbon footprint and the indirect blue water footprint was also observed for both case studies. Climate change is expected to cause an earlier and prolonged water stress period, resulting in an increase of about 40% to 82% of blue WFP.

scholarly journals The impact of the winery's wastewater treatment system on the winery water footprint

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 (10) ◽  
pp. 1823-1831 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Saraiva ◽  
G. Rodrigues ◽  
H. Mamede ◽  
J. Silvestre ◽  
I. Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Technology Development ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Wine Quality ◽  
Wine Sector ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In the Mediterranean region, water scarcity has already prompted concern in the wine sector due to the strong impact it has on vineyard productivity and wine quality. Water footprint is an indicator that takes account of all the water involved in the creation of a product and may help producers to identify hotspots, and reduce water consumption and the corresponding production costs. In recent years several studies have been reported on wine water footprint determination, but mostly focused on the viticulture phase or assuming no grey water footprint at the winery since it has a treatment system. In the framework of the WineWaterFootprint project a medium-size winery was monitored, with direct measurements, regarding determination of the blue and grey components of water footprint. The determined winery water footprint ranged from 9.6 to 12.7 L of water per wine bottle of 0.75 L, the wastewater produced being responsible for about 98%, which means that the grey component cannot be disregarded. The developed scenarios show that a potential reduction of 87% in winery water footprint can be obtained with almost no investment. The challenge of reducing the grey footprint is not in technology development, but rather in the proper maintenance and monitoring of treatment systems.

PESTICIDE AND GREENHOUSE GAS EXTERNALITIES FROM US AGRICULTURE — THE IMPACT OF THEIR INTERNALIZATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE

2013 ◽  
Vol 04 (03) ◽  
pp. 1350008 ◽  
Author(s):  
NIKOLINKA SHAKHRAMANYAN ◽  
UWE A. SCHNEIDER ◽  
BRUCE A. McCARL
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Emission Mitigation ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact

Climate change may affect the use of pesticides and their associated environmental and human health impacts. This study employs and modifies a partial equilibrium model of the US agricultural sector to examine the effects of alternative regulations of the pesticide and greenhouse gas emission externality. Simulation results indicate that without pesticide externality regulations and low greenhouse gas emission mitigation strategy, climate change benefits from increased agricultural production in the US are more than offset by increased environmental costs. Although the combined regulation of pesticide and greenhouse gas emission externalities increases farmers' production costs, their net income effects are positive because of price adjustments and associated welfare shifts from consumers to producers. The results also show heterogeneous impacts on preferred pest management intensities across major crops. While pesticide externality regulations lead to substantial increases in total water use, climate policies induce the opposite effect.

scholarly journals On the Appropriate Definition of Soil Profile Configuration and Initial Conditions for Land Surface-Hydrology Models in Cold Regions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Sapriza-Azuri ◽  
Pablo Gamazo ◽  
Saman Razavi ◽  
Howard S. Wheater
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Lower Boundary ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Lower Boundary Condition ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Permafrost Regions

Abstract. Arctic and sub-arctic regions are amongst the most susceptible regions on Earth to global warming and climate change. Understanding and predicting the impact of climate change in these regions require a proper process representation of the interactions between climate, the carbon cycle, and hydrology in Earth system models. This study focuses on Land Surface Models (LSMs) that represent the lower boundary condition of General Circulation Models (GCMs) and Regional Climate Models (RCMs), which simulate climate change evolution at the global and regional scales, respectively. LSMs typically utilize a standard soil configuration with a depth of no more than 4 meters, whereas for cold, permafrost regions, field experiments show that attention to deep soil profiles is needed to understand and close the water and energy balances, which are tightly coupled through the phase change. To address this, we design and run a series of model experiments with a one-dimensional LSM, called CLASS (Canadian Land Surface Scheme), as embedded in the MESH (Modélisation Environmentale Communautaire – Surface and Hydrology) modelling system, to (1) characterize the effect of soil profile depth under different climate conditions and in the presence of parameter uncertainty, and (2) develop a methodology for temperature profile initialization in permafrost regions, where the system has an extended memory, by the use of paleo-records and bootstrapping. Our study area is in Norman Wells, Northwest Territories of Canada, where measurements of soil temperature profiles and historical reconstructed climate data are available. Our results demonstrate that the adequate depth of soil profile in an LSM varies for warmer and colder conditions and is sensitive to model parameters and the uncertainty around them. In general, however, we show that a minimum of 20 meters of soil profile is essential to adequately represent the temperature dynamics. Our results also indicate the significance of model initialization in permafrost regions and our proposed spin-up method requires running the LSM over more than 300 years of reconstructed climate time series.

scholarly journals Why increased extreme precipitation under climate change negatively affects water security

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5935-5946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joris P. C. Eekhout ◽  
Johannes E. Hunink ◽  
Wilco Terink ◽  
Joris de Vente
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Precipitation Intensity ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. An increase in extreme precipitation is projected for many areas worldwide in the coming decades. To assess the impact of increased precipitation intensity on water security, we applied a regional-scale hydrological and soil erosion model, forced with regional climate model projections. We specifically considered the impact of climate change on the distribution of water between soil (green water) and surface water (blue water) compartments. We show that an increase in precipitation intensity leads to a redistribution of water within the catchment, where water storage in soil decreases and reservoir inflow increases. This affects plant water stress and the potential of rainfed versus irrigated agriculture, and increases dependency on reservoir storage, which is potentially threatened by increased soil erosion. This study demonstrates the crucial importance of accounting for the fact that increased precipitation intensity leads to water redistribution between green and blue water, increased soil erosion, and reduced water security. Ultimately, this has implications for design of climate change adaptation measures, which should aim to increase the water holding capacity of the soil (green water) and to maintain the storage capacity of reservoirs (blue water), benefiting rainfed and irrigated agriculture.

scholarly journals Climate Change and Physical Disturbance Manipulations Result in Distinct Biological Soil Crust Communities

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (21) ◽  
pp. 7448-7459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blaire Steven ◽  
Cheryl R. Kuske ◽  
La Verne Gallegos-Graves ◽  
Sasha C. Reed ◽  
Jayne Belnap
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Small Community ◽  
Soil Warming ◽  
Bacterial Composition ◽  
Soil Bacterial ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTBiological soil crusts (biocrusts) colonize plant interspaces in many drylands and are critical to soil nutrient cycling. Multiple climate change and land use factors have been shown to detrimentally impact biocrusts on a macroscopic (i.e., visual) scale. However, the impact of these perturbations on the bacterial components of the biocrusts remains poorly understood. We employed multiple long-term field experiments to assess the impacts of chronic physical (foot trampling) and climatic changes (2°C soil warming, altered summer precipitation [wetting], and combined warming and wetting) on biocrust bacterial biomass, composition, and metabolic profile. The biocrust bacterial communities adopted distinct states based on the mechanism of disturbance. Chronic trampling decreased biomass and caused small community compositional changes. Soil warming had little effect on biocrust biomass or composition, while wetting resulted in an increase in the cyanobacterial biomass and altered bacterial composition. Warming combined with wetting dramatically altered bacterial composition and decreasedCyanobacteriaabundance. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing identified four functional gene categories that differed in relative abundance among the manipulations, suggesting that climate and land use changes affected soil bacterial functional potential. This study illustrates that different types of biocrust disturbance damage biocrusts in macroscopically similar ways, but they differentially impact the resident soil bacterial communities, and the communities' functional profiles can differ depending on the disturbance type. Therefore, the nature of the perturbation and the microbial response are important considerations for management and restoration of drylands.

Modes of Professional Campaigning

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Tenscher ◽  
Juri Mykkänen ◽  
Tom Moring
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Parliamentary Elections ◽  
Electoral Campaigns ◽  
Country Comparison ◽  
Media Systems ◽  
The Impact

In recent years, political parties have reacted to far-reaching transformations in their media and sociocultural environments. These changes and adaptations, often assembled under the catchword “professionalization,” become most apparent during electoral campaigns. However, the campaign professionalism of political parties has not yet been systematically “measured,” having been examined mostly in single case studies. Against this background, we present an empirical test of the party-centered theory of professionalization. Ours is a four-country comparison of the campaign structures and strategies of political parties during the most recent European parliamentary elections. Our analyses demonstrate a wide variety in professional electoral campaigning. There are differences in campaign structures that not only point to country specifics but also to the impact of the size of the parties. We also ask whether there are differences between parties owing to their position on a right–left scale. Our findings point to some general trends in electoral campaigning that seem to be typical of societies with democratic corporatist media systems. Those similarities and country-specifics should be taken into account in future empirical analyses, which might benefit from our methodological approach.

scholarly journals Modeling the Effects of Anthropogenic Land Cover Changes to the Main Hydrometeorological Factors in a Regional Watershed, Central Greece

Climate ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angeliki Mentzafou ◽  
George Varlas ◽  
Elias Dimitriou ◽  
Anastasios Papadopoulos ◽  
Ioannis Pytharoulis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
River Discharge ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Actual Evapotranspiration ◽  
Land Cover Changes ◽  
Central Greece ◽  
The Impact

In this study, the physically-based hydrological model MIKE SHE was employed to investigate the effects of anthropogenic land cover changes to the hydrological cycle components of a regional watershed in Central Greece. Three case studies based on the land cover of the years 1960, 1990, and 2018 were examined. Copernicus Climate Change Service E-OBS gridded meteorological data for 45 hydrological years were used as forcing for the model. Evaluation against observational data yielded sufficient quality for daily air temperature and precipitation. Simulation results demonstrated that the climatic variabilities primarily in precipitation and secondarily in air temperature affected basin-averaged annual actual evapotranspiration and average annual river discharge. Nevertheless, land cover effects can locally outflank the impact of climatic variability as indicated by the low interannual variabilities of differences in annual actual evapotranspiration among case studies. The transition from forest to pastures or agricultural land reduced annual actual evapotranspiration and increased average annual river discharge while intensifying the vulnerability to hydrometeorological-related hazards such as droughts or floods. Hence, the quantitative assessment of land cover effects presented in this study can contribute to the design and implementation of successful land cover and climate change mitigation and adaptation policies.

Importance of long-term experiments in studying the effects of climate change

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 83-88
Author(s):  
N. Harnos ◽  
É. Erdélyi ◽  
T. Árendás
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Crop Growth Models ◽  
The Impact

Nowadays, studying the impact of climate change on agricultural crops is of great importance in national and international projects. Research on the effects of climate change on agricultural cultivars is supported by crop growth models. Simulations provide facilities for the low cost investigation of the effects of many factors, both independently of each other and in combination. These models require parameterisation and testing, which can be done using data measurements. In order to test the correctness of the simulations of meteorological and nutrient supply effects, it is necessary to use the results of long-term field experiments with many replicates.In the present study, the Ceres Wheat and AFRCWHEAT2 winter wheat crop growth models were tested, utilizing the data of a five-year sowing date experiment and the relevant meteorological data. An analysis was made of whether changes in the sowing date were able to influence or eliminate the negative effects of the changing climate. It was found that choosing the optimum sowing date could be the key to adapting to changing conditions.

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