The CO2 Emissions Drivers of Post-Communist Economies in Eastern Europe and Central Asia

CO2 emissions have become a key environmental contaminant that is responsible for climate change in general and global warming in particular. Two geographical groups of countries that previously belonged to the former bloc of socialist countries are used for the estimations of CO2 emissions drivers. The research covers such Eastern European countries as Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Russian Federation, Poland, Romania, Slovak Republic, and Ukraine and such Central Asian states as Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan during the period 1996–2018. The main goal of the research is to identify common drivers that determine carbon dioxide emissions in selected states. To control for the time fixed effects (like EU membership), random effect model was used for the analysis of the panel data set. Results: It is found that energy efficiency progress reduces per capita CO2 emissions. Thus, an increase in GDP by 100 USD per one ton of oil equivalent decreases per capita CO2 emissions by 17–64 kg. That is, the more energy-efficient the economy becomes, the less CO2 emissions per capita it produces in a group of selected post-communist economies. Unlike energy efficiency, an increase in GDP per capita by 1000 USD raises CO2 emissions by 260 kg per capita, and the richer the economy becomes, the more CO2 emissions per capita it generates. The increase in life expectancy by one year leads to an increase in CO2 emissions per capita by 200−370 kg, with average values of 260 kg per capita. It was found that an increase in agriculture, forestry, and fishing sector share (as a % of GDP) by one percentage point leads to the decrease in CO2 emissions by 67–200 kg per capita, while an increase in industrial sector share by one percentage point leads to the increase in CO2 per capita emissions by 37–110 kg. Oil prices and foreign direct investment appeared to be statistically insignificant factors in a group of selected post-communist economies. Conclusions: The main policy recommendation is the promotion of energy efficiency policy and the development of green economy sectors. The other measures are the promotion of a less energy-intensive service sector and the modernization of the industrial sector, which is still characterized by high energy and carbon intensity.

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The CO2 emissions drivers of post-communist economies in Eastern Europe and Central Asia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-21193/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rui Li ◽

Jiang Hong ◽

Iryna Sotnyk ◽

Oleksandr Kubatko ◽

Ismail Almashaqbeh Y. A.

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Co2 Emissions ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Slovak Republic ◽

Random Effect ◽

Random Effect Model ◽

High Energy ◽

Carbon Intensity ◽

Per Capita

Abstract Background. The CO2 emissions became a key environmental contaminant which is responsible for climate change in general and global warming in particular. Two geographical groups of countries that previously belonged to the former bloc of socialist countries are used for the estimations of CO2 emissions drivers of post-communist economies. The research covers such Eastern European countries as Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Russian Federation, Poland, Romania, Slovak Republic, and Ukrainian territory as treated by international law and such Central Asian states as Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan during the period 1996-2018. The main goal of the research is to identify common drivers that determine carbon dioxide emissions in selected states. To control for the time fixed affects (like EU membership) random effect model was used for the analysis of panel data set.Results. It is found that energy efficiency has a negative influence on per capita CO2 emissions and an increase in GDP by 100 USD per 1 ton of oil decreases per capita CO2 emissions from 17 to 64 kg per capita. That is the more energy efficient the economy becomes, the less CO2 emissions per capita it produces. Unlike energy efficiency, an increase in GDP per capita by 1000 USD increases CO2 emissions by 260 kilograms per capita, and the richer the economy becomes, the more CO2 emissions per capita it generates. The increase in life expectancy by one year lead on average to increase in CO2 emissions per capita 200 to 370 kilograms per capita, with average values of 260 kilograms per capita. It was found that energy consumption per capita is a factor that positively adds to the CO2 emissions per capita. Oil prices, and foreign direct investment came as statistically insignificant factors.Conclusions. Among the main policy reconditions are the promotion of energy efficiency policy in accordance with EU policies and programs that stimulate a reduction in energy consumption and consequently CO2 emissions per capita. The other measure is the promotion of less energy-intensive service sector instead of building up an industrial sector characterized by high energy and carbon intensity.

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Spatial Heterogeneity of Factors Influencing CO2 Emissions in China’s High-Energy-Intensive Industries

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13158304 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (15) ◽

pp. 8304

Author(s):

Shijie Yang ◽

Yunjia Wang ◽

Rongqing Han ◽

Yong Chang ◽

Xihua Sun

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Co2 Emissions ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Direct Investment ◽

Technological Progress ◽

High Energy ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Main Factors ◽

Per Capita ◽

Energy Intensive Industries

In recent years, China has overtaken the United States as the world’s largest carbon dioxide (CO2) emitter. CO2 emissions from high-energy-intensive industries account for more than three-quarters of the total industrial carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, it is important to enhance our understanding of the main factors affecting carbon dioxide emissions in high-energy-intensive industries. In this paper, we firstly explore the main factors affecting CO2 emissions in high-energy-intensive industries, including industrial structure, per capita gross domestic product (GDP), population, technological progress and foreign direct investment. To achieve this, we rely on exploratory regression combined with the threshold criteria. Secondly, a geographically weighted regression model is employed to explore local-spatial heterogeneity, capturing the spatial variations of the regression parameters across the Chinese provinces. The results show that the growth of per capita GDP and population increases CO2 emissions; by contrast, the growth of the services sector’s share in China’s gross domestic product could cause a decrease in CO2 emissions. Effects of technological progress on CO2 emissions in high-energy-intensive industries are negative in 2007 and 2013, whereas the coefficient is positive in 2018. Throughout the study period, regression coefficients of foreign direct investment are positive. This paper provides valuable insights into the relationship between driving factors and CO2 emissions, and also gives provides empirical support for local governments to mitigate CO2 emissions.

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The travel-related carbon dioxide emissions of atmospheric researchers

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-8-7373-2008 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 7373-7389 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. Stohl

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Co2 Emissions ◽

Information Exchange ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Radiative Forcing ◽

Global Climate ◽

Air Travel ◽

Ozone Production ◽

Per Capita ◽

Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. Most atmospheric scientists agree that greenhouse gas emissions have already caused significant changes to the global climate system and that these changes will accelerate in the near future. At the same time, atmospheric scientists who – like other scientists – rely on international collaboration and information exchange travel a lot and, thereby, cause substantial emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). In this paper, the CO2 emissions of the employees working at an atmospheric research institute (the Norwegian Institute for Air Research, NILU) caused by all types of business travel (conference visits, workshops, field campaigns, instrument maintainance, etc.) were calculated for the years 2005–2007. It is estimated that more than 90% of the emissions were caused by air travel, 3% by ground travel and 5% by hotel usage. The travel-related annual emissions were between 1.9 and 2.4 t CO2 per employee or between 3.9 and 5.5 t CO2 per scientist. For comparison, the total annual per capita CO2 emissions are 4.5 t worldwide, 1.2 t for India, 3.8 t for China, 5.9 t for Sweden and 19.1 t for Norway. The travel-related CO2 emissions of a NILU scientist, occurring in 24 days of a year on average, exceed the global average annual per capita emission. Norway's per-capita CO2 emissions are among the highest in the world, mostly because of the emissions from the oil industry. If the emissions per NILU scientist derived in this paper are taken as representative for the average Norwegian researcher, travel by Norwegian scientists would nevertheless account for a substantial 0.2% of Norway's total CO2 emissions. Since most of the travel-related emissions are due to air travel, water vapor emissions, ozone production and contrail formation further increase the relative importance of NILU's travel in terms of radiative forcing.

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Drivers and Barriers to Industrial Energy Efficiency in Textile Industries of Bangladesh

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12091775 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 1775 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

A S M Monjurul Hasan ◽

Mohammad Rokonuzzaman ◽

Rashedul Amin Tuhin ◽

Shah Md. Salimullah ◽

Mahfuz Ullah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Energy Management ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Management Practices ◽

Capital Expenditure ◽

High Energy ◽

Industrial Sector ◽

Energy Prices ◽

Energy Service ◽

Textile Industries

Bangladesh faced a substantial growth in primary energy demand in the last few years. According to several studies, energy generation is not the only means to address energy demand; efficient energy management practices are also very critical. A pertinent contribution in the energy management at the industrial sector ensures the proper utilization of energy. Energy management and its efficiency in the textile industries of Bangladesh are studied in this paper. The outcomes demonstrate several barriers to energy management practices which are inadequate technical cost-effective measures, inadequate capital expenditure, and poor research and development. However, this study also demonstrates that the risk of high energy prices in the future, assistance from energy professionals, and an energy management scheme constitute the important drivers for the implementation of energy efficiency measures in the studied textile mills. The studied textile industries seem unaccustomed to the dedicated energy service company concept, and insufficient information regarding energy service companies (ESCOs) and the shortage of trained professionals in energy management seem to be the reasons behind this. This paper likewise finds that 3–4% energy efficiency improvements can be gained with the help of energy management practices in these industries.

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Effects of Kyoto Protocol on CO2 Emissions: A Five-Country Rolling Regression Analysis

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11030744 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 744

Author(s):

Chien-Ho Wang ◽

Ming-Hui Ko ◽

Wan-Jiun Chen

Keyword(s):

Co2 Emissions ◽

Kyoto Protocol ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Global Financial Crisis ◽

Turning Points ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Heated Debate ◽

Per Capita ◽

Rolling Regression ◽

The Impact

The current study illustrated the time variance of turning points in the relationship between carbon emissions and income to resolve heated debate on the different responsibility to climate change with 1950–2010 data of five development diversity countries—three developed countries (Germany, Italy, and Japan) and one developing country (India) and one newly industrialized economy (Taiwan). The article also examines the impact of the crisis on emission. The time-varying patterns in the turning points on environmental Kuznets curves (EKCs) were observed by a rolling regression technique with 1950–2010 data regarding the per capita CO2 emissions caused by fossil fuel combustion and the incomes of the countries. Several empirical findings were revealed from this analysis. Per capita CO2 emissions commonly decreased with varying magnitudes in the five countries over time. The EKC hypothesis regarding the CO2 emissions is affirmed again in this study. The announcement effects associated with the Kyoto Protocol was evidenced. As indicated by the occurring GDP of the turning point, there is a strong reduction trend in the income level of the turning points right before the years of Kyoto Protocol; and this decreasing trend nearly ended as the Kyoto protocol approached its end, except in Germany, where the occurring income of the turning points continued to have a decreasing trend. Although the global financial crisis had its effects in the world, the impacts on carbon dioxide emissions vary across countries.

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Study on Global Industrialization and Industry Emission to Achieve the 2 °C Goal Based on MESSAGE Model and LMDI Approach

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13040825 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 825 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Shining Zhang ◽

Fang Yang ◽

Changyi Liu ◽

Xing Chen ◽

Xin Tan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Co2 Emissions ◽

Carbon Emissions ◽

Energy Supply ◽

Industrial Sector ◽

Carbon Intensity ◽

Global Energy ◽

Energy Supply System ◽

Industrial Carbon ◽

Global Energy Supply

The industrial sector dominates the global energy consumption and carbon emissions in end use sectors, and it faces challenges in emission reductions to reach the Paris Agreement goals. This paper analyzes and quantifies the relationship between industrialization, energy systems, and carbon emissions. Firstly, it forecasts the global and regional industrialization trends under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) and Shared Socioeconomic Pathway2 (SSP2) scenarios. Then, it projects the global and regional energy consumption that aligns with the industrialization trend, and optimizes the global energy supply system using the Model for Energy Supply Strategy Alternatives and their General Environmental Impact (MESSAGE) model for the industrial sector. Moreover, it develops an expanded Kaya identity to comprehensively investigate the drivers of industrial carbon emissions. In addition, it employs a Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) approach to track the historical contributions of various drivers of carbon emissions, as well as predictions into the future. This paper finds that economic development and population growth are the two largest drivers for historical industrial CO2 emissions, and that carbon intensity and industry energy intensity are the top two drivers for the decrease of future industrial CO2 emissions. Finally, it proposes three modes, i.e., clean supply, electrification, and energy efficiency for industrial emission reduction.

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Reduction of CO2 Emissions Due to Energy Use in Crete-Greece

Energy and Environment Research ◽

10.5539/eer.v6n1p23 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 23 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

John Vourdoubas

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Co2 Emissions ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Energy Use ◽

Heating Oil ◽

Per Capita ◽

Reduction Of Co2 ◽

Negative Growth

Use of fossil fuels in modern societies results in CO2 emissions which, together with other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, increase environmental degradation and climate changes. Carbon dioxide emissions in a society are strongly related with energy consumption and economic growth, being influenced also from energy intensity, population growth, crude oil and CO2 prices as well as the composition of energy mix and the percentage of renewable energies in it.The last years in Greece, the severe economic crisis has affected all sectors of the economy, has reduced the available income of the citizens and has changed the consumers’ behavior including the consumption of energy in all the activities. Analysis of the available data in the region of Crete over the period 2007-2013 has shown a significant decrease of energy consumption and CO2 emissions due to energy use by 25.90% compared with the reduction of national G.D.P. per capita over the same period by 25.45% indicating the coupling of those emissions with the negative growth of the economy. Carbon dioxide emissions per capita in Crete in 2013 are estimated at 4.96 tons. Main contributors of those emissions in the same year were electricity generation from fuel and heating oil by 64.85%, heating sector by 3.23% and transportation by 31.92%.

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Decomposition Analysis and Trend Prediction of CO2 Emissions in China’s Transportation Industry

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12072596 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 2596

Author(s):

Ming Meng ◽

Manyu Li

Keyword(s):

Co2 Emissions ◽

Carrying Capacity ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Industrial Structure ◽

Decomposition Analysis ◽

Carbon Accounting ◽

Transportation Industry ◽

Trend Prediction ◽

Intensity Effect ◽

Per Capita

China’s transportation industry has become one of the major industries with rapid growth in CO2 emissions, which has a significant impact in controlling the increase of CO2 emissions. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to use a hybrid trend extrapolation model to project the future carbon dioxide emissions of China. On account of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) inventory method of carbon accounting, this paper applied the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) model to study the factors affected by CO2 emissions. The affected factors are further subdivided into the scale of employees, per capita carrying capacity, transport intensity, average transportation distance, energy input and output structure, energy intensity and industrial structure. The results are as follows: (1) Per capita carrying capacity is the most important factor to promote the growth of CO2 emissions, while industrial structure is the main reason to inhibit the growth of CO2 emissions; (2) the expansion of the number of employees has played a positive role in the growth of CO2 emissions and the organization and technology management of the transportation industry should be strengthened; (3) comprehensive transportation development strategy can make the transportation intensity effect effectively reduce CO2 emissions; (4) the CO2 emissions of the transportation industry will continue to increase during 2018–2025, with a cumulative value of about 336.11 million tons. The purpose of this study is to provide scientific guidance for the government’s emission reduction measures in the transportation industry. In addition, there are still some deficiencies in the study of its influencing factors in this paper and further improvements are necessary for the subsequent research expansion.

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The travel-related carbon dioxide emissions of atmospheric researchers

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-8-6499-2008 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 8 (21) ◽

pp. 6499-6504 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

A. Stohl

Keyword(s):

Co2 Emissions ◽

Information Exchange ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Radiative Forcing ◽

Global Climate ◽

Air Travel ◽

Ozone Production ◽

Capita Emission ◽

Per Capita ◽

Vapor Emissions

Abstract. Most atmospheric scientists agree that greenhouse gas emissions have already caused significant changes to the global climate system and that these changes will accelerate in the near future. At the same time, atmospheric scientists who – like other scientists – rely on international collaboration and information exchange travel a lot and, thereby, cause substantial emissions of CO2. In this paper, the CO2 emissions of the employees working at an atmospheric research institute (the Norwegian Institute for Air Research, NILU) caused by all types of business travel (conference visits, workshops, field campaigns, instrument maintainance, etc.) were calculated for the years 2005–2007. It is estimated that more than 90% of the emissions were caused by air travel, 3% by ground travel and 5% by hotel usage. The travel-related annual emissions were between 1.9 and 2.4 t CO2 per employee or between 3.9 and 5.5 t CO2 per scientist. For comparison, the total annual per capita CO2 emissions are 4.5 t worldwide, 1.2 t for India, 3.8 t for China, 5.9 t for Sweden and 19.1 t for Norway. The travel-related CO2 emissions of a NILU scientist, occurring in 24 days of a year on average, exceed the global average annual per capita emission. Norway's per-capita CO2 emissions are among the highest in the world, mostly because of the emissions from the oil industry. If the emissions per NILU scientist derived in this paper are taken as representative for the average Norwegian researcher, travel by Norwegian scientists would nevertheless account for a substantial 0.2% of Norway's total CO2 emissions. Since most of the travel-related emissions are due to air travel, water vapor emissions, ozone production and contrail formation further increase the relative importance of NILU's travel in terms of radiative forcing.

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THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN THE TRANSPORT SECTOR

The herald of KSUCTA n a N Isanov ◽

10.35803/1694-5298.2019.3.362-367 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 362-367

Author(s):

E.E. Karsibaev ◽

S.S. Duyshebaev ◽

A.Zh. Abzhapbarova

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Energy Efficient ◽

State Level ◽

Development Trend ◽

High Energy ◽

Green Economy ◽

Transport Sector ◽

Energy Efficiency Policy ◽

Modern Level ◽

The Republic

The article deals with the actual problems of providing the economy with energy-efficient vehicles. The global development trend of the transport sector is its environmental and energyefficient orientation. In Kazakhstan, at the state level, legislative measures and concepts for the introduction and development of the "green" economy are being taken. The article analyzes the causes of high energy consumption in transport, the main directions of implementation of energy efficiency policy in transport. On the example of the largest metropolis of Kazakhstan – Almaty, the main measures to ensure sustainable development of transport, reducing emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere are presented. Also, the international experience in reducing air pollution by exhaust gases is considered, recommendations for its use are given. Energy-efficient focus of the transport sector will ensure the transition of the cities of Kazakhstan to the modern level of development and sustainability, in accordance with the best international practices and strategic documents of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

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