scholarly journals Effects of Kyoto Protocol on CO2 Emissions: A Five-Country Rolling Regression Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 744
Author(s):  
Chien-Ho Wang ◽  
Ming-Hui Ko ◽  
Wan-Jiun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Kyoto Protocol ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Turning Points ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Heated Debate ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Rolling Regression ◽  
The Impact

The current study illustrated the time variance of turning points in the relationship between carbon emissions and income to resolve heated debate on the different responsibility to climate change with 1950–2010 data of five development diversity countries—three developed countries (Germany, Italy, and Japan) and one developing country (India) and one newly industrialized economy (Taiwan). The article also examines the impact of the crisis on emission. The time-varying patterns in the turning points on environmental Kuznets curves (EKCs) were observed by a rolling regression technique with 1950–2010 data regarding the per capita CO2 emissions caused by fossil fuel combustion and the incomes of the countries. Several empirical findings were revealed from this analysis. Per capita CO2 emissions commonly decreased with varying magnitudes in the five countries over time. The EKC hypothesis regarding the CO2 emissions is affirmed again in this study. The announcement effects associated with the Kyoto Protocol was evidenced. As indicated by the occurring GDP of the turning point, there is a strong reduction trend in the income level of the turning points right before the years of Kyoto Protocol; and this decreasing trend nearly ended as the Kyoto protocol approached its end, except in Germany, where the occurring income of the turning points continued to have a decreasing trend. Although the global financial crisis had its effects in the world, the impacts on carbon dioxide emissions vary across countries.

scholarly journals Environmental Kuznets Curve: An Empirical Analysis in the Indian Context

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sakshi Gambhir
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Cubic Form ◽  
Indian Context ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

The relationship between economic growth and environmental quality has been much under dispute. According to the EKC (Environmental Kuznets Curve) hypothesis, environmental damage increases in the early stages of economic growth, but diminishes once nations reach higher levels of income. While the notion EKC is well established, there is controversy about its shape, incidence and determinants. In this paper, we model EKC with the variables of GDP and CO2 emissions (aggregate and per capita) using alternative model specifications to bridge the gap between conventional and modern EKC literature. We also place the theoretical construct of EKC into a policy-oriented framework by incorporating the impact of four global policy periods namely, liberalisation, globalisation, world recovery and global financial crisis. We substantiate a cubic form of EKC in the Indian context for the time period 1991 to 2014. With aggregate CO2 emissions as the dependent variable, the linear, quadratic and cubic terms are all significant with the expected signs, which confirm an N-shaped EKC for India. Even with per capita emissions as the dependent variable, existence of an N-shaped EKC is established. In this case however, evidence on the cubic term is rather weak which points towards the difference in socio-psychological factors that influence the revival of upturn in the case of India. The policy period analysis does not show any distinct results, which could be due to contradictory effects on different variables and volatility in these variables.

scholarly journals On the impact of Urbanisation on CO2 Emissions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Luqman ◽  
Peter Rayner ◽  
Kevin Gurney
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Almost Everywhere ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Urban Extent ◽  
Urban Emissions ◽  
The Impact

We use a globally consistent, time-resolved data set of CO2 emission proxies to quantify urban CO2 emissions in 91 cities. We decompose emissiontrends into contributions from changes in urban extent, population density and per capita emissions. We find that urban CO2 emissions areincreasing everywhere but that the dominant contributors differ according to development level. A cluster analysis of factors shows that developingcountries were dominated by cities with rapid area and per capita CO2 emissions increases. Cities in the developed world, by contrast, show slow area and per capita CO2 emissions growth. China is an important intermediate case with rapid urban area growth combined with slower per capita CO2 emissions growth. For many developed countries, urban per capita emissions are often lower than their national average suggesting that urbanisation may reduce overall emissions. However trends in per capita urban emissions are higher than their national equivalent almost everywhere suggesting that urbanisation will become a more serious problem in future. An important exception is China whose per capita urban emissions are growing more slowly than the national value. We also see anegative correlation between trends in population density and per capita CO2 emissions, highlighting a strong role for densification as a tool toreduce CO2 emissions.

scholarly journals Soil organic carbon accumulation and carbon dioxide emissions during a 6-year study in irrigated continuous maize under two tillage systems in semiarid Mediterranean conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. e1102
Author(s):  
Maroua Dachraoui ◽  
Aurora Sombrero
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Impact

Aim of study: To evaluate the effects of conventional tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT) systems on the soil organic carbon (SOC) changes, CO2 emissions and their relation with soil temperature and grain yield in a monoculture of irrigated maize during six years.Area of study: In Zamadueñas experimental field in the Spanish province of Valladolid, from 2011 to 2017.Material and methods: The SOC content was determined by collecting soil samples up to 30 cm in November at two years interval. Short-term CO2 emissions were measured simultaneously with soil temperature using a respiration chamber and a hand-held probe immediately before, after every tillage operation and during the maize cycle.Main results: The SOC stock of the top 30 cm soil layers was 13% greater under NT than CT. Short-term CO2 emissions were significantly higher under CT ranging from 0.8 to 3.4 g CO2 m-2 h-1 immediately after tillage while under NT system, soil CO2 fluxes were low and stable during this study period. During the first 48 h following tillage, cumulative CO2 emissions ranged from 0.6 to 2.4 Mg CO2 ha-1 and from 0.2 to 0.3 Mg CO2 ha-1 under CT and NT systems, respectively. Soil temperature did not show significant correlation with CO2 emissions; however, it depended mostly on the time of measurement.Research highlights: No tillage increased the SOC accumulation in the topsoil layer, reduced CO2 emissions without decreasing maize grain yield and minimized the impact on climate change compared to CT system.

scholarly journals The travel-related carbon dioxide emissions of atmospheric researchers

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 7373-7389 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Stohl
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Air Travel ◽  
Ozone Production ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. Most atmospheric scientists agree that greenhouse gas emissions have already caused significant changes to the global climate system and that these changes will accelerate in the near future. At the same time, atmospheric scientists who – like other scientists – rely on international collaboration and information exchange travel a lot and, thereby, cause substantial emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). In this paper, the CO2 emissions of the employees working at an atmospheric research institute (the Norwegian Institute for Air Research, NILU) caused by all types of business travel (conference visits, workshops, field campaigns, instrument maintainance, etc.) were calculated for the years 2005–2007. It is estimated that more than 90% of the emissions were caused by air travel, 3% by ground travel and 5% by hotel usage. The travel-related annual emissions were between 1.9 and 2.4 t CO2 per employee or between 3.9 and 5.5 t CO2 per scientist. For comparison, the total annual per capita CO2 emissions are 4.5 t worldwide, 1.2 t for India, 3.8 t for China, 5.9 t for Sweden and 19.1 t for Norway. The travel-related CO2 emissions of a NILU scientist, occurring in 24 days of a year on average, exceed the global average annual per capita emission. Norway's per-capita CO2 emissions are among the highest in the world, mostly because of the emissions from the oil industry. If the emissions per NILU scientist derived in this paper are taken as representative for the average Norwegian researcher, travel by Norwegian scientists would nevertheless account for a substantial 0.2% of Norway's total CO2 emissions. Since most of the travel-related emissions are due to air travel, water vapor emissions, ozone production and contrail formation further increase the relative importance of NILU's travel in terms of radiative forcing.

The Impact of Awareness Regarding Environmental Protection Laws on Ecological Degradation

2022 ◽  
pp. 31-43
Author(s):  
Atul Bamrara
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

Global environmental troubles are gaining significance because of the speedy and antagonistic speed of urbanization. Environmental degradation restricts the flow of environmental services. Dumping of pollutants in excess of its assimilative capacity into air, water, and soil results in deterioration of the quality of these vital resources. The nature of environmental problem depends upon the level of economic development and the geographical condition of the area under consideration. India being a developing economy with a low per capita income, high population density, agriculture-dependent labour force, and high percentage of rural areas, the problems here are different from those in developed countries. The chapter highlights the impact of knowledge regarding environmental protection issues on environmental degradation.

scholarly journals The Impact of Energy Consumption and Economic Growth on Carbon Dioxide Emissions

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 7965
Author(s):  
Oluyomi A. Osobajo ◽  
Afolabi Otitoju ◽  
Martha Ajibola Otitoju ◽  
Adekunle Oke
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Granger Causality ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Cointegration Tests ◽  
The Impact

This study explored the effect of energy consumption and economic growth on CO2 emissions. The relationship between energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emissions was assessed using regression analysis (the pooled OLS regression and fixed effects methods), Granger causality and panel cointegration tests. Data from 70 countries between 1994–2013 were analysed. The result of the Granger causality tests revealed that the study variables (population, capital stock and economic growth) have a bi-directional causal relationship with CO2 emissions, while energy consumption has a uni-directional relationship. Likewise, the outcome of the cointegration tests established that a long-run relationship exists among the study variables (energy consumption and economic growth) with CO2 emissions. However, the pooled OLS and fixed methods both showed that energy consumption and economic growth have a significant positive impact on CO2 emissions. Hence, this study supports the need for a global transition to a low carbon economy primarily through climate finance, which refers to local, national, or transnational financing, that may be drawn from public, private and alternative sources of financing. This will help foster large-scale investments in clean energy, that are required to significantly reduce CO2 emissions.

scholarly journals Big Data Analytics Capabilities and Eco-Innovation: A Study of Energy Companies

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 4254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Munodawafa ◽  
Johl
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Data Analytics ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Big Data Analytics ◽  
Cleaner Production ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

Increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the past decades have created concerns about the environment. To stymie global warming and the deterioration of the natural environment, global CO2 emissions need to reach approximately 1.3 tons per capita by 2050. However, in Malaysia, CO2 output per capita—driven by fossil fuel consumption and energy production—is expected to reach approximately 12.1 tons by the year 2020. GHG mitigation strategies are needed to address these challenges. Cleaner production, through eco-innovation, has the potential to arrest CO2 emissions and buttress sustainable development. However, the cleaner production process has been hampered by lack of complete data to support decision making. Therefore, using the resource-based view, a preliminary study consisting of energy and utility firms is undertaken to understand the impact of big data analytics towards eco-innovation. Linear regression through SPSS Version 24 reveals that big data analytics could become a strong predictor of eco-innovation. This paper concludes that information and data are key inputs, and big data technology provides firms the opportunity to obtain information, which could influence its production process—and possibly help arrest increasing CO2 emissions.

The Environmental Kuznets Curve

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David I. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) is a hypothesized relationship between environmental degradation and GDP per capita. In the early stages of economic growth, pollution emissions and other human impacts on the environment increase, but beyond some level of GDP per capita (which varies for different indicators), the trend reverses, so that at high income levels, economic growth leads to environmental improvement. This implies that environmental impacts or emissions per capita are an inverted U-shaped function of GDP per capita. The EKC has been the dominant approach among economists to modeling ambient pollution concentrations and aggregate emissions since Grossman and Krueger introduced it in 1991 and is even found in introductory economics textbooks. Despite this, the EKC was criticized almost from the start on statistical and policy grounds, and debate continues. While concentrations and also emissions of some local pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide, have clearly declined in developed countries in recent decades, evidence for other pollutants, such as carbon dioxide, is much weaker. Initially, many understood the EKC to imply that environmental problems might be due to a lack of sufficient economic development, rather than the reverse, as was conventionally thought. This alarmed others because a simplistic policy prescription based on this idea, while perhaps addressing some issues like deforestation or local air pollution, could exacerbate environmental problems like climate change. Additionally, many of the econometric studies that supported the EKC were found to be statistically fragile. Some more recent research integrates the EKC with alternative approaches and finds that the relation between environmental impacts and development is subtler than the simple picture painted by the EKC. This research shows that usually, growth in the scale of the economy increases environmental impacts, all else held constant. However, the impact of growth might decline as countries get richer, and richer countries are likely to make more rapid progress in reducing environmental impacts. Finally, there is often convergence among countries, so that countries that have relatively high levels of impacts reduce them more quickly or increase them more slowly, all else held constant.

scholarly journals PERTUMBUHAN PENDUDUK, INFLASI DAN KORUPSI: ANALISIS EMPIRIS ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE (EKC) DI KAWASAN ASEAN PERIODE 2002-2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Muhammad Fajri Setia Trianto ◽  
Evi Yulia Purwanti
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

The economy that continues to grow has the impact of environmental damage. This study aims to prove empirically the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis by analyzing the relationship of economic growth with environmental damage as measured by GDP per capita, and CO2 emissions. The data used are secondary data in the form of data on GDP per capita, CO2 emissions, population growth, inflation, and control of corruption in 10 countries in the ASEAN region in 2002-2016. Data analysis using the Fixed Effect model. The results show that there is a relationship between economic growth and environmental damage that forms an inverted U curve. Economic growth will initially have a positive effect on environmental damage so that at a point of economic growth negatively affects environmental damage. By adding control variables: population growth, inflation and corruption, inflation and corruption positively impact environmental damage, while population negatively affect environmental damage.

Analysis of Impact Factors of China's Carbon Dioxide Emissions

2012 ◽  
Vol 616-618 ◽  
pp. 1111-1114
Author(s):  
Xiao Yu Ma ◽  
Qiang Yi Li ◽  
Adili Tuergong
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Dynamic Panel Data ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Dynamic Panel ◽  
Consumption Structure ◽  
Current Period ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

This paper estimates the quantity of CO2 emissions in 30 provinces of China covering the year from 1999 to 2010, combining static and dynamic panel data model.Meanwhile, we use instruments to control the endogeny of the two models, analyzing the impact factors of China's CO2 emissions comprehensively and objectively. The result shows that a inverted U-shaped relationship is found between per capita GDP and CO2 emissions per capita .And it means that the Environmental Kuznets Hypothesis is verified in China.And energy consumption structure, industrial structure and urbanization have a positive impact on China's CO2 emissions. The CO2 emissions of last period have a crucial impact on the emissions of current period.

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