scholarly journals Minimizing Contamination from Plastic Labware in the Quantification of C16 and C18 Fatty Acids in Filter Samples of Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Their Utility in Apportioning Cooking Source Contribution to Urban PM2.5

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1120
Author(s):  
Yuk Ying Cheng ◽  
Jian Zhen Yu
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
New Method ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Plastic Syringe ◽  
Syringe Filter

Palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) are among the most abundant products in cooking emission, and thus could serve as potential molecular tracers in estimating the contributions of cooking emission to particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution in the atmosphere. Organic tracer analysis in filter-based samples generally involves extraction by organic solvents, followed by filtration. In these procedures, disposable plastic labware is commonly used due to convenience and as a precaution against sample-to-sample cross contamination. However, we observed contamination for both C16:0 and C18:0 fatty acids, their levels reaching 6–8 ppm in method blanks and leading to their detection in 9% and 42% of PM2.5 samples from Hong Kong, indistinguishable from the blank. We present in this work the identification of plastic syringe and plastic syringe filter disc as the contamination sources. We further demonstrated that a new method procedure using glass syringe and stainless-steel syringe filter holder offers a successful solution. The new method has reduced the contamination level from 6.6 ± 1.2 to 2.6 ± 0.9 ppm for C16:0 and from 8.9 ± 2.1 to 1.9 ± 0.8 ppm for C18:0 fatty acid. Consequently, the limit of detection (LOD) for C16:0 has decreased by 57% from 1.8 to 0.8 ppm and 56% for C18:0 fatty acid from 3.2 to 1.4 ppm. Reductions in both LOD and blank variability has allowed the increase in quantification rate of the two fatty acids in ambient samples and thereby retrieving more data for estimating the contribution of cooking emission to ambient PM2.5. With the assistance of three cooking related tracers, palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0) and cholesterol, positive matrix factorization analysis of a dataset of PM2.5 samples collected from urban Hong Kong resolved a cooking emission source. The results indicate that cooking was a significant local PM2.5 source, contributing to an average of 2.2 µgC/m3 (19%) to organic carbon at a busy downtown roadside location and 1.8 µgC/m3 (15%) at a general urban site.

scholarly journals Fatty acid chemistry of Atrichum undulatum and Hypnum andoi

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Pejin ◽  
Ljubodrag Vujisic ◽  
Marko Sabovljevic ◽  
Vele Tesevic ◽  
Vlatka Vajs
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Behenic Acid ◽  
Moss Species

The fatty acid composition of the moss species Atrichum undulatum (Hedw.) P. Beauv. (Polytrichaceae) and Hypnum andoi A.J.E. Sm. (Hypnaceae) collected in winter time were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as a contribution to their chemistry. Eight fatty acids were identified in the chloroform/methanol extract 1:1 of A. undulatum (linoleic acid 26.80%, palmitic acid 22.17%, ?-linolenic acid 20.50%, oleic acid 18.49%, arachidonic acid 6.21%, stearic acid 3.34%, cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid 1.52% and behenic acid 1.01%), while six fatty acids were found in the same type of extract of H. andoi (palmitic acid 63.48%, erucic acid 12.38%, stearic acid 8.08%, behenic acid 6.26%, lignoceric acid 5.16% and arachidic acid 4.64%). According to this study, the moss A. undulatum can be considered as a good source of both essential fatty acids for humans (linoleic acid and ?-linolenic acid) during the winter.

scholarly journals Fatty Acid Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acids (FAHFAs) Are Associated With Diet, BMI, and Age

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Kellerer ◽  
Karin Kleigrewe ◽  
Beate Brandl ◽  
Thomas Hofmann ◽  
Hans Hauner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Esters ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Hydroxy Stearic Acid ◽  
Diabetic Status ◽  
Acid Esters

Background: Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are a group of fatty acids with potential anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects. The blood levels of FAHFAs and their regulation in humans have hardly been studied.Objective: We aimed to investigate serum FAHFA levels in well-characterized human cohorts, to evaluate associations with age, sex, BMI, weight loss, diabetic status, and diet.Methods: We analyzed levels of stearic-acid-9-hydroxy-stearic-acid (9-SAHSA), oleic-acid-9-hydroxy-stearic-acid (9-OAHSA) and palmitic-acid-9-hydroxy-palmitic-acid (9-PAHPA) as well as different palmitic acid-hydroxy-stearic-acids (PAHSAs) by HPLC-MS/MS with the use of an internal standard in various cohorts: A cohort of different age groups (18–25y; 40–65y; 75–85y; Σn = 60); severely obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery and non-obese controls (Σn = 36); obese patients with and without diabetes (Σn = 20); vegetarians/vegans (n = 10) and omnivores (n = 9); and young men before and after acute overfeeding with saturated fatty acids (SFA) (n = 15).Results: Omnivores had substantially higher FAHFA levels than vegetarians/vegans [median (25th percentile; 75th percentile) tFAHFAs = 12.82 (7.57; 14.86) vs. 5.86 (5.10; 6.71) nmol/L; P < 0.05]. Dietary overfeeding by supplementation of SFAs caused a significant increase within 1 week [median tFAHFAs = 4.31 (3.31; 5.27) vs. 6.96 (6.50; 7.76) nmol/L; P < 0.001]. Moreover, obese patients had lower FAHFA levels than non-obese controls [median tFAHFAs = 3.24 (2.80; 4.30) vs. 5.22 (4.18; 7.46) nmol/L; P < 0.01] and surgery-induced weight loss increased 9-OAHSA level while other FAHFAs were not affected. Furthermore, significant differences in some FAHFA levels were found between adolescents and adults or elderly, while no differences between sexes and between diabetic and non-diabetic individuals were detected.Conclusions: FAHFA serum levels are strongly affected by high SFA intake and reduced in severe obesity. Age also may influence FAHFA levels, whereas there was no detectable relation with sex and diabetic status. The physiological role of FAHFAs in humans remains to be better elucidated.Trial Registration: All studies referring to these analyses were registered in the German Clinical Trial Register (https://www.drks.de/drks_web/) with the numbers DRKS00009008, DRKS00010133, DRKS00006211, and DRKS00009797.

The relationships between dietary fatty acids, plasma lipid composition and milk fat secretion in the cow

1969 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Moore ◽  
W. Steele ◽  
R. C. Noble
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Triglycerides ◽  
Plasma Phospholipids ◽  
Concentrate Mixture

SummaryThe effects of the isocaloric replacement of starch in a low-fat concentrate mixture by either 5 or 10% ‘stearic acid’ (85% pure) or by 10% ‘palmitic acid’ (85% pure) on the composition of the plasma lipids were investigated in a feeding experiment with 12 cows in mid-lactation. The concentrate mixtures were given with a high roughage diet that supplied daily 4·4 kg of hay and 2·7 kg of sugar-beet pulp. A study was made of the relationships between the compositions of the plasma and milk lipids.The inclusion of 10% ‘stearic acid’ or 10% ‘palmitic acid’ in the concentrate mixture increased the concentration of total plasma fatty acids. Irrespective of dietary treatment, about 40% of the total plasma fatty acids occurred in the cholesteryl ester fraction, 54% in the phospholipid fraction, 3% in the triglyceride fraction and 3% in the unesterified fatty acid fraction. There was a positive curvilinear relationship between the concentration of unesterified fatty acids in the plasma and the yield of total milk fatty acids.In the plasma triglycerides, the concentrations of 16:0 and 16:1 were decreased and the concentration of 18:0 was increased when the concentrate mixture contained ‘stearic acid’; the concentration of 16:0 was increased and the concentrations of 18:0, 18:1 and 18:2 were decreased when the concentrate mixture contained ‘palmitic acid’. Similar changes were observed in the compositions of the plasma unesterified fatty acids when the cows were given the different diets.In the plasma cholesteryl esters, the concentration of 16:0 was decreased and the concentrations of 18:3 and 20:4 were increased when the concentrate mixture contained stearic acid; the concentrations of 16:1, 18:3 and 20:4 were increased and the concentration of 18:2 was decreased when the diet was supplemented with palmitic acid. The addition of stearic acid to the diet increased the concentration of 18:0, 18:1 and 18:3 in the plasma phospholipids but decreased the concentrations of 16:0, 18:2, 20:3 and 20:4. When the diet contained palmitic acid the concentrations of 16:0, 16:1, 18:1 and 18:3 in the plasma phospholipids were increased but the concentrations of 18:0, 18:2 and 20:3 were decreased.The major fatty acid circulating in the plasma of the cows was 18:2, which accounted for about 45% of the total plasma fatty acids. Only about 0·7% of the total plasma 18:2 occurred in the plasma triglycerides.The results are discussed in relation to the changes in the composition of the milk fatty acids produced by the cows when they were given the experimental diets.

scholarly journals Metabolic fate of oleic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid in cultured hamster hepatocytes

1996 ◽  
Vol 316 (3) ◽  
pp. 847-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer S. BRUCE ◽  
Andrew M. SALTER
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Metabolic Fate ◽  
Cellular Phospholipid

Unlike other saturated fatty acids, dietary stearic acid does not appear to raise plasma cholesterol. The reason for this remains to be established, although it appears that it must be related to inherent differences in the metabolism of the fatty acid. In the present study, we have looked at the metabolism of palmitic acid and stearic acid, in comparison with oleic acid, by cultured hamster hepatocytes. Stearic acid was taken up more slowly and was poorly incorporated into both cellular and secreted triacylglycerol. Despite this, stearic acid stimulated the synthesis and secretion of triacylglycerol to the same extent as the other fatty acids. Incorporation into cellular phospholipid was lower for oleic acid than for palmitic acid and stearic acid. Desaturation of stearic acid, to monounsaturated fatty acid, was found to be greater than that of palmitic acid. Oleic acid produced from stearic acid was incorporated into both triacylglycerol and phospholipid, representing 13% and 6% respectively of the total after a 4 h incubation. Significant proportions of all of the fatty acids were oxidized, primarily to form ketone bodies, but by 8 h more oleic acid had been oxidized compared with palmitic acid and stearic acid.

scholarly journals Changes of the fatty acid composition of sprouts during germination

2010 ◽  
pp. 89-92
Author(s):  
Melinda-Rita Márton ◽  
Sándor Szép ◽  
Zsolt Mándoki ◽  
Melinda Tamás ◽  
Salamon Rozália Veronika ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Sunflower Seed ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fat Content

During our research we studied the fat content and fatty acid composition during the germination and sprouting periods of the most important sprouts: wheat, lentil, alfalfa, radish and sunflower seed. In this article we present our research results during this sprouting study. The concentration of the saturated fatty acids (palmitic acid, stearic acid) decreased, the concentration of the unsaturated fatty acids increased during germination, but the tendency was not so high than was published in the literature.

scholarly journals JENIS ASAM LEMAK MINYAK TEMPE BUSUK

Jurnal Kimia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
M. H. Rachmawati ◽  
H. Soetjipto ◽  
A. Ign A. Ign. Kristijanto
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Purification Process ◽  
Before And After

Overripe tempe is a food product that used by peoples in Indonesia as a food seasoning. So far, overripe tempe received less attention than fresh tempe and research of overripe tempe is rarely done. The objective of the study is to identify the fatty acid compounds of the  fifth day fermentation overripe tempe oil before and after purification . The overripe tempe oil of fifth day fermentation was extracted with soxhletation method using n – hexane solvent, then it was purified. The various fatty acids  of overripe tempe oil were analyzed by GC – MS. The purification process was done by using H3PO4 0,2% and NaOH 0,1N. The result of the study showed that before purification the oil  was composed of eight compounds  are palmitic acid (13,33%),  linoleic acid (77,57%), stearic acid (6,15%), and the five chemical components, Dasycarpidan – 1 - methanol, acetate ,  oleic acid, 9 - Octadecenamide ,Cholestane - 3, 7, 12, 25 - tetrol, tetraacetate, (3?, 5?, 7?, 12?) and  6, 7 – Epoxypregn – 4 – ene -9, 11, 18- triol - 3, 20 - dione, 11, 18 – diacetate have percentage of areas less than 3%. After purification the oil  was composed of palmitic acid (12,38% ), linoleic acid (80,35 %), stearic acid (5,84%), and 17 – Octadecynoic acid (1,42 %) .

Changes in Membrane Fatty Acids in Cold-acclimated Turfgrass

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 453c-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenith Cyril ◽  
R.R. Duncan ◽  
W.V. Baird
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Biochemical Basis ◽  
Cold Tolerant

Three genotypes of seashore paspalum, `PI 299042', `Adalayd', and `PI 509018-1' considered to be cold-sensitive, intermediately cold-tolerant and cold-tolerant, respectively, were analyzed to investigate the biochemical basis of cold tolerance. The cultivars were acclimated to 8/4 °C day/night temperatures and rhizomes nodes and crowns were harvested at 7-day intervals over the 4-week experiment. Total lipid was extracted from these tissues, and the fatty acids present in the lipid fraction were identified by gas chromatography. Palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid were the major fatty acids present. In cold acclimated tissues, the level of palmitic acid and stearic acid did not change significantly during the treatment period. There was a decrease in the level of linoleic acid by the second week of cold treatment. The amount of linolenic acid increased significantly during the second week of cold treatment corresponding to the decrease in linoleic acid. The change in the amount was significantly greater in `PI 509018-1' than in `Adalayd' or `PI 299042'. These results are similar to what was found for cultivars of bermudagrass that differ in their cold-tolerance phenotypes. Desaturases are enzymes involved in introducing the double bonds into the fatty acid chains. Research is underway to characterize and clone the genes encoding the Ω3, Ω6, and Ω9 desaturases, which may have an important role in affecting the cold tolerance by altering the degree of membrane lipid fatty acid saturation.

The digestion of fatty acids in the stomach and intestines of sheep given widely different rations

1970 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Sutton ◽  
J. E. Storry ◽  
J. W. G. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Almost All

SummaryThe amounts of total lipid and fatty acids consumed, leaving the stomach and excreted in the faeces were examined in 4 sheep fitted with rumen and re-entrant duodenal cannulas. Diets of high (HM1) and low (CM1) roughage content were given at 0·9 times maintenance and the low-roughage diet was also given at 1·7 and 2·3 times maintenance. With all the rations more fatty acid left the abomasum than was consumed in the food, the difference being greater on ration CM1 than on ration HM1 and increasing irregularly with the amount of the low-roughage ration fed. Of the fatty acid entering the duodenum in the chyme, 72–89% was digested in the intestine. About 80% of the increase in fatty acids in the stomach was stearic acid and most of the remainder was palmitic acid. Almost all the polyunsaturated C18acids ingested in the food were hydrogenated in the stomach, and the amounts of oleic acid were also greatly reduced, although more oleic acid entered the duodenum in the chyme with ration CM1 than with ration HM1. The possible origins of the increase in fatty acids in the stomach are discussed.

scholarly journals Lipids profile of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L .) fruit and ebony (Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst ex A. DC .) tree fruit pulp

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-374
Author(s):  
MO Aremu ◽  
AA Waziri ◽  
FJ Faleye ◽  
AM Magomya ◽  
UC Okpaegbe
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Momordica Charantia ◽  
Bitter Melon ◽  
Fruit Pulp ◽  
Two Samples

There are several underexploited plant seeds or fruits in Nigeria with little information about their chemical composition. To this end a comprehensive study on fatty acid, phospholipids and phytosterols composition of bitter melon (Momordica charaantia) fruit and ebony tree (Diospyros mespiliformis) fruit pulp were determined using standard analytical techniques. The most concentrated fatty acid (%) was linoleic acid in Momordica charantia fruit (45.47) and 44.82 in Diospyros mespiliformis fruit pulp. The increasing order of the concentrated fatty acids in Momordica charantia fruit were: linolenic acid (2.38) < stearic acid (7.52) < oleic acid (20.18) < palmitic acid (23.64) < linoleic acid (45.47) while that of Diospyros mespiliformis fruit pulp were: linolenic acid (5.73) < stearic acid (8.62) < oleic acid (18.95) < palmitic acid (20.88) < linoleic acid (44.82). Arachidonic, arachidic, palmitoleic, margaric, behenic, erucic, lignoceric, myristic, lauric, capric and caprylic acids were present in small quantities with none of them recording up to 1.0% in both of the two samples. The results also showed low concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (20.41%) in Momordica charantia fruit and 19.13% in Diospyros mespiliformis fruit pulp, and values of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) were 2.44 and 5.78% for the two samples, respectively. The respective phospholipids composition showed a highest concentration of phosphatidylcholine in Momordica charantia and Diospyros mespiliformis (100.31and 88.12 mg/100 g) while lysophosphatidylcholine and phosphatidic acid were the least concentrate values of 12.62 and 14.52 mg/100 g in Momordicacharantia and Diospyros mespiliformis, respectively. The concentrations of phytosterols were of low values except in sitosterol with values of 153.28 and 119.46 mg/100 g in Momordica charantia and Diospyros mespiliformis, respectively. This study provides an informative lipid profile that will serve as a basis for further chemical investigations and nutritional evaluation of Momordica charantia fruit and Diospyros mespiliformis fruit pulp. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.54(4), 367-374, 2019

scholarly journals Stereospecific distribution of plamitic acid in the triacylglycerols of rat adipocytes. Effects of varying the composition of the substrate fatty acid in vitro

1980 ◽  
Vol 191 (2) ◽  
pp. 637-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Christie ◽  
Margaret L. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Myristic Acid ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Rat Adipocytes

The effects of inclusion of different fatty acids in the medium on the rate of esterification of palmitic acid and its stereospecific distribution among the three positions of the triacyl-sn-glycerols by preparations of rat adipocytes in vitro have been determined. Myristic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid were used as diluents and the concentration of the combined unesterified fatty acids in the medium was held constant; only the proportion of palmitic acid was varied. The amount of palmitic acid esterified was always linearly related to its relative concentration in the medium and was not significantly affected by the nature of the diluent fatty acid chosen. Constant relative proportions were recovered in triacylglycerols and in intermediates in each instance. The amount of palmitic acid esterified to each of the positions of the triacyl-sn-glycerols was linearly dependent on the relative proportion in the medium but the nature of the relationship was markedly influenced by which fatty acid was present. When stearic acid was present, simple relationships were found over the whole range tested. When either myristic acid, oleic acid or linoleic acid was present, abrupt changes in the manner of esterification of palmitic acid were observed in position sn-1 when the relative concentrations of palmitic acid and the diluent reached critical values, which differed with each fatty acid. In position sn-2 when oleic acid or linoleic acid was present, a similar change was observed, and in position sn-3 it was obtained with myristic acid as diluent. The results are discussed in terms of changes in the relative affinities of the acyltransferases for palmitic acid. Palmitic acid was esterified into various molecular species in proportions that indicated acylation with non-correlative specificity at higher relative concentrations but not at lower.

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