Analysis of Compositional Variation and Source Characteristics of Water-Soluble Ions in PM2.5 during Several Winter-Haze Pollution Episodes in Shenyang, China

From 18 February to 13 March 2014 and from 17 December 2016 to 27 January 2017, an online analyzer for monitoring aerosols and gases (MARGA) and an online single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) were used to measure and analyze the concentrations and sources of water-soluble (WS) ions in PM10, PM2.5, and gases (NH3, HNO3, HCl), in Shenyang City, China. During the field campaign, nine haze episodes (or smog episodes, total 582 h) were identified, with 960 identified as non-haze periods. The average mass concentrations of PM2.5 and total water-soluble ions (TWSIs) in PM2.5 during haze episodes were 131 μg·m−3 and 77.2 μg·m−3, 2.3 times and 1.9 times the values in non-haze periods, respectively. The average mass concentration of TWSIs in PM2.5 was 55.9 μg·m−3 (accounting for 55.9% of PM2.5 mass loading), 37.6% of which was sulfate, 31.7% nitrate, 20.0% ammonium, 6.6% chloride, 1.9% potassium, 1.4% calcium, and 0.8% magnesium throughout the campaign. Concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (SNA) secondary pollution ions increased rapidly during haze episodes to as much as 2.2 times, 3.0 times, and 2.4 times higher than during non-haze periods, respectively. Diurnal variations during non-haze periods were significant, while complex pollution was insignificant. Based on changes in the backward trajectories and concentrations of WS ions, the hazy episodes were divided into three types: complex, coal-burning, and automobile exhaust pollution. All complex episodes had high concentrations and greater contributions of ammonium nitrate from complex and automobile exhaust pollution, while the contribution of ammonium sulfate from coal-burning pollution was greater than that of ammonium nitrate. The correlation coefficients among SNA species were very high in complex pollution, with nitrate and sulfate the main forms present. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) were related to emissions from burning coal for heating and from long-range transmission in winter. In the case of exhaust pollution, NO3− accounted for the highest percentage of PM2.5, and NH4+ was more closely related to NO3− than to SO42−. Coal-burning pollution was the most common type of pollution in Shenyang. The contribution of sulfate was higher than that of nitrate. Based on PCA, the contribution of coal-burning emissions varied from 36.7% to 53.6% due to industry, soil sources, and other factors.

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Effect of Different Pollution Parameters and Chemical Components of PM2.5 on Health of Residents of Xinxiang City, China

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18136821 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (13) ◽

pp. 6821

Author(s):

Shuang Wang ◽

Mandeep Kaur ◽

Tengfei Li ◽

Feng Pan

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Carcinogenic Risk ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Maximum Effect ◽

Exposure Concentration ◽

Soluble Ions ◽

Haze Pollution ◽

Water Soluble Ions ◽

Blood Routine

The present study was planned to explore the pollution characteristics, health risks, and influence of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its components on blood routine parameters in a typical industrial city (Xinxiang City) in China. In this study, 102 effective samples 28 (April–May), 19 (July–August), 27 (September–October), 28 (December–January) of PM2.5 were collected during different seasons from 2017 to 2018. The water-soluble ions and metal elements in PM2.5 were analyzed via ion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. The blood routine physical examination parameters under different polluted weather conditions from January to December 2017 and 2018, the corresponding PM2.5 concentration, temperature, and relative humidity during the same period were collected from Second People’s Hospital of Xinxiang during 2017–2018. Risk assessment was carried out using the generalized additive time series model (GAM). It was used to analyze the influence of PM2.5 concentration and its components on blood routine indicators of the physical examination population. The “mgcv” package in R.3.5.3 statistical software was used for modeling and analysis and used to perform nonparametric smoothing on meteorological indicators such as temperature and humidity. When Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) value is the smallest, the goodness of fit of the model is the highest. Additionally, the US EPA exposure model was used to evaluate the health risks caused by different heavy metals in PM2.5 to the human body through the respiratory pathway, including carcinogenic risk and non-carcinogenic risk. The result showed that the air particulate matter and its chemical components in Xinxiang City were higher in winter as compared to other seasons with an overall trend of winter > spring > autumn > summer. The content of nitrate (NO3−) and sulfate (SO42−) ions in the atmosphere were higher in winter, which, together with ammonium, constitute the main components of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 in Xinxiang City. Source analysis reported that mobile pollution sources (coal combustion emissions, automobile exhaust emissions, and industrial emissions) in Xinxiang City during the winter season contributed more to atmospheric pollution as compared to fixed sources. The results of the risk assessment showed that the non-carcinogenic health risk of heavy metals in fine particulate matter is acceptable to the human body, while among the carcinogenic elements, the order of lifetime carcinogenic risk is arsenic (As) > chromium(Cr) > cadmium (Cd) > cobalt(Co) > nickel (Ni). During periods of haze pollution, the exposure concentration of PM2.5 has a certain lag effect on blood routine parameters. On the day when haze pollution occurs, when the daily average concentration of PM2.5 rises by 10 μg·m−3, hemoglobin (HGB) and platelet count (PLT) increase, respectively, by 9.923% (95% CI, 8.741–11.264) and 0.068% (95% CI, 0.067–0.069). GAM model analysis predicted the maximum effect of PM2.5 exposure concentration on red blood cell count (RBC) and PLT was reached when the hysteresis accumulates for 1d (Lag0). The maximum effect of exposure concentration ofPM2.5 on MONO is reached when the lag accumulation is 3d (Lag2). When the hysteresis accumulates for 6d (Lag5), the exposure concentration of PM2.5 has the greatest effect on HGB. The maximum cumulative effect of PM2.5 on neutrophil count (NEUT) and lymphocyte (LMY) was strongest when the lag was 2d (Lag1). During periods of moderate to severe pollution, the concentration of water-soluble ions and heavy metal elements in PM2.5 increases significantly and has a significant correlation with some blood routine indicators.

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Measurement of PM2.5 and Water-Soluble Ions at Central Tokyo, Japan and Source Apportionment

The Global Environmental Engineers ◽

10.15377/2410-3624.2015.02.02.4 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 71-78

Author(s):

Yoshika Sekine ◽

◽

Nami Takahashi ◽

Yuri Ohkoshi ◽

Akihiro Takemasa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Source Apportionment ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Soluble Ions ◽

Water Soluble Ions

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Water-Soluble Ions in Atmospheric Aerosol Measured in a Semi-Arid and Chemical-Industrialized City, Northwest China

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos12040456 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 456

Author(s):

Huimin Jiang ◽

Zhongqin Li ◽

Feiteng Wang ◽

Xi Zhou ◽

Fanglong Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sulfur Oxidation ◽

Northwest China ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Heterogeneous Reactions ◽

Anthropogenic Source ◽

Heating Period ◽

Qinghai Province ◽

Soluble Ions ◽

Water Soluble Ions ◽

Semi Arid

We investigated water-soluble ions (WSIs) of aerosol samples collected from 2016 to 2017 in Lanzhou, a typical semi-arid and chemical-industrialized city in Northwest China. WSIs concentration was higher in the heating period (35.68 ± 19.17 μg/m3) and lower in the non-heating period (12.45 ± 4.21 μg/m3). NO3−, SO42−, NH4+ and Ca2+ were dominant WSIs. The concentration of SO42− has decreased in recent years, while the NO3− level was increasing. WSIs concentration was affected by meteorological factors. The sulfur oxidation and nitrogen oxidation ratios (SOR and NOR) exceeded 0.1, inferring the vital contribution of secondary transformation. Meanwhile higher O3 concentration and temperature promoted the homogeneous reaction of SO2. Lower temperature and high relative humidity (RH) were more suitable for heterogeneous reactions of NO2. Three-phase cluster analysis illustrated that the anthropogenic source ions and natural source ions were dominant WSIs during the heating and non-heating periods, respectively. The backward trajectory analysis and the potential source contribution function model indicated that Lanzhou was strongly influenced by the Hexi Corridor, northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, northern Qinghai province, Inner Mongolia Plateau and its surrounding cities. This research will improve our understanding of the air quality and pollutant sources in the industrial environment.

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Insights into measurements of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 and their gaseous precursors in Beijing

Journal of Environmental Sciences ◽

10.1016/j.jes.2020.08.031 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 102 ◽

pp. 123-137

Author(s):

Jie Su ◽

Pusheng Zhao ◽

Jing Ding ◽

Xiang Du ◽

Youjun Dou

Keyword(s):

Water Soluble ◽

Soluble Ions ◽

Water Soluble Ions

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Characterization of Ambient Particulate Matters in an Industry-Intensive Area in Central Taiwan

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos12070926 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 926

Author(s):

Hsing-Wang Li ◽

Kang-Shin Chen ◽

Chia-Hsiang Lai ◽

Ting-Yu Chen ◽

Yi-Ching Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Principal Component Analysis ◽

Principal Component ◽

Component Analysis ◽

Water Soluble ◽

High Tech ◽

Particulate Matters ◽

Metallic Elements ◽

Soluble Ions ◽

Water Soluble Ions ◽

Central Taiwan

Atmospheric particulate matters (PMs) were measured in an industry-intensive region in central Taiwan in order to investigate the characteristics and possible sources of PMs. The samplings were simultaneously conducted using a 10- and 3-stage Micro Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI) from 2017 to 2018. In this study, the characteristics of PMs in this region were evaluated by measuring the mass concentration of PMs and analyzing water-soluble ions and metallic elements, as well as dioxins. Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify the potential sources of PMs. The results showed that the mean concentration of coarse (>1.8 μm), fine (0.1–1.8 μm), and ultrafine (<0.1 μm) particles were 13.60, 14.38, and 3.44 μg/m3, respectively. In the industry-intensive region, the size distribution of ambient particles showed a bi-modal distribution with a high concentration of coarse particles in the spring and summer, while fine particles were dominant in the autumn and winter. The most abundant water-soluble ions of PMs were NO3−, Cl−, and SO42−, while the majority of metallic elements were Na, Fe, Ca, Al, and Mg in different particle sizes. The results of Pearson’s correlation analysis for metals indicated that the particles in the collected air samples were related to the iron and steelmaking industries, coal burning, vehicle exhausts, and high-tech industries. The dioxin concentration ranged from 0.0006 to 0.0017 pg I-TEQ/Nm3. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the contribution to PMs was associated with sea salt, secondary pollutants, and industrial process.

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Water soluble ions of atmospheric aerosols in three New Zealand cities: seasonal changes and sources

Atmospheric Environment ◽

10.1016/s1352-2310(01)00437-x ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 35 (34) ◽

pp. 6031-6040 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

Haobo Wang ◽

David Shooter

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Atmospheric Aerosols ◽

Seasonal Changes ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Soluble Ions ◽

Water Soluble Ions

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Accessibility of the Central Nervous Connectives of Anodonta Cygnea to a Compound of Large Molecular Weight

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.56.2.493 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 56 (2) ◽

pp. 493-499

Author(s):

N. J. LANE ◽

J. E. TREHERNE

Keyword(s):

Cell Layer ◽

Extracellular Fluid ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Bathing Medium ◽

Anodonta Cygnea ◽

Rapid Exchange ◽

Soluble Ions ◽

Large Molecular Weight ◽

Water Soluble Ions ◽

Intercellular Clefts

1. Ultrastructural observations on the uptake of an exogenous tracer substance, horseradish peroxidase (M.W. 40,000), have shown that this large molecule can penetrate the neural lamella in intact cerebro-visceral connectives of the lamellibranch, Anodonta cygnea. 2. Peroxidase molecules were also observed to penetrate between the intercellular clefts formed by adjacent membranes of the underlying peripheral glial cell layer and to move extensively into the underlying extracellular spaces. 3. These observations confirm the results of previous electrophysiological, radioisotopic and ultrastructural investigations indicating that a relatively rapid exchange of water-soluble ions and molecules occurs between the blood, or bathing medium, and the extracellular fluid bathing the axon surfaces in intact connectives.

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Two years of online measurement of fine particulate nitrate in the western Yangtze River Delta: influences of thermodynamics and N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> hydrolysis

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-18-17177-2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (23) ◽

pp. 17177-17190 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Peng Sun ◽

Wei Nie ◽

Xuguang Chi ◽

Yuning Xie ◽

Xin Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diurnal Variation ◽

Yangtze River ◽

Nitrate Concentration ◽

Yangtze River Delta ◽

River Delta ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Online Measurement ◽

High Concentration ◽

Soluble Ions ◽

Water Soluble Ions

Abstract. Particulate nitrate contributes a large fraction of secondary aerosols. Despite understanding of its important role in regional air quality and global climate, long-term continuous measurements are rather limited in China. In this study, we conducted online measurement of PM2.5 (particulate matter with diameters less than 2.5 µm) nitrate for 2 years from March 2014 to February 2016 using the Monitor for AeRosols and Gases in ambient Air (MARGA) in the western Yangtze River Delta (YRD), eastern China, and investigate the main factors that influenced its temporal variations and formation pathways. Compared to other sites in China, an overall high concentration of particulate nitrate was observed, with a mean value of 15.8 µg m−3 (0.5 to 92.6 µg m−3). Nitrate on average accounted for 32 % of the total mass of water-soluble ions and the proportion increased with PM loading, indicating that nitrate is a major driver of haze pollution episodes in this region. Sufficient ammonia drove most nitrate into the particle phase in the form of ammonium nitrate. A typical seasonal cycle of nitrate was observed, with the concentrations in winter on average 2 times higher than those in summer mainly due to different meteorological conditions. In summer, the diurnal variation of particulate nitrate was determined by thermodynamic equilibrium, resulting in a much lower concentration during daytime despite a considerable photochemical production. Air masses from the polluted YRD and biomass burning region contributed to the high nitrate concentration during summer. In winter, particulate nitrate did not reveal an evident diurnal variation. Regional transport from northern China played an important role in enhancing nitrate concentration. A total of 18 nitrate episodes were selected to understand the processes that drive the formation of high concentration of nitrate. Rapid nitrate formation was observed during the pre-episode (the day before nitrate episode day) nights, and dominated the increase of total water-soluble ions. Calculated nitrate from N2O5 hydrolysis was highly correlated to and accounted for 80 % of the observed nitrate, suggesting that N2O5 hydrolysis was a major contributor to the nitrate episodes. Our results suggested that rapid formation of nitrate could be a main cause for extreme aerosol pollution events in the YRD during winter, and illustrated the urgent need to control NOx emission.

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