scholarly journals Potassium and Magnesium Mediate the Light and CO2 Photosynthetic Responses of Grapevines

Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 144
Author(s):  
Suzy Y. Rogiers ◽  
Dennis H. Greer ◽  
Francesca J. Moroni ◽  
Tintu Baby
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transport ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Mg Deficiency ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Nutrient Reserve ◽  
K Deficiency

Potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) deficiency are common stresses that can impact on grape yield and quality, but their effects on photosynthesis have received little attention. Understanding the diffusional and biochemical limitations to photosynthetic constraints will help to guide improvements in cultural practices. Accordingly, the photosynthetic response of Vitis vinifera cvs. Shiraz and Chardonnay to K or Mg deficiency was assessed under hydroponic conditions using miniature low-nutrient-reserve vines. Photosynthesis was at least partly reduced by a decline in stomatal conductance. Light and CO2-saturated photosynthesis, maximum rate of ribulose 1.5 bisphospate (RuBP) carboxylation (Vcmax) and maximum rate of electron transport (Jmax) all decreased under K and Mg deficiency. Likewise, chlorophyll fluorescence and electron transport were lower under both nutrient deficiencies while dark respiration increased. K deficiency drastically reduced shoot biomass in both cultivars, while root biomass was greatly reduced under both Mg and K deficiency. Taken together, these results indicate that the decrease in biomass was likely due to both stomatal and biochemical limitations in photosynthesis. Optimising photosynthesis through adequate nutrition will thus support increases in biomass with carry-on positive effects on crop yields.

scholarly journals Physiological Disorders of Landscape Palms

EDIS ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2006 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy K. Broschat
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Biological Agents ◽  
Fe Deficiency ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Original Publication ◽  
Mg Deficiency ◽  
Mn Deficiency ◽  
Physiological Disorders ◽  
K Deficiency

Physiological disorders are those caused by various environmental factors, rather than biological agents. Nutrient deficiencies are typically included within this category, but are discussed in other publications See: N deficiency, K deficiency, Mg deficiency, Mn deficiency, Fe deficiency, B deficiency. This document is ENH1011, one of a series of the Environmental Horticulture Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date September 2005. ENH1011/EP263: Physiological Disorders of Landscape Palms (ufl.edu)

HOW CLIMATE CHANGE CAN INFLUENCE THE AGRICULTURE IN UKRAINE: A REVIEW

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Maidanovych ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Average Annual Temperature ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this work is to review and analyze the main results of modern research on the impact of climate change on the agro-sphere of Ukraine. Results. Analysis of research has shown that the effects of climate change on the agro-sphere are already being felt today and will continue in the future. The observed climate changes in recent decades have already significantly affected the shift in the northern direction of all agro-climatic zones of Europe, including Ukraine. From the point of view of productivity of the agro-sphere of Ukraine, climate change will have both positive and negative consequences. The positives include: improving the conditions of formation and reducing the harvesting time of crop yields; the possibility of effective introduction of late varieties (hybrids), which require more thermal resources; improving the conditions for overwintering crops; increase the efficiency of fertilizer application. Model estimates of the impact of climate change on wheat yields in Ukraine mainly indicate the positive effects of global warming on yields in the medium term, but with an increase in the average annual temperature by 2 ° C above normal, grain yields are expected to decrease. The negative consequences of the impact of climate change on the agrosphere include: increased drought during the growing season; acceleration of humus decomposition in soils; deterioration of soil moisture in the southern regions; deterioration of grain quality and failure to ensure full vernalization of grain; increase in the number of pests, the spread of pathogens of plants and weeds due to favorable conditions for their overwintering; increase in wind and water erosion of the soil caused by an increase in droughts and extreme rainfall; increasing risks of freezing of winter crops due to lack of stable snow cover. Conclusions. Resource-saving agricultural technologies are of particular importance in the context of climate change. They include technologies such as no-till, strip-till, ridge-till, which make it possible to partially store and accumulate mulch on the soil surface, reduce the speed of the surface layer of air and contribute to better preservation of moisture accumulated during the autumn-winter period. And in determining the most effective ways and mechanisms to reduce weather risks for Ukrainian farmers, it is necessary to take into account the world practice of climate-smart technologies.

scholarly journals Customized Fertilizers- All in One a Review

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-39
Author(s):  
S. K. Choudhary ◽  
Rajesh Kumar ◽  
Arun Kumar ◽  
Rakesh Deo Ranjan
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Nutrient Use ◽  
Fertilizer Recommendations ◽  
Use Efficiency

Blanket fertilizer recommendations for different crops have caused poor nutrient supply, low nutrient use efficiency and limited crop response. Customized fertilizers may help to sustain soil health by ensuring appropriate fertilization. Hence, specific customized fertilizers should be promoted to counteract the problem of expanding multi-nutrient deficiencies in soils. In India, among the nutrients, NPK remain the major ones for increased and sustained productivity. However, the development of high yielding systems will likely exacerbate the problem of secondary and micronutrient deficiencies, not only because larger amounts are removed, but also because the application of large amounts of N, P and K to achieve higher yield targets, as a result in the intensive systems there is every possibility to build up of negative balance and deficiency of secondary and micronutrients. To attain high future targets, customized fertilizers will play a very important role. The development of site and crop specific readymade customized fertilizers based on scientific principles may prove to be more effective to meet the plant requirement and enhance nutrient use efficiency. Such an approach is also likely to boost crop yields and arrest soil fertility decline in a long-run. Thus, this article discusses the manufacturing methodologies, eligibility criteria, success in Indian fertilizer industry, adoption of fertilizer recommendations and problems in marketing of customized fertilizer.

Soil physical properties and crop status under cattle manure and Z’Fix in Haplic Chernozem  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Václav Novák ◽  
Petr Šařec ◽  
Kateřina Křížová ◽  
Petr Novák ◽  
Oldřich Látal
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Remotely Sensed Data ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Normalised Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Animal Bedding

A three-year experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of Z’Fix on soil physical properties and crop status. Z’Fix is an agent recommended as an addition to animal bedding to prolong its function and to lower ammonia emissions in stables. Concurrently, a positive effect on organic matter transformation in resulting manure is claimed. The experiment involved control, farmyard manure (FYM), and farmyard manure with Z’Fix (FYM_ZF) as variants. In-field sampling was conducted for cone index, water infiltration and implement a unit draft, where the latter two showed significant differences in favour of FYM_ZF. Also, concerning crop yields, FYM_ZF consistently attained the highest values, followed by FYM throughout all three seasons. Furthermore, remotely sensed data were analysed to describe crop status via normalised difference vegetation index where significant differences were found across all variants. Based on the study, FYM_ZF demonstrated positive effects both on soil properties and crop conditions.  

Corrigendum - Effects of a water stress on the photosynthesis and respiration of wheat ears

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 857
Author(s):  
B Marshall ◽  
RH Sedgley ◽  
PV Biscoe
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Rectangular Hyperbola ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Days After Anthesis

An experiment was conducted on Huntsman winter wheat to investigate the effects of a water stress applied at anthesis on the carbon dioxide exchange of the ears during grain filling. The water stress was created by excluding rain from the soil, not the foliage, of plants growing in the field. Control plants were well watered throughout the period when the treatment was imposed. At intervals for 32 days after anthesis, detailed measurements were made of the photosynthetic rate of ears at different irradiances and rates of ear dark respiration. The measurements were analysed by using the photosynthesis-light response model developed by Marshall and Biscoe (1980) for wheat leaves with a modification for the pathway of respiration from the grains to the glumes. The model is a non-rectangular hyperbola and uses four parameters: Pn,max (maximum rate of net photosynthesis), Rd (rate of dark respiration), � (photochemical efficiency at low light), and F (ratio of physical to total resistance to diffusion of carbon dioxide). Analysis showed that in wheat ears during grain filling, photosynthesis can be treated as occurring predominantly in the glumes and respiration in the grains. The shape of the photosynthesis-light response curves for ears from both treatments were similar, but differed from those for wheat leaves because the maximum rates of photosynthesis were reached more gradually with increasing irradiance. However, the measured response curves were still better fitted by the model than a rectangular hyperbola which has often been used in the past. The water stress at anthesis decreased the maximum rate of ear photosynthesis by 0.8 g carbon dioxide m-2 h-1 throughout the grain-filling period. Initially, the rates of ear respiration were the same, but 32 days after anthesis the treatment had decreased ear respiration rate from 0.04 to 0.01 g carbon dioxide h-1/grain.

scholarly journals Crop response to soils amended with biochar: expected benefits and unintended risks

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raghunath Subedi ◽  
Chiara Bertora ◽  
Laura Zavattaro ◽  
Carlo Grignani
Keyword(s):  
Soil Quality ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Positive Effects

Biochar (BC) from biomass waste pyrolysis has been widely studied due to its ability to increase carbon (C) sequestration, reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and enhance both crop growth and soil quality. This review summarizes the current knowledge of BC production, characterization, and types, with a focus on its positive effects on crop yield and soil properties versus the unintended risks associated with these effects. Biochar-amended soils enhance crop growth and yield via several mechanisms: expanded plant nutrient and water availability through increased use efficiencies, improved soil quality, and suppression of soil and plant diseases. Yield response to BC has been shown to be more evident in acidic and sandy soils than in alkaline and fine-textured soils. Biochar composition and properties vary considerably with feedstock and pyrolysis conditions so much that its concentrations of toxic compounds and heavy metals can negatively impact crop and soil health. Consequently, more small-scale and greenhouse-sited studies are in process to investigate the role of BC/soil/crop types on crop growth, and the mechanisms by which they influence crop yield. Similarly, a need exists for long-term, field-scale studies on the effects (beneficial and harmful) of BC amendment on soil health and crop yields, so that production guidelines and quality standards may be developed for BCs derived from a range of feedstocks.

scholarly journals OBSERVATIONS OF INTERVEINAL CHLOROSIS ON MALUS SARGENTII

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 848c-848
Author(s):  
T. Scott Starr ◽  
L. F. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Mg Deficiency ◽  
Interveinal Chlorosis ◽  
Foliar N

Interveinal chlorosis has been observed on the oldest leaves of several varieties of flowering crabapple (Malus sargentii Rehl). Our objective was to identify the cause of this disorder. Foliage and soil from 20 Sargent crabapple trees growing on 12 different sites were analyzed for possible nutrient deficiencies or excesses. Analyses showed N to be slightly low, Ca high, and Mg low in all leaf samples. Soil analysis showed Ca to be abnormally high at all sites. We concluded that the leaf discoloration was caused by a Mg deficiency due to Ca suppression of the Mg and that the low foliar N might be a contributing factor in the interveinal chlorosis.

scholarly journals Effects of Fertilizer Type on Quality and Nutrient Content of Established Landscape Plants in Florida

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.K. Broschat ◽  
D.R. Sandrock ◽  
M.L. Elliott ◽  
E.F. Gilman
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Visual Quality ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Stenotaphrum Secundatum ◽  
Mg Deficiency ◽  
Landscape Plants ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
Pentas Lanceolata ◽  
Release Form

In a series of three experiments, st. augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum ‘Floratam’), areca palm (Dypsis lutescens), canna (Canna × generalis ‘Richard Wallace’), pentas (Pentas lanceolata), allamanda (Allamanda cathartica ‘Hendersoni’), and nandina (Nandina domestica) were grown on highly leached sand soils in two locations in Florida. They were fertilized with typical turfgrass fertilizers having high nitrogen (N)-to-potassium (K) ratios and no magnesium (Mg), or several types of landscape palm fertilizers having low N:K ratios and 100% of their N, K, and Mg in controlled release form. St. augustinegrass, pentas, nandina, and allamanda visual quality were similar for all fertilizer types tested. However, cannas and areca palms had higher visual qualities when fertilized with an 8N–0.9P–10.0K–4Mg palm fertilizer than with higher N:K ratio turf fertilizers. High N:K turf fertilizers resulted in K deficiency severity equivalent to that of unfertilized controls and Mg deficiency that was more severe than unfertilized areca palms.

scholarly journals Reinspecting the Climate-Crop Yields Relationship at a Finer Scale and the Climate Damage Evaluation: Evidence from China

Complexity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Yongbin Zhu ◽  
Yajuan Shi ◽  
Changxin Liu ◽  
Bing Lyu ◽  
Zhenbo Wang
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Climate Variables ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Summer Maize ◽  
Climate Effects ◽  
Positive Effects

This paper reinvestigated the climate-crop yield relationship with the statistical model at crops’ growing stage scale. Compared to previous studies, our model introduced monthly climate variables in the production function of crops, which enables separating the yield changes induced by climate change and those caused by inputs variation and technique progress, as well as examining different climate effects during each growing stage of crops. By applying the fixed effect regression model with province-level panel data of crop yields, agricultural inputs, and the monthly climate variables of temperature and precipitation from 1985 to 2015, we found that the effects of temperature generally are negative and those of precipitation generally are positive, but they vary among different growth stages for each crop. Specifically, GDDs (i.e., growing degree days) have negative effects on spring maize’s yield except for the sowing and ripening stages; the effects of precipitation are negative in September for summer maize. Precipitation in December and the next April is significantly harmful to the yield of winter wheat; while, for the spring wheat, GDDs have positive effects during April and May, and precipitation has negative effects during the ripening period. In addition, we computed climate-induced losses based on the climate-crop yield relationship, which demonstrated a strong tendency for increasing yield losses for all crops, with large interannual fluctuations. Comparatively, the long-term climate effects on yields of spring maize, summer maize, and spring wheat are more noticeable than those of winter wheat.

Effects of a water stress on the photosynthesis and respiration of wheat ears

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 857
Author(s):  
B Marshall ◽  
RH Sedgley ◽  
PV Biscoe
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Rectangular Hyperbola ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Days After Anthesis

An experiment was conducted on Huntsman winter wheat to investigate the effects of a water stress applied at anthesis on the carbon dioxide exchange of the ears during grain filling. The water stress was created by excluding rain from the soil, not the foliage, of plants growing in the field. Control plants were well watered throughout the period when the treatment was imposed. At intervals for 32 days after anthesis, detailed measurements were made of the photosynthetic rate of ears at different irradiances and rates of ear dark respiration. The measurements were analysed by using the photosynthesis-light response model developed by Marshall and Biscoe (1980) for wheat leaves with a modification for the pathway of respiration from the grains to the glumes. The model is a non-rectangular hyperbola and uses four parameters: Pn,max (maximum rate of net photosynthesis), Rd (rate of dark respiration), � (photochemical efficiency at low light), and F (ratio of physical to total resistance to diffusion of carbon dioxide). Analysis showed that in wheat ears during grain filling, photosynthesis can be treated as occurring predominantly in the glumes and respiration in the grains. The shape of the photosynthesis-light response curves for ears from both treatments were similar, but differed from those for wheat leaves because the maximum rates of photosynthesis were reached more gradually with increasing irradiance. However, the measured response curves were still better fitted by the model than a rectangular hyperbola which has often been used in the past. The water stress at anthesis decreased the maximum rate of ear photosynthesis by 0.8 g carbon dioxide m-2 h-1 throughout the grain-filling period. Initially, the rates of ear respiration were the same, but 32 days after anthesis the treatment had decreased ear respiration rate from 0.04 to 0.01 g carbon dioxide h-1/grain.

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