scholarly journals Retinoic Acid Signaling Regulates the Metamorphosis of Feather Stars (Crinoidea, Echinodermata): Insight into the Evolution of the Animal Life Cycle

Biomolecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shumpei Yamakawa ◽  
Yoshiaki Morino ◽  
Hisanori Kohtsuka ◽  
Hiroshi Wada
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Animal Life ◽  
Ancestral Function ◽  
Feather Star ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Feather Stars

Many marine invertebrates have a life cycle with planktonic larvae, although the evolution of this type of life cycle remains enigmatic. We recently proposed that the regulatory mechanism of life cycle transition is conserved between jellyfish (Cnidaria) and starfish (Echinoderm); retinoic acid (RA) signaling regulates strobilation and metamorphosis, respectively. However, the function of RA signaling in other animal groups is poorly understood in this context. Here, to determine the ancestral function of RA signaling in echinoderms, we investigated the role of RA signaling during the metamorphosis of the feather star, Antedon serrata (Crinoidea, Echinodermata). Although feather stars have different larval forms from starfish, we found that exogenous RA treatment on doliolaria larvae induced metamorphosis, like in starfish. Furthermore, blocking RA synthesis or binding to the RA receptor suppressed metamorphosis. These results suggested that RA signaling functions as a regulator of metamorphosis in the ancestor of echinoderms. Our data provides insight into the evolution of the animal life cycle from the viewpoint of RA signaling.

scholarly journals Role of two metacaspases in development and pathogenicity of the Rice Blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessie Fernandez ◽  
Victor Lopez ◽  
Lisa Kinch ◽  
Mariel A. Pfeifer ◽  
Hillery Gray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Rice Blast ◽  
Rice Blast Disease ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACTRice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is a devastating disease of cultivated rice worldwide. Infections by this fungus lead to a significant reduction in rice yields and threats to food security. To gain better insight into growth and cell death in M. oryzae during infection, we characterized two predicted M. oryzae metacaspase proteins, MoMca1 and MoMca2. These proteins appear to be functionally redundant and are able to complement the yeast Yca1 homologue. Biochemical analysis revealed that M. oryzae metacaspases exhibited Ca2+ dependent caspase activity in vitro. Deletion of both MoMca1 and MoMca2 in M. oryzae resulted in reduced sporulation, delay in conidial germination and attenuation of disease severity. In addition, the double ΔMomca1mca2 mutant strain showed increased radial growth in the presence of oxidative stress. Interestingly, the ΔMomca1mca2 strain showed an increase accumulation of insoluble aggregates compared to the wild-type strain during vegetative growth. Our findings suggest that MoMca1 and MoMca2 promote the clearance of insoluble aggregates in M. oryzae, demonstrating the important role these metacaspases have in fungal protein homeostasis. Furthermore, these metacaspase proteins may play additional roles, like in regulating stress responses, that would help maintain the fitness of fungal cells required for host infection.IMPORTANCEMagnaporthe oryzae causes rice blast disease that threatens global food security by resulting in the severe loss of rice production every year. A tightly regulated life cycle allows M. oryzae to disarm the host plant immune system during its biotrophic stage before triggering plant cell death in its necrotrophic stage. The ways M. oryzae navigates its complex life cycle remains unclear. This work characterizes two metacaspase proteins with peptidase activity in M. oryzae that are shown to be involved in the regulation of fungal growth and development prior to infection by potentially helping maintain fungal fitness. This study provides new insight into the role of metacaspase proteins in filamentous fungi by illustrating the delays in M. oryzae morphogenesis in the absence of these proteins. Understanding the mechanisms by which M. oryzae morphology and development promote its devastating pathogenicity may lead to the emergence of proper methods for disease control.

Phosphorylation of Na(+)-H+ antiporter is not stimulated by phorbol ester and acidification in granulocytic HL-60 cells

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (5) ◽  
pp. C1278-C1284 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. N. Rao ◽  
C. Sardet ◽  
J. Pouyssegur ◽  
B. C. Berk
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Phorbol Ester ◽  
Functional Activity ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Acid Load ◽  
Acid Loading ◽  
Insight Into

During differentiation of HL-60 cells into granulocyte-like cells, mRNA and protein levels for the Na(+)-H+ antiporter increased 10- to 15-fold. However, functional activity, as measured by recovery from an acid load [intracellular pH (pHi) 6.5] increased by only about twofold. In addition, basal pHi (measured in the absence of bicarbonate) increased from 7.15 to 7.26, suggesting an alteration in the antiporter's "set point" during HL-60 cell differentiation. To gain insight into the role of the Na(+)-H+ antiporter in HL-60 cell differentiation, we studied mRNA expression of the NHE-1, NHE-3, and NHE-4 isoforms. Only the NHE-1 isoform mRNA increased during differentiation. Because it has recently been shown that the antiporter is regulated by phosphorylation, we next studied NHE-1 protein phosphorylation during HL-60 cell differentiation. Differentiation by exposure to 1 microM retinoic acid for 6 days caused a 15-fold increase in the synthesis of the NHE-1 protein. However, immunoprecipitation of 32P-labeled antiporter showed a decrease in band intensity. These data indicate that during HL-60 cell differentiation, there was a net decrease in the phosphorylation of NHE-1 despite an increase in pHi. Nonetheless, recovery from an acid load (pHi 6.51) was significantly more rapid in differentiated than control cells: 62 +/- 6 vs. 38 +/- 8 mmol H+.min-1.1 cells-1, respectively. However, acid loading decreased antiporter phosphorylation by twofold in differentiated and undifferentiated HL-60 cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Deletion of the Prdm3 Gene Causes a Neuronal Differentiation Deficiency in P19 Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 7192
Author(s):  
Paweł Leszczyński ◽  
Magdalena Śmiech ◽  
Aamir Salam Teeli ◽  
Effi Haque ◽  
Robert Viger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Neuronal Differentiation ◽  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Gene Knockout ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
P19 Cells ◽  
Binding Factor ◽  
Domain I

PRDM (PRDI-BF1 (positive regulatory domain I-binding factor 1) and RIZ1 (retinoblastoma protein-interacting zinc finger gene 1) homologous domain-containing) transcription factors are a group of proteins that have a significant impact on organ development. In our study, we assessed the role of Prdm3 in neurogenesis and the mechanisms regulating its expression. We found that Prdm3 mRNA expression was induced during neurogenesis and that Prdm3 gene knockout caused premature neuronal differentiation of the P19 cells and enhanced the growth of non-neuronal cells. Interestingly, we found that Gata6 expression was also significantly upregulated during neurogenesis. We further studied the regulatory mechanism of Prdm3 expression. To determine the role of GATA6 in the regulation of Prdm3 mRNA expression, we used a luciferase-based reporter assay and found that Gata6 overexpression significantly increased the activity of the Prdm3 promoter. Finally, the combination of retinoic acid receptors α and β, along with Gata6 overexpression, further increased the activity of the luciferase reporter. Taken together, our results suggest that in the P19 cells, PRDM3 contributed to neurogenesis and its expression was stimulated by the synergism between GATA6 and the retinoic acid signaling pathway.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic Profiling of Fe-Responsive lncRNAs and Their Regulatory Mechanism in Rice

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 567
Author(s):  
Shoudong Wang ◽  
Shuo Sun ◽  
Runze Guo ◽  
Wenying Liao ◽  
Huixia Shou
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Transcriptional Response ◽  
Fe Deficiency ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Systematic Screening ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Fe Homeostasis ◽  
Insight Into

Iron (Fe) deficiency directly affects crop growth and development, ultimately resulting in reduced crop yield and quality. Recently, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been demonstrated to play critical regulatory roles in a multitude of pathways across numerous species. However, systematic screening of lncRNAs responding to Fe deficiency and their regulatory mechanism in plants has not been reported. In this work, 171 differently expressed lncRNAs (DE-lncRNAs) were identified based on analysis of strand-specific RNA-seq data from rice shoots and roots under Fe-deficient conditions. We also found several lncRNAs, which could generate miRNAs or act as endogenous target mimics to regulate expression of Fe-related genes. Analysis of interaction networks and gene ontology enrichment revealed that a number of DE-lncRNAs were associated with iron transport and photosynthesis, indicating a possible role of lncRNAs in regulation of Fe homeostasis. Moreover, we identified 76 potential lncRNA targets of OsbHLH156, a key regulator for transcriptional response to Fe deficiency. This study provides insight into the potential functions and regulatory mechanism of Fe-responsive lncRNAs and would be an initial and reference for any further studies regarding lncRNAs involved in Fe deficiency in plants.

scholarly journals Integrative Transcriptomic and Metabolic Analyses Provide Insights into the Role of Trichomes in Tea Plant (Camellia Sinensis)

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongli Cao ◽  
Jiamin Li ◽  
Yijun Ye ◽  
Hongzheng Lin ◽  
Zhilong Hao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Tea Plant ◽  
Germplasm Resources ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Tea Leaves ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Tea Quality ◽  
Insight Into

Trichomes, which develop from epidermal cells, are regarded as one of the key features that are involved in the evaluation of tea quality and tea germplasm resources. The metabolites from trichomes have been well characterized in tea products. However, little is known regarding the metabolites in fresh tea trichomes and the molecular differences in trichomes and tea leaves per se. In this study, we developed a method to collect trichomes from tea plant tender shoots, and their main secondary metabolites, including catechins, caffeine, amino acids, and aroma compounds, were determined. We found that the majority of these compounds were significantly less abundant in trichomes than in tea leaves. RNA-Seq was used to investigate the differences in the molecular regulatory mechanism between trichomes and leaves to gain further insight into the differences in trichomes and tea leaves. In total, 52.96 Gb of clean data were generated, and 6560 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 4471 upregulated and 2089 downregulated genes, were identified in the trichomes vs. leaves comparison. Notably, the structural genes of the major metabolite biosynthesis pathways, transcription factors, and other key DEGs were identified and comparatively analyzed between trichomes and leaves, while trichome-specific genes were also identified. Our results provide new insights into the differences between tea trichomes and leaves at the metabolic and transcriptomic levels, and open up new doors to further recognize and re-evaluate the role of trichomes in tea quality formation and tea plant growth and development.

scholarly journals Faces and the Invisible of the Visible: Toward an Animal Ontology

PhaenEx ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
DAVID MORRIS
Keyword(s):  
Animal Life ◽  
The Face ◽  
Animal Faces ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
The Invisible

This paper studies the role of faces in animal life to gain insight into Merleau-Ponty’s philosophy, especially his later ontology. The relation between animal faces and moving, animal bodies involves a peculiar, expressive logic. This logic echoes the physiognomic structure of perception that Merleau-Ponty detects in his earlier philosophy, and exemplifies and clarifies a logic elemental to his later ontology, especially to his concept of an invisible that is of (endogenous to) the visible. The question why the logic of the face can manifest this analogy or homology with the logic of perception and ontology is treated through a study of embryology, which suggests that the logic of the face ramifies a deeper logic of being. Methodologically, the face is taken as something like a lens into the onto-logic of being. This lens suggests that what underlies Merleau-Ponty’s later ontology is a logic of animality.

Ancestral Role of Ecdysis-Related Neuropeptides in Animal Life Cycle Transitions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Zieger ◽  
Nicolas S.M. Robert ◽  
Andrew Calcino ◽  
Andreas Wanninger
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Animal Life

Insight into the role of cetaceans in the life cycle of the tetraphyllideans (Platyhelminthes: Cestoda)

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.J. Aznar ◽  
C. Agustí ◽  
D.T.J. Littlewood ◽  
J.A. Raga ◽  
P.D. Olson
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Insight Into

Coherence in law: A way to stimulate the transition towards a circular economy? A critical analysis of the European Commission's aspiration to achieve full coherence between chemicals legislation and waste legislation – and product legislation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1023263X2110486
Author(s):  
Ida Mae de Waal
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Policy Documents ◽  
Eu Policy ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
The Eu

This article examines the (lack of) coherence between the legislative fields that govern the life cycle of materials and products and thus are relevant to the transition towards a circular economy in the EU: EU chemicals, product and waste legislation. After examining the notion of coherence in law, it provides insight into the role of coherence in EU chemicals, product and waste legislation in light of the transition towards a circular economy. The article examines the (possible) issues that exist at the interface between these three legislative fields by reviewing literature and EU policy documents and looks into the relation between these issues and the (lack of) coherence between EU chemicals, product and waste legislation. It is argued that, when looked at in light of the transition towards a circular economy, several issues might be related to a lack of coherence. Nonetheless, the aspiration to achieve full coherence should be looked at critically.

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