scholarly journals Identification of Reference Genes for Circadian Studies on Brain Microvessels and Choroid Plexus Samples Isolated from Rats

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1227
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Szczepkowska ◽  
András Harazin ◽  
Lilla Barna ◽  
Mária A. Deli ◽  
Janina Skipor
Keyword(s):  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Reference Genes ◽  
Digital Pcr ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Brain Targeting ◽  
Brain Microvessels ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Hypoxanthine Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Brain

Delivery of putative compounds of therapeutic value to the brain is limited by brain barriers: the blood–brain barrier located in the endothelium of the brain microvessels (BrMVs) and the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier located in the epithelium of the choroid plexus (ChP). Understanding their function and modulation by the circadian clock may enhance the efficacy of brain-targeting therapies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the stability of 10 reference genes in the BrMV and ChP, isolated from male and female rats at six time points (ZT1, 5, 9, 13, 17, and 21). Gene evaluations were performed by qPCR, analyzed by RefFinder tool, and verified by analyzing the expression of the brain and muscle ARNT-like 1 (Bmal1) using the qPCR and digital PCR methods. We identified as the most stable genes for circadian studies tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein zeta (Ywhaz) and apolipoprotein E (Apoe) for BrMV, and beta actin (Actb) and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (Hprt1) for ChP. After verification, ribosomal protein (Rps18) was also included as a sufficient reference gene. Additionally, the observed gender difference in the Bmal1 oscillations in both BrMV and ChP suggests that separate studies for each gender are recommended.

CELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF A PROLACTIN-LIKE ANTIGEN IN THE RAT BRAIN

1979 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
G. TOUBEAU ◽  
J. DESCLIN ◽  
M. PARMENTIER ◽  
J. L. PASTEELS
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Cellular Localization ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Immunoreactive Material ◽  
Paraventricular Nuclei ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
The Brain

The distribution of immunoreactive neurones and fibres was studied in rat brain using an antiserum to rat prolactin. Neurones containing the immunoreactive material were localized in the arcuate, ventromedial, premamillary, supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. Immunoreactive nerve fibres were widely distributed within the brain. No differences were observed in labelling between male and female rats, or as a consequence of hypophysectomy.

scholarly journals Chronic Developmental Lead Exposure increases μ-Opiate Receptor Levels in the Adolescent Rat Brain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damaris Albores-Garcia ◽  
Jennifer L McGlothan ◽  
Zoran Bursac ◽  
Tomás R. Guilarte
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
The United States ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
The Brain

AbstractOpioid use and abuse has reached epidemic proportion in the United States resulting in a significant numbers of deaths due to overdose. While environmental factors are implicated in opioid addiction, less is known about the role of exposure to environmental pollutants on the brain opioid system. Human and preclinical studies have suggested an association between childhood lead (Pb2+) intoxication and proclivity to substance abuse and delinquent behavior. Opioid receptors are involved in the biological effects of opioids and other drugs of abuse. In this study, we examine the effect of chronic developmental Pb2+ exposure on μ-opioid receptor (MOR) levels in the rat brain using [3H]-D-Ala2-MePhe4-Gly-ol5 enkephalin ([3H]-DAMGO) quantitative receptor autoradiography.Our results indicate that chronic developmental Pb2+ exposure increases the levels of [3H]-DAMGO specific binding to MOR in several limbic regions of the brain in male and female rats during the pre-adolescence (PN14) and early-adolescence (PN28) period. These changes were less pronounced in late-adolescence (PN50) and adult (PN120) animals. Our findings are important because the pre-adolescence and early adolescence period is a time in which there is higher engagement in reward and drug seeking behaviors in humans.In summary, we show that chronic exposure to Pb2+ an ubiquitous and well-known environmental contaminant and neurotoxicant, alters MOR levels in brain regions associated with addiction circuits in the adolescent period with important implications to opioid drug use and abuse.

scholarly journals Early and long-term neuroendocrine effects of prenatal stress in male and female rats

2000 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Reznikov ◽  
N. D. Nosenko ◽  
L. V. Tarasenko ◽  
P. V. Sinitsyn ◽  
L. I. Polyakova
Keyword(s):  
Prenatal Stress ◽  
Stress Reactivity ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Prenatally Stressed ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Morphological Equivalent ◽  
The Brain

The effect of maternal stress or so-called prenatal stress (PS) on the neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction and stress reactivity of the progeny was studied. Prenatal stress prevented the formation of sex dimorphism of catecholamine content and aromatase and androgen 5a-reductase activities in the preoptic region of the brain and mediobasal hypothalamus of 10-day-old rats. Leveling of sex-specific differences in the size of the neurocyte nuclei in the suprachiasmatic nucleus was the morphological equivalent of functional disorders induced by PS. Stress and adrenergic reactivity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal system was changed in prenatally stressed males and females. Remote effects of PS are regarded as a manifestation of disorders in the hormone neurotransmitter imprinting of the neuroendocrine system.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in the Brain-Blood Barrier in Rats Exposed to Early life Stress and the Treatment with Antidepressants and Psychobiotic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Eduarda M. Botelho ◽  
Anelise S. Carlessi ◽  
Luana M. Manosso ◽  
Laura A. Borba ◽  
Airam B. de Moura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Early Life Stress ◽  
Maternal Deprivation ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Age And Sex

Abstract Major depressive disorder is a debilitating mental disorder. Although the etiology is not fully understood, the impairment to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity may be involved. Maternal deprivation was performed in the first 10 postnatal days for 3h/day. Male and female rats were divided into control and maternal deprivation. Maternal deprivation animals were subdivided and received treatment with saline, escitalopram, ketamine, or probiotic. The integrity of BBB was evaluated in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus at postnatal days 11, 21, 41, and 61. Maternal deprivation caused BBB breakdown in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in female and male rats in all ages evaluated, except in the prefrontal cortex of females at postnatal day 41. In females, escitalopram, ketamine, and probiotic reversed BBB breakdown in all ages evaluated, except probiotic at postnatal day 21 (prefrontal cortex), and ketamine at postnatal days 21 and 41 (hippocampus). In males, escitalopram, ketamine, and probiotic reversed BBB breakdown in the prefrontal cortex in all ages evaluated, except escitalopram at postnatal days 41 and 61. In the hippocampus of males, BBB damage was reversed by escitalopram at postnatal day 21 and ketamine at postnatal day 41. Treatment with escitalopram, ketamine, or probiotics can prevent changes in the BBB integrity, depending on the age and sex of the animal. Clinically it is important to evaluate different treatments depending on age and sex.

A model for the study of sexual function in anesthetized male and female rats

1991 ◽  
Vol 261 (5) ◽  
pp. R1276-R1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. McKenna ◽  
S. K. Chung ◽  
K. T. McVary
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Function ◽  
Penile Erection ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Descending Inhibition ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Uterine Contractions ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Rhythmic Contractions ◽  
The Brain

A preparation for the study of sexual function in anesthetized spinal male and female rats is discussed. Urethral stimulation in males elicited penile erection, ejaculation, and rhythmic contractions of the striated perineal muscles. In females, vaginal and uterine contractions and rhythmic contractions of the perineal muscles were elicited. These responses show many similarities to responses seen during sexual climax in unanesthetized humans and animals. This response, which we refer to as the urethrogenital reflex, is unaffected in either sex by gonadectomy. We determined that the urethrogenital reflex is produced by a spinal pattern generator and is under tonic descending inhibition from the brain stem. We conclude that this preparation may be a valuable model for experimental study of the neural mechanisms of sexual function in both sexes.

Regulation of Pro-Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Gene Expression by Sex Steroids in The Brain of Male and Female Rats

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 1748-1756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Toranzo ◽  
Eric Dupont ◽  
Jacques Simard ◽  
Claude Labrie ◽  
Jacques Couet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
The Brain
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