scholarly journals Mast Cell Tryptase and Implications for SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis

BioMed ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-149
Author(s):  
Negar Karimi ◽  
Solmaz Morovati ◽  
Lily Chan ◽  
Christina Napoleoni ◽  
Yeganeh Mehrani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Serine Proteases ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Mast Cell Tryptase ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Entry Receptor

Mast cells (MCs) are heterogenous innate leukocytes producing many inflammatory mediators during viral infections that can be protective or damaging to the host, as is seen in the infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the pathogen responsible for the coronavirus disease that was first identified in 2019 (COVID-19). MCs can sense viruses by diverse mechanisms. They express angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), known as the principal entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2, and tryptase that can promote SARS-CoV-2 infection. Tryptase is one of the most abundant serine proteases released by MCs during degranulation and is reported to have both beneficial and detrimental roles in respiratory diseases. Reviewed here are the potential roles of MC-derived tryptase during COVID-19, the implications it has in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2, and the possibility of treating COVID-19 by targeting tryptase.

scholarly journals Mast Cells and COVID-19: a case report implicating a role of mast cell activation in the prevention and treatment of Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Brock ◽  
Anne Maitland
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Mast Cell Activation ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Laboratory Confirmation

Abstract Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a heterogeneous syndrome following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection of the upper respiratory tract. ln adults, the clinical condition can range from asymptomatic cases to severe acute respiratory syndrome and multi-organ dysfunction. Those at risk of developing COVID-19 related hyperinflammatory syndrome likely had an ineffective, innate immune response to this novel pathogen. Mast cells are associated with the epithelium, contributing to tissue homeostasis and epithelial barrier defense. Equipped with an array of pathogen receptors, mast cells exhibit distinct cytokine profiles, dependent on the tissue and the triggered pathogen receptors. Following viral infections, mast cells produce pro-inflammatory chemical mediators, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-6, and these cytokines has been shown to be elevated in severe COVID-19 cases. Here, we present a case of a patient with a longstanding history of signs and symptoms, worrisome for a mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS), but never had laboratory confirmation of this non-clonal mast cell activation disorder, until she contracted COVID-19. This case illustrates the need to recognize the rate of mast cell activation in SARS-CoV-2 infection, not only to optimize anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapy, including the development of vaccine, but to potentially curb the risk of SARS­ CoV-2 triggered hyperinflammatory syndrome.

scholarly journals Let’s talk about sex in the context of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 128 (6) ◽  
pp. 1533-1538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciane H. Gargaglioni ◽  
Danuzia A. Marques
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Pathogenic Agent ◽  
Males And Females

In recent months, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has sent many countries into crisis. Studies have shown that this virus causes worse outcomes and a higher mortality in men than in women. It has been recognized that sex can affect the immune response to a pathogenic agent, as well as the susceptibility for some respiratory diseases. These different responses in males and females may be related to the actions of sex hormones. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) acts as the receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19. The expression of ACE2 is influenced by sex hormones; therefore, we discuss in this article that this could be one of the reasons why COVID-19 is more prevalent in men than in women.

scholarly journals Mast Cells and COVID-19: a case report implicating a role of mast cell activation in the prevention and treatment of Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Brock ◽  
Anne Maitland
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Mast Cell Activation ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Laboratory Confirmation

Abstract Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a heterogeneous syndrome following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection of the upper respiratory tract. ln adults, the clinical condition can range from asymptomatic cases to severe acute respiratory syndrome and multi-organ dysfunction. Those at risk of developing COVID-19 related hyperinflammatory syndrome likely had an ineffective, innate immune response to this novel pathogen. Mast cells are associated with the epithelium, contributing to tissue homeostasis and epithelial barrier defense. Equipped with an array of pathogen receptors, mast cells exhibit distinct cytokine profiles, dependent on the tissue and the triggered pathogen receptors. Following viral infections, mast cells produce pro-inflammatory chemical mediators, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-6, and these cytokines has been shown to be elevated in severe COVID-19 cases. Here, we present a case of a patient with a longstanding history of signs and symptoms, worrisome for a mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS), but never had laboratory confirmation of this non-clonal mast cell activation disorder, until she contracted COVID-19. This case illustrates the need to recognize the rate of mast cell activation in SARS-CoV-2 infection, not only to optimize anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapy, including the development of vaccine, but to potentially curb the risk of SARS­ CoV-2 triggered hyperinflammatory syndrome.

scholarly journals Expression and clinical significance of SARS-COV-2 receptor ACE2 in colon cancer

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Nie ◽  
Yutong Wang ◽  
Geting Wu ◽  
Xiaoyun He ◽  
Zhiming Liao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Cell Entry ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Poor Survival ◽  
Bioinformatics Analyses ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Cancer Tissues ◽  
Entry Receptor

Abstract Background: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a crucial cell entry receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has been identified as an oncogene in some tumour types. However, its role in colon cancer is poorly understood.Methods: Integrative bioinformatics analyses were performed to uncover the role of ACE2 in colon cancer-associated immunology. Results: The results showed that ACE2 was overexpressed in colon cancer tissues and correlated with poor survival. Moreover, ACE2 expression was closely associated with the immune-infiltrating levels of CD4+ T, CD8+ T, and neutrophils. Conclusions: ACE2 is closely associated with colon cancer and may be involved in tumourigenesis and cancer–immune interactions, and could be a promising prognostic and therapeutic biomarker in colon cancer.

scholarly journals ACE2 mouse models: a toolbox for cardiovascular and pulmonary research

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongpeng Jia ◽  
Xinping Yue ◽  
Eric Lazartigues
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Murine Models ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Entry Receptor ◽  
Specific Deletion

Abstract Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been identified as the host entry receptor for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. ACE2 is a regulatory enzyme of the renin-angiotensin system and has protective functions in many cardiovascular, pulmonary and metabolic diseases. This review summarizes available murine models with systemic or organ-specific deletion of ACE2, or with overexpression of murine or human ACE2. The purpose of this review is to provide researchers with the genetic tools available for further understanding of ACE2 biology and for the investigation of ACE2 in the pathogenesis and treatment of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the Context of Respiratory Diseases and Its Importance in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 805
Author(s):  
Enrique Ambrocio-Ortiz ◽  
Gloria Pérez-Rubio ◽  
Alma Del Ángel-Pablo ◽  
Ivette Buendía-Roldán ◽  
Leslie Chávez-Galán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Viral Binding ◽  
Acid Protein ◽  
Alternative Routes ◽  
Ace2 Gene

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an 805 amino acid protein encoded by the ACE2 gene expressed in various human cells, especially in those located in the epithelia. The primary function of ACE2 is to produce angiotensin (1–7) from angiotensin II (Ang II). The current research has described the importance of ACE2 and Ang (1–7) in alternative routes of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) that promote the downregulation of fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress processes in a great variety of diseases, such as hypertension, acute lung injury, liver cirrhosis, and kidney abnormalities. Investigations into the recent outbreak of the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have revealed the importance of ACE2 during infection and its role in recognizing viral binding proteins through interactions with specific amino acids of this enzyme. Additionally, the ACE2 expression in several organs has allowed us to understand the clinical picture related to the infection caused by SARS-CoV-2. This review aims to provide context for the functions and importance of ACE2 with regards to SARS-CoV-2 in the general clinical aspect and its impact on other diseases, especially respiratory diseases.

scholarly journals Do sex-specific immunobiological factors and differences in angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression explain increased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in males?

Diagnosis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Vikse ◽  
Giuseppe Lippi ◽  
Brandon Michael Henry
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Sars Coronavirus ◽  
Immunomodulatory Treatment ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Cytopathic Effects ◽  
Severe Lung

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), shares similarities with the former SARS outbreak, which was caused by SARS-CoV-1. SARS was characterized by severe lung injury due to virus-induced cytopathic effects and dysregulated hyperinflammatory state. COVID-19 has a higher mortality rate in men both inside and outside China. In this opinion paper, we describe how sex-specific immunobiological factors and differences in angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression may explain the increased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in males. We highlight that immunomodulatory treatment must be tailored to the underlying immunobiology at different stages of disease. Moreover, by investigating sex-based immunobiological differences, we may enhance our understanding of COVID-19 pathophysiology and facilitate improved immunomodulatory strategies.

scholarly journals Granzyme D Is a Novel Murine Mast Cell Protease That Is Highly Induced by Multiple Pathways of Mast Cell Activation

2013 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 2085-2094 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elin Rönnberg ◽  
Gabriela Calounova ◽  
Bengt Guss ◽  
Anders Lundequist ◽  
Gunnar Pejler
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Serine Proteases ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Calcium Ionophore ◽  
Mast Cell Activation ◽  
Activated T Cells ◽  
Mast Cell Protease ◽  
Murine Mast Cell

ABSTRACTGranzymes are serine proteases known mostly for their role in the induction of apoptosis. Granzymes A and B have been extensively studied, but relatively little is known about granzymes C to G and K to M. T cells, lymphohematopoietic stromal cells, and granulated metrial gland cells express granzyme D, but the function of granzyme D is unknown. Here we show that granzyme D is expressed by murine mast cells and that its level of expression correlates positively with the extent of mast cell maturation. Coculture of mast cells with live, Gram-positive bacteria caused a profound, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-dependent induction of granzyme D expression. Granzyme D expression was also induced by isolated bacterial cell wall components, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and peptidoglycan, and by stem cell factor, IgE receptor cross-linking, and calcium ionophore stimulation. Granzyme D was released into the medium in response to mast cell activation. Granzyme D induction was dependent on protein kinase C and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). Together, these findings identify granzyme D as a novel murine mast cell protease and implicate granzyme D in settings where mast cells are activated, such as bacterial infection and allergy.

scholarly journals ACE2 the Janus-faced protein – from cardiovascular protection to severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus and COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 134 (7) ◽  
pp. 747-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhian M. Touyz ◽  
Hongliang Li ◽  
Christian Delles
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Basic Science ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Sars Coronavirus ◽  
Multifunctional Protein ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2

Abstract Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the major enzyme responsible for conversion of Ang II into Ang-(1-7). It also acts as the receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (CoV)-2, which causes Coronavirus Disease (COVID)-19. In recognition of the importance of ACE2 and to celebrate 20 years since its discovery, the journal will publish a focused issue on the basic science and (patho)physiological role of this multifunctional protein.

scholarly journals The Use of Fabric Masks in Prevention of Community Transmission of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-175
Author(s):  
Rudi Saputra
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
New Disease ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Public Discussion ◽  
The Public ◽  
Community Transmission

Introduction: COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) is a new disease due to SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2) which can be transmitted through droplets. One effort to prevent transmission of COVID-19 is to use a mask. Medical masks are effective in preventing transmission of COVID-19, but their numbers are very limited and are very much needed by medical personnel when treating COVID-19 patients. Therefore, to prevent the spread of COVID-19 more broadly, alternative medical masks are needed, namely by using cloth masks which have not been discussed much about the purpose of their use to the public. Discussion: SARS-CoV-2 is a cause of COVID-19 and infects the respiratory tract, especially in the lungs (pulmo) through the ACE2 receptor (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2). SARS-CoV-2 has a diameter of around 120 nm. Cloth masks as an alternative to the scarcity of medical masks are recommended for public use. The recommended cloth masks are made of cotton or a cloth towel. A cloth mask is able to hold large droplets (> 5 μm), but not small droplets. Conclusion: Cloth masks can be used by the community in an effort to minimize transmission of COVID-19 by holding large droplets, but it is not effective in preventing transmission of COVID-19 because it can still be passed by SARS-CoV-2. Suggestion: Cloth masks can be optimized using nanoparticles to resist SARS-CoV-2.

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