scholarly journals False Myths versus Medical Facts: Ten Common Misconceptions Related to Dry Eye Disease

Biomedicines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Giannaccare ◽  
Vincenzo Scorcia
Keyword(s):  
Dry Eye ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ocular Surface Diseases ◽  
Medical Fact ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Common Misconceptions ◽  
Made In

Since the first definition of dry eye, rapid progress has been made in this field over the past decades that has guided profound changes in the definition, classification, diagnosis and management of the disease. Although dry eye is one of the most frequently encountered ocular conditions, various “old” misconceptions persist, in particular among comprehensive ophthalmologists not specialized in ocular surface diseases. These misconceptions hamper the correct diagnosis and the proper management of dry eye in the routine clinical practice. In the present review, we described the 10 most common misconceptions related to dry eye and provided an evidence-based guide for reconsidering them using the format “false myth versus medical fact”. These misconceptions concern the dry eye definition and classification (#1, #2, #3), disease physiopathology (#4), diagnosis (#5), symptoms (#6, #7) and treatment (#8, #9, #10). Nowadays, dry eye is still an under-recognized and evolving disease that poses significant clinical challenges to ophthalmologists. The two major reasons behind these challenges include the heterogeneity of the conditions that fall under the umbrella term of dry eye and the common discrepancy between signs and symptoms.

Management of Shock in Infants and Children

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arianne T Train ◽  
David H Rothstein
Keyword(s):  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Organ Perfusion ◽  
Important Advance ◽  
Treatment Pathways ◽  
The Past ◽  
Causative Factors ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Recent Attention

The definition of shock has seen multiple iterations in the past several decades. In its most recent form, shock is understood to comprise a series of insults to the body resulting in impaired end-organ perfusion and generalized tissue underoxygenation. Causative factors are protean, although a large proportion of recent attention has been placed on infectious etiologies, particularly those in the compromised host. Diagnosis and treatment of pediatric shock are particularly challenging because of inherent difficulties in examining a young patient, early compensation of advanced shock, and, in some cases, a lack of provider familiarity with early signs and symptoms of impaired perfusion. Perhaps the most important advance in the past several years has been the recognition that shock must be identified early and sometimes treated empirically, without a proven etiology. In addition, systems of practice are essential to focus early, aggressive treatment of shock and prevent associated morbidity and mortality. In this review, we discuss key points to the evaluation of a pediatric patient with suspected shock, define what laboratory and radiologic investigations may be of utility in confirming a diagnosis and defining an etiology and direct treatment, and highlight recent advances in the understanding and treatment of shock. We also discuss some of the important advances in integration of treatment pathways and the use of the electronic medical record as a clinical adjunct. Key words: shock, pediatric, critical care, sepsis

An intuitionistically plausible interpretation of intuitionistic logic

1977 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 564-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. M. de Swart
Keyword(s):  
Intuitionistic Logic ◽  
Predicate Calculus ◽  
Mathematical Treatment ◽  
First Order ◽  
The Past ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Order Predicate Calculus ◽  
Made In

Let IPC be the intuitionistic first-order predicate calculus. From the definition of derivability in IPC the following is clear:(1) If A is derivable in IPC, denoted by “⊦IPCA”, then A is intuitively true, that means, true according to the intuitionistic interpretation of the logical symbols. To be able to settle the converse question: “if A is intuitively true, then ⊦IPCA”, one should make the notion of intuitionistic truth more easily amenable to mathematical treatment. So we have to look then for a definition of “A is valid”, denoted by “⊨A”, such that the following holds:(2) If A is intuitively true, then ⊨ A.Then one might hope to be able to prove(3) If ⊨ A, then ⊦IPCA.If one would succeed in finding a notion of “⊨ A”, such that all the conditions (1), (2) and (3) are satisfied, then the chain would be closed, i.e. all the arrows in the scheme below would hold.Several suggestions for ⊨ A have been made in the past: Topological and algebraic interpretations, see Rasiowa and Sikorski [1]; the intuitionistic models of Beth, see [2] and [3]; the interpretation of Grzegorczyk, see [4] and [5]; the models of Kripke, see [6] and [7]. In Thirty years of foundational studies, A. Mostowski [8] gives a review of the interpretations, proposed for intuitionistic logic, on pp. 90–98.

The Pooling of Logitudinal Studies of Aging

1975 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus F. Riegel ◽  
Alois Angleitner
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
West Germany ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Common ◽  
Testing Range ◽  
Made In

This report describes the pooling of 5 longitudinal studies conducted during the last 20 years in West Germany. The pooling provides the following improvements: By increasing the number of participants the reliability and precision of the results are improved. The sample becomes representative of the whole area of the FRG. Both cohort and age comparisons are improved by extending their ranges. The time-of-testing range is increased from 5 to 17 years. Since the significance of this factor has been recognized often but since few empirical explorations have been made in the past, the extension of the time-of-testing range represents the most important contribution of the present work. The pooling of different studies is possible only if they share a common set of methods. This requirement is met under the present conditions. Moreover, each study adds unique methods to the pool, thus, supplementing the common explorations in a constructive manner.

Management of Shock in Infants and Children

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arianne T Train ◽  
David H Rothstein
Keyword(s):  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Organ Perfusion ◽  
Important Advance ◽  
Treatment Pathways ◽  
The Past ◽  
Causative Factors ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Recent Attention

The definition of shock has seen multiple iterations in the past several decades. In its most recent form, shock is understood to comprise a series of insults to the body resulting in impaired end-organ perfusion and generalized tissue underoxygenation. Causative factors are protean, although a large proportion of recent attention has been placed on infectious etiologies, particularly those in the compromised host. Diagnosis and treatment of pediatric shock are particularly challenging because of inherent difficulties in examining a young patient, early compensation of advanced shock, and, in some cases, a lack of provider familiarity with early signs and symptoms of impaired perfusion. Perhaps the most important advance in the past several years has been the recognition that shock must be identified early and sometimes treated empirically, without a proven etiology. In addition, systems of practice are essential to focus early, aggressive treatment of shock and prevent associated morbidity and mortality. In this review, we discuss key points to the evaluation of a pediatric patient with suspected shock, define what laboratory and radiologic investigations may be of utility in confirming a diagnosis and defining an etiology and direct treatment, and highlight recent advances in the understanding and treatment of shock. We also discuss some of the important advances in integration of treatment pathways and the use of the electronic medical record as a clinical adjunct. Key words: shock, pediatric, critical care, sepsis

On the Psychopathology of Repetitive Phenomena

1968 ◽  
Vol 114 (514) ◽  
pp. 1107-1114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Mental Activity ◽  
Common Source ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rigorous Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Made In

This paper has three separate yet interrelated aims. First, it sets out to describe a series of clinical phenomena and attempts to show that they arise from a common source. Secondly, the consideration of this data may possibly amplify statements which have been made in the past regarding the nature of mental activity. Thirdly, there seems reason to believe that some of the phenomena described may help to provide a more rigorous definition of the transference concept.

scholarly journals Macroscopic Hematuria—A Leading Urological Problem in Patients on Anticoagulant Therapy: Is the Common Diagnostic Standard Still Advisable?

ISRN Urology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur A. Antoniewicz ◽  
Łukasz Zapała ◽  
Sławomir Poletajew ◽  
Andrzej Borówka
Keyword(s):  
Anticoagulant Therapy ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Standards Of Care ◽  
Macroscopic Hematuria ◽  
The Past ◽  
Anticoagulant Drugs ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of

All urological standards of care are based on the past definition of the clinical importance of macroscopic hematuria. The aim of the study was to assess the phenomenon of iatrogenic hematuria in current clinical practice and analyze its origins in patients receiving anticoagulant drugs. Retrospective analysis of clinical documentation of 238 patients that were consulted for hematuria in 2007–2009 by 5 consultant urologists was performed. In the group of 238 patients with hematuria, 155 (65%) received anticoagulants. Abnormalities of urinary tract were found in 45 (19%) patients. Estimated cost of a single neoplasm detection reached the value of 3252 Euro (mean 3-day hospitalization). The strong correlation between the presence of hematuria and anticoagulant treatment was observed. Authors suggest to redefine the present and future role of hematuria from a standard manifestation of serious urological disease to a common result of a long-term anticoagulant therapy.

Deep Sea Anarchy: Mining at the Frontiers of International Law

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan-Stefan Fritz
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The Past ◽  
Common Heritage ◽  
Common Heritage Of Mankind ◽  
National Jurisdiction ◽  
The Common ◽  
First Time ◽  
Made In

For the first time, new sources of minerals are likely to be exploited in the deep seas in an area beyond national jurisdiction. Deep-sea mining encompasses the potential for cooperation and/or competition between the most technologically and economically advanced States and those aspiring to join this group. The community of States recognized this potential early on and signed new treaties, established new international institutions, and promised new levels of cooperation. Most importantly, they also set a standard according to which the exploration for and exploitation of these new resources are to be governed, namely in the context of the Common Heritage of Mankind. This article assesses what progress has been made in the past forty years on defining and implementing the Common Heritage of Mankind as a normative and legal framework for governing the exploration for and exploitation of marine minerals in the deep seas.

In Search of an Ethical Frame for the Provision of Health

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Marta González
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
Ethical Reflection ◽  
The Past ◽  
Human Good ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of

The distinction between the healthy and the good, a major basis for ethical reflection, has become increasingly blurred in the past few decades. González seeks to reintroduce that distinction, and to explain the tendency to naturalize the good with reference to developments in nineteenth-century philosophy and science. She then argues that while this process of naturalization has been reinforced by the desire to avoid ethical controversies, it fails precisely in that effort. Ethical controversies always return in the end, and it is better to address them in explicitly ethical terms at the outset, before they erupt. Such controversies—such as the definition of proper care and the just distribution of health resources—can be resolved only to the extent that we develop a comprehensive notion of the human good, and its relation to the common (ethical) good.

The Two Faces of Janus

2020 ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
Yael Tamir
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Common Perception ◽  
Information And Technology

This chapter argues that nationalism is a deceptive ideology; one of its faces looks to the past, the other looks to the future. It discusses the negative descriptions of nationalism that emphasize its backward-looking face. The chapter also explains how nationalism tried to revive (or invent) an image of a magnificent past. It examines the history of nationalism, and one of its most fascinating features, modernizing powers. Despite the common perception of nationalism as identified with primordial, tribal feelings, the chapter asserts that true power of nationalism in modern times is grounded in its ability to promote processes of modernization and industrialization that go hand in hand with the universalization of education, information, and technology. Ultimately, the chapter portrays nationalism as an expression of a populist state of mind. It further presents the most interesting definition of populism.

scholarly journals Melanoma: incidence and mortality in the world and Kazakhstan in 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
D. A. Tuleuova ◽  
G. A. Serikbaev ◽  
A. K. Kurmanaliev ◽  
J. U. Pysanova ◽  
Sh. P. Najibulo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Development ◽  
Lower Latitude ◽  
The Past ◽  
Melanoma Incidence ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
The World ◽  
East Kazakhstan ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The City

Relevance: Melanoma is one of the most aggressive and unpredictable tumors. Melanoma most often affects the skin. Over the past 50 years, the incidence of melanoma in the world has been overgrowing, with the highest rates among fair-skinned people and in the regions with lower latitude. The incidence is higher among older adults but is also one of the common forms of cancer among young people. Melanoma incidence and mortality depend on gender, age, ethnicity, as well as on the region of residence. The purpose of the study was to assess the skin melanoma epidemiology in the world and Kazakhstan in 2018. Results: Melanoma incidence was growing throughout the world during the past decades, with an annual incidence of 4-6%. Melanoma incidence is expected to reach 450,000 cases per year in the next two decades. Kazakhstan has experienced an increase in melanoma incidence by 63% over the past ten years. Females made 61% of cases. The incidence remained high in the East Kazakhstan region and the cities of Almaty and Karaganda. High mortality was registered in North Kazakhstan, East Kazakhstan, and Pavlodar regions, and the city of Almaty. Since 2009, the five-year survival with melanoma in the Republic of Kazakhstan has decreased by 2.2%. Conclusion: Melanoma morbidity and mortality is growing worldwide. Even though its incidence is below one-tenths of other types of skin cancer, the ability of melanoma to quickly metastasize and affect young adults makes this disease as a serious social problem. It is necessary to improve the methods of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of melanoma aimed at identifying individuals at high risk of tumor development and optimize the methods of its early diagnostics and definition of the risk of metastasis.

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