scholarly journals Ageing and Olfactory Dysfunction in Trisomy 21: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 952
Author(s):  
Hanani Abdul Manan ◽  
Noorazrul Yahya
Keyword(s):  
Trisomy 21 ◽  
Age Effect ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Electronic Database ◽  
Psychophysical Evaluation ◽  
Olfactory Impairment ◽  
Brain Changes ◽  
Olfactory Deficit ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Ageing Brain

Purpose: The olfactory system is particularly vulnerable in an ageing brain, both anatomically and functionally, and these brain changes are more pronounced among individuals with trisomy 21. Furthermore, the age of the system starts to deteriorate, and the mechanism involved is unclear in an individual with trisomy 21. Therefore, the present review aims to summarise the available information related to this topic and to suggest questions still unanswered which can be a subject of further research. Methods: A systematic literature search of trisomy 21 and olfactory dysfunction was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus electronic database following PRISMA guidelines. References and citations were checked in the Google Scholar database. Reports were extracted for information on demographics and psychophysical evaluation. Then, the reports were systematically reviewed based on the effects of ageing on the three olfactory domains: threshold, discrimination, and identification. Results: Participants with trisomy 21 show an early onset of olfactory impairment, and the age effect of the olfactory deficit is fully expressed at age > 30 years old. The three olfactory domains, threshold, discrimination, and identification, are suggested to be impaired in trisomy 21 participants with age > 30 years old. Conclusions: Olfactory dysfunction in an individual with trisomy 21 commences at a relatively young age and affects the three olfactory domains. A challenge for the future is to quantitatively establish the olfactory function of an individual with trisomy 21 at all ages with more detailed measurements to further understand the pathophysiology of this brain deterioration.

Anosmia After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Clinical Update

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Drummond ◽  
Jacinta Douglas ◽  
John Olver
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Adaptive Strategies ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Life Situation ◽  
Injury Rehabilitation ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Incidence Studies ◽  
Olfactory Impairment

AbstractMost people only recognise the value of olfactory function after it is lost. In the context of traumatic brain injury with its far-reaching physical, cognitive, behavioural and emotional sequelae, posttraumatic olfactory dysfunction is an additional consequence that many survivors have to face as they adjust to a changed life situation. The aim of this article is to provide an update on posttraumatic anosmia for clinicians working in the area of brain injury rehabilitation. Brief reviews of incidence studies and causal mechanisms of olfactory impairment after brain injury are provided. Consequences of anosmia in the domains of safety, eating, personal hygiene, leisure, work and relationships with associated adaptive strategies are described.

scholarly journals Loss of bacterial diversity in the sinuses is associated with lower smell discrimination scores

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristi Biswas ◽  
Brett Wagner Mackenzie ◽  
Charlotte Ballauf ◽  
Julia Draf ◽  
Richard G. Douglas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Gene Sequencing ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Olfactory Loss ◽  
Olfactory Impairment ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Normal Sense

Abstract Olfactory impairment affects ~ 20% of the population and has been linked to various serious disorders. Microbes in the nasal cavity play a key role in priming the physiology of the olfactory epithelium and maintaining a normal sense of smell by the host. The aim of this study was to explore the link between olfactory dysfunction and nasal bacterial communities. A total of 162 subjects were recruited for this study from a specialized olfactory dysfunction clinic and placed into one of three groups: anosmia, hyposmia or normosmia. Swabs from the nasal middle meatus were collected from each subject then processed for bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. No overall differences in bacterial diversity or composition were observed between the three cohorts in this study. However, the relative abundances of Corynebacterium spp. and Streptococcus spp. were significantly (p < 0.05) different in subjects with olfactory loss. Furthermore, subjects with deficiencies in discriminating between smells (based on discrimination scores) had a lower bacterial diversity (Simpson’s evenness p < 0.05). While these results are preliminary in nature, potential bacterial biomarkers for olfactory loss were identified. These findings need to be further validated and biologically tested in animal models.

Olfactory dysfunction in familial parkinsonism

Neurology ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 1262-1267 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Markopoulou ◽  
K. W. Larsen ◽  
E. K. Wszolek ◽  
M. A. Denson ◽  
A. E. Lang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disease ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
Phenotypic Characteristic ◽  
Smell Test ◽  
Olfactory Impairment ◽  
The Difference

Impaired olfactory function is commonly observed in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD). However, it is unknown whether it is also found in familial parkinsonism. To address this issue we administered a smell test to 12 affected, three monosymptomatic, and 12 at-risk individuals from six large parkinsonian kindreds. Three kindreds exhibited an IPD phenotype and three exhibited a parkinsonism-plus syndrome (PPS) phenotype. All but one of the affected individuals had impaired olfactory function. In contrast, only five of the 12 at-risk individuals had impaired olfactory function. The degree of olfactory impairment in the at-risk individuals was less severe than in the affected individuals. The difference in the degree of olfactory impairment in individuals exhibiting the IPD and the PPS phenotypes was not statistically significant. These findings suggest that olfactory dysfunction is a phenotypic characteristic of familial parkinsonism and that it is independent of the kindred phenotype. The appearance of olfactory dysfunction soon after disease onset raises the possibility that it is part of the neurodegenerative disease process.

scholarly journals Improved screening of COVID-19 cases through a Bayesian network symptoms model and psychophysical olfactory test

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Eyheramendy ◽  
Pedro A. Saa ◽  
Eduardo A. Undurraga ◽  
Carlos Valencia ◽  
Carolina López ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Network ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Routine Testing ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Olfactory Test ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Olfactory Impairment

AbstractThe infectiousness and presymptomatic transmission of COVID-19 hinder pandemic control efforts worldwide. Therefore, the frequency of testing, accessibility, and immediate results are critical for reopening societies until an effective vaccine becomes available for a substantial proportion of the population. The loss of sense of smell is among the earliest, most discriminant, and prevalent symptoms of COVID-19, with 75-98% prevalence when clinical olfactory tests are used. Frequent screening for olfactory dysfunction could substantially reduce viral spread. However, olfactory dysfunction is generally self-reported and not measured, which is specially problematic as partial olfactory impairment is broadly unrecognized. To address this limitation, we developed a rapid psychophysical olfactory test (KOR) deployed on a web platform for automated reporting and traceability based on a low-cost, six-odor olfactory identification kit. Based on test results, we defined an anosmia score –a classifier for olfactory impairment–, and a Bayesian Network (BN) model that incorporates other symptoms for detecting COVID-19 cases. We trained and validated the BN model on two samples: suspected COVID-19 cases in five healthcare centers (n = 926; 32% COVID-19 prevalence) and healthy (asymptomatic) mining workers (n = 1, 365; 1.1% COVID-19 prevalence). All participants had COVID-19 assessment by RT-PCR assay. Using the BN model, we predicted COVID-19 status with 76% accuracy (AUC=0.79 [0.75 − 0.82]) in the healthcare sample and 84% accuracy (AUC=0.71 [0.63 − 0.79]) among miners. The KOR test and BN model enabled the detection of COVID-19 cases that otherwise appeared asymptomatic. Our results confirmed that olfactory dysfunction is the most discriminant symptom to predict COVID-19 status when based on olfactory function measurements. Overall, this work highlights the potential for low-cost, frequent, accessible, routine testing for COVID-19 surveillance to aid society’s reopening.

Olfactory dysfunction after subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by ruptured aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery

2009 ◽  
Vol 111 (5) ◽  
pp. 958-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gemma Escartin Martin ◽  
Carme Junqué ◽  
Montserrat Juncadella ◽  
Andreu Gabarrós ◽  
Maria Angels de Miquel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Coil Embolization ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Anterior Communicating Artery ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Olfactory Test ◽  
Endovascular Coil Embolization ◽  
Olfactory Impairment ◽  
Smell Identification

Object Olfactory dysfunction has an important impact on quality of life. In patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), anosmia has mainly been reported after surgery for aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery (ACoA). The authors studied whether and how frequently patients with ACoA aneurysms present with smell identification deficits in 2 treatment groups (endovascular and surgical treatment). Methods A prospective study was conducted of patients with SAH caused by ruptured ACoAs and who had a Glasgow Outcome Scale score of 1 or 2, in comparison with a control group matched by age and sex. Olfactory function was assessed using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). Results A total of 39 patients were enrolled. A marked olfactory impairment was observed in patients with ruptured ACoAs compared with the control group (p < 0.001). Seventeen patients with ruptured ACoAs (44%) compared with 1 patient in the control group (3%) showed a smell identification deficit according to performance on the UPSIT (p < 0.001). Both groups that underwent treatment presented with olfactory impairment. Ten (59%) of 17 patients who underwent aneurysmal clip placement versus 6 (28.5%) of 21 patients who underwent coil embolization scored below the 25th percentile on the UPSIT, and surgical patients also performed worse than endovascular patients (p = 0.048). The authors observed a worse performance on the olfactory test in patients subjected to endovascular coil embolization when cerebral vasospasm (p = 0.037) or frontal cerebral lesions (p = 0.009) were present. This difference was not observed in patients who underwent surgery. Conclusions Olfactory disorders after SAH caused by rupture of the ACoA are very frequent and were present in both treatment groups. Cerebral vasospasm and frontal lobe lesions are related to worse performance on an olfactory test in patients undergoing endovascular coil embolization.

scholarly journals The Aetiology of Olfactory Dysfunction and Its Relationship to Diet Quality

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 769
Author(s):  
Richard J. Stevenson ◽  
Mehmet K. Mahmut ◽  
Annette Horstmann ◽  
Thomas Hummel
Keyword(s):  
Diet Quality ◽  
Dietary Change ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Olfactory Loss ◽  
Olfactory Impairment

People with olfactory loss may choose foods rich in sugar, salt and fat to compensate their loss—foods that constitute a Western-style diet (WSD). However, olfactory dysfunction has not been consistently linked to any particular type of dietary change. Here we considered whether the aetiology of olfactory dysfunction may affect consumption of a WSD. Two-hundred and twenty-two people with olfactory dysfunction of varying cause, were tested for chemosensory performance and their frequency of consumption of a WSD. There was no evidence of a link between a WSD and olfactory dysfunction at the aggregate level, but an aetiology-based approach revealed various patterns, showing both positive and negative associations between olfactory performance and consumption of a WSD. We suggest a number of reasons why, in certain cases, greater olfactory dysfunction may be linked to lower intakes of a WSD, and the role that different aetiologies may have in affecting choices for foods that may appeal following olfactory impairment.

Comparison of subjective olfaction ratings in patients with and without olfactory disorders

2012 ◽  
Vol 126 (7) ◽  
pp. 692-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
B R Haxel ◽  
S Bertz-Duffy ◽  
K Fruth ◽  
S Letzel ◽  
W J Mann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Analogue Scale ◽  
Analogue Scale ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Smell Test ◽  
Olfactory Deficit ◽  
Olfactory Abilities

AbstractObjective:Olfactory dysfunction is common. The reliability of self-assessment tools for smell testing is still controversial. This study aimed to provide new data about the accuracy of olfactory self-assessment compared with a standardised smell test.Design:Prospective, controlled, cohort study of patients with olfactory disorders and healthy controls.Subjects:Ninety-six patients with a smell deficit and 71 controls were asked to rate their sense of smell on a visual analogue scale. Their olfactory abilities were also evaluated with the Sniffin' Sticks tests.Results:The whole cohort showed a significant correlation between visual analogue scale smell scores and Sniffin' Sticks total scores. This correlation was also significant in the patient group, but not in the control group. These results were independent of olfactory deficit aetiology and subject age.Conclusion:Self-assessment of olfaction is only a reliable indicator in smell-impaired patients, not in healthy controls. For an accurate assessment of olfaction, reliable, standardised tests are needed.

scholarly journals IL-1Rahigh-IL-4low-IL-13low: A Novel Plasma Cytokine Signature Associated with Olfactory Dysfunction in Older US Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 407-414
Author(s):  
Eli P Darnell ◽  
Kristen E Wroblewski ◽  
Kristina L Pagel ◽  
David W Kern ◽  
Martha K McClintock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
Odor Identification ◽  
Physical Frailty ◽  
Plasma Cytokine ◽  
Cytokine Profiles ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Olfactory Impairment

Abstract Inflammation has been implicated in physical frailty, but its role in sensory impairment is unclear. Given that olfactory impairment predicts dementia and mortality, determining the role of the immune system in olfactory dysfunction would provide insights mechanisms of neurosensory decline. We analyzed data from the National Social Life, Health and Aging Project, a representative sample of home-dwelling older US adults. Plasma levels of 18 cytokines were measured using standard protocols (Luminex xMAP). Olfactory function was assessed with validated tools (n-butanol sensitivity and odor identification, each via Sniffin’ Sticks). We tested the association between cytokine profiles and olfactory function using multivariate ordinal logistic regression, adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education level, cognitive function, smoking status, and comorbidity. Older adults with the IL-1Rahigh-IL-4low-IL-13low cytokine profile had worse n-butanol odor sensitivity (odds ratio [OR] = 1.61, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.19–2.17) and worse odor identification (OR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.11–1.80). Proinflammatory, Th1, or Th2 cytokine profiles were not associated with olfactory function. Moreover, accounting for physical frailty did not alter the main findings. In conclusion, we identified a plasma cytokine signature—IL-1Rahigh-IL-4low-IL-13low—that is associated with olfactory dysfunction in older US adults. These data implicate systemic inflammation in age-related olfactory dysfunction and support a role for immune mechanisms in this process, a concept that warrants additional scrutiny.

scholarly journals Olfactory Dysfunction in Huntington’s Disease

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Jorge Patino ◽  
Nicholas E. Karagas ◽  
Shivika Chandra ◽  
Nivedita Thakur ◽  
Erin Furr Stimming
Keyword(s):  
Huntington's Disease ◽  
Huntington’S Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Common Symptom ◽  
Progressive Decline ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
Olfactory Impairment

Olfactory dysfunction is a common symptom in patients with neurodegenerative disorders, including Huntington’s disease (HD). Understanding its pathophysiology is important in establishing a preventive and therapeutic plan. In this literature review, we cover the physiology of olfaction, its role in neurodegeneration, and its characteristics in patients with HD. In the general population, olfactory dysfunction is present in 3.8–5.8%and the prevalence increases significantly in those older than 80 years. For HD, data regarding prevalence rates are lacking and the scales used have been inconsistent or have been restructured due to concerns about cross-cultural understanding. Pathogenic huntingtin deposits have been found in the olfactory bulb of individuals with HD, although no studies have correlated this with the grade of olfactory impairment. Olfactory dysfunction is present in both premanifest and manifest patients with HD, showing a progressive decline over time with more severe deficits at advanced stages. No specific treatment for olfactory impairment in HD has been proposed; identifying and avoiding potential medications that cause olfactory dysfunction, as well as general safety recommendations remain the basis of the therapeutic strategy.

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