scholarly journals IL-1Rahigh-IL-4low-IL-13low: A Novel Plasma Cytokine Signature Associated with Olfactory Dysfunction in Older US Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 407-414
Author(s):  
Eli P Darnell ◽  
Kristen E Wroblewski ◽  
Kristina L Pagel ◽  
David W Kern ◽  
Martha K McClintock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
Odor Identification ◽  
Physical Frailty ◽  
Plasma Cytokine ◽  
Cytokine Profiles ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Olfactory Impairment

Abstract Inflammation has been implicated in physical frailty, but its role in sensory impairment is unclear. Given that olfactory impairment predicts dementia and mortality, determining the role of the immune system in olfactory dysfunction would provide insights mechanisms of neurosensory decline. We analyzed data from the National Social Life, Health and Aging Project, a representative sample of home-dwelling older US adults. Plasma levels of 18 cytokines were measured using standard protocols (Luminex xMAP). Olfactory function was assessed with validated tools (n-butanol sensitivity and odor identification, each via Sniffin’ Sticks). We tested the association between cytokine profiles and olfactory function using multivariate ordinal logistic regression, adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education level, cognitive function, smoking status, and comorbidity. Older adults with the IL-1Rahigh-IL-4low-IL-13low cytokine profile had worse n-butanol odor sensitivity (odds ratio [OR] = 1.61, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.19–2.17) and worse odor identification (OR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.11–1.80). Proinflammatory, Th1, or Th2 cytokine profiles were not associated with olfactory function. Moreover, accounting for physical frailty did not alter the main findings. In conclusion, we identified a plasma cytokine signature—IL-1Rahigh-IL-4low-IL-13low—that is associated with olfactory dysfunction in older US adults. These data implicate systemic inflammation in age-related olfactory dysfunction and support a role for immune mechanisms in this process, a concept that warrants additional scrutiny.

Change of olfactory function as a marker of inflammatory activity and disability progression in MS

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Bsteh ◽  
Harald Hegen ◽  
Felix Ladstätter ◽  
Klaus Berek ◽  
Matthias Amprosi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Model ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
Odor Identification ◽  
Olfactory Threshold ◽  
Disability Progression ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Risk Of Relapse

Background: Impaired olfactory threshold has been reported in early inflammatory phases of MS, while impaired odor identification was associated with more widespread disability. Objective: To prospectively assess the development of olfactory function and its correlation with relapse and disability progression. Methods: In this prospective, 3-year longitudinal study on 151 MS patients and 30 healthy controls, three different qualities of olfactory function (threshold, discrimination, and identification) were quantified using the Sniffin’ Sticks test. The influence of relapses and disability on olfactory function was analyzed at different time points and in a multivariate model. Results: Discrimination and identification capability significantly worsened over 3 years, while threshold did not. Threshold was markedly impaired in patients with relapse activity within 12 months, recovered in the absence of relapse, and was associated with a 2.5-fold increased risk of relapse. Deterioration of discrimination and identification was irreversible and both strongly associated with and predictive of EDSS progression. Conclusion: Olfactory function changes over time in MS. Threshold impairment is transient and predicts inflammatory disease activity, while odor identification and discrimination are associated with disability progression. Olfactory dysfunction might be a useful and easily obtainable parameter to monitor patients with regard to inflammation and neurodegeneration in MS.

Olfactory dysfunction in familial parkinsonism

Neurology ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 1262-1267 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Markopoulou ◽  
K. W. Larsen ◽  
E. K. Wszolek ◽  
M. A. Denson ◽  
A. E. Lang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disease ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
Phenotypic Characteristic ◽  
Smell Test ◽  
Olfactory Impairment ◽  
The Difference

Impaired olfactory function is commonly observed in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD). However, it is unknown whether it is also found in familial parkinsonism. To address this issue we administered a smell test to 12 affected, three monosymptomatic, and 12 at-risk individuals from six large parkinsonian kindreds. Three kindreds exhibited an IPD phenotype and three exhibited a parkinsonism-plus syndrome (PPS) phenotype. All but one of the affected individuals had impaired olfactory function. In contrast, only five of the 12 at-risk individuals had impaired olfactory function. The degree of olfactory impairment in the at-risk individuals was less severe than in the affected individuals. The difference in the degree of olfactory impairment in individuals exhibiting the IPD and the PPS phenotypes was not statistically significant. These findings suggest that olfactory dysfunction is a phenotypic characteristic of familial parkinsonism and that it is independent of the kindred phenotype. The appearance of olfactory dysfunction soon after disease onset raises the possibility that it is part of the neurodegenerative disease process.

Cross-Cultural Application of the “Sniffin’ Sticks” Odor Identification Test

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 570-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Hung Shu ◽  
Ben-Chih Yuan ◽  
Shih-Hsiang Lin ◽  
Ching-Zong Lin
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
Odor Identification ◽  
Olfactory Test ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Identification Score ◽  
Identification Test ◽  
Place Of Origin ◽  
Identification Function

Background Odor identification tasks are an important tool for the clinical assessment of olfactory function. However, cultural differences prevent odor identification tests from being used in different countries, because odor identification is strongly dependent on familiarity with these odors. The “Sniffin’ Sticks” olfactory test has been developed in Europe and is used for assessment of olfactory function in many European countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the applicability of the “Sniffin’ Sticks” odor identification test in an area with a different culture compared with its place of origin. Methods The 16 odors in the “Sniffin’ Stick” odor identification test were kept the same but some descriptors were changed compared with the original version. One odor was presented for 3 seconds. Then, subjects chose an item from a list of four descriptors. Two hundred two subjectively normosmic subjects were tested. Forty-two subjects were retested 1 week after the first test. Results Mean odor identification scores of age groups 18–35 years, 36–55 years, and >55 years were 14.8, 14.7, and 13.3, respectively. The score at the 10th percentile was 13.0 in the youngest group of subjects. Age-related decrease of odor identification scores was clearly established. The decrease of the odor identification score was most obvious in subjects aged 63–67 years. The coefficient of correlation between test and retest was 0.76. Conclusion After revision of the descriptors, the “Sniffin’ Sticks” odor identification test appears to be suited for assessment of olfactory identification function in an Asian region.

scholarly journals Development of the Lithuanian Version of Sniffin’ Sticks 12 Odor Identification Test

Medicina ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolita Čičelienė ◽  
Žygimantas Vaičys ◽  
Daiva Rastenytė
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Group Testing ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Odor Identification ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Olfactory Testing ◽  
Identification Test

Background: Evaluation of smell function is essential especially in cases of gradual deterioration, e.g., in neurodegenerative diseases, where rates of unawareness of the disorder are high and the importance of screening for olfactory dysfunction is increasing. To date, none of the tests for evaluation of olfactory dysfunction has been validated in Lithuania. The aim of the study was to develop a Lithuanian version of Sniffin’ Sticks 12 (SS12) odor identification test. Materials and Methods: The study was performed in 4 stages. The first stage included translation and back-translation from German, pilot group testing and language adaptation of the original SS12 test. In the second stage a survey group of 99 subjects was questioned for familiarity with the descriptors, used in the original version of the test. In the third stage after replacement of the least familiar distracters, a modified version of SS12 was created. Original and modified versions of SS12 were tested on 112 and 119 healthy subjects accordingly. The fourth stage of the study proved necessary as neither of the two SS12 versions turned out to be valid. After another round of replacement of the misleading distracters the second modified version of SS12 was created and it was tested on 115 healthy subjects. Results: Unsatisfactory correct identification rates of less than 75 percent in the same one item (lemon) were observed using both original and modified SS12 versions. With the second modification of distracters of SS12, identification of lemon increased significantly and overcame 75 percent. The decrease of SS12 scores in relation to age was ascertained in the study sample. Gender and smoking status did not prove to be independent predictors of SS12 scores in multiple linear regression analysis. Conclusion: The study presents an olfactory testing tool, which is adapted and modified culturally for use in the Lithuanian population.

scholarly journals Olfactory dysfunction predicts the development of depression in older US adults

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yazan Eliyan ◽  
Kristen E Wroblewski ◽  
Martha K McClintock ◽  
Jayant M Pinto
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Odor Identification ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Logistic Regression Models

Abstract Neuroanatomic connections link the olfactory and limbic systems potentially explaining an association between olfactory dysfunction and depression. Some previous studies have demonstrated that olfactory dysfunction is associated with increased depressive symptoms. However, these studies were cross-sectional and unable to establish which develops first. We used longitudinal data to determine if impaired odor identification increased subsequent depressive symptoms or vice versa. We assessed olfaction and depression in the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project, a nationally-representative, 15-year longitudinal study of older U.S. adults. Olfaction was measured using a validated odor identification test (Sniffin’ Sticks). Depressive symptoms were measured using a modified version of the validated Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Multivariable logistic regression models examined the temporal relationships between developing olfactory dysfunction and depression while accounting for demographics, disease comorbidities, alcohol use, smoking, and cognition. Older adults with olfactory dysfunction had concurrent frequent depressive symptoms (OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.00 - 1.43). Among healthy adults at baseline, those who had olfactory dysfunction were more likely to develop frequent depressive symptoms 5 or 10 years later (OR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.13 - 4.37). Conversely, those with frequent depressive symptoms at baseline were not more likely to develop olfactory dysfunction 5 or 10 years later. We show for the first time that olfactory dysfunction predicts subsequent development of depression in older U.S. adults. These data support screening for depression in older adults with chemosensory impairment and set the stage for disentangling the relationship between olfaction and depression.

scholarly journals Differences in Correlation between Subjective and Measured Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunctions after Initial Ear, Nose and Throat Evaluation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Jacob Nørgaard ◽  
Alexander Wieck Fjaeldstad
Keyword(s):  
Case Series ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
Clinical Tests ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Taste Disorder ◽  
Strong Indicator ◽  
Olfactory Impairment ◽  
Chemosensory Function ◽  
Nose And Throat

Abstract Introduction Subjective chemosensory function can differ from measured function. Previous studies on olfactory assessment have found a positive correlation between subjective and measured scores. However, information on gustatory correlation between measured and subjective functions is sparse in patients who have undergone an initial ear, nose and throat (ENT) evaluation. Objectives To evaluate the correlation between subjective and measured olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in a population complaining of taste and/or smell dysfunction after an initial ENT evaluation without chemosensory testing. Furthermore, we aimed to assess the need for chemosensory testing depending on the type of subjective chemosensory dysfunction. Methods A case series in which subjective chemosensory function was assessed through a questionnaire and measured chemosensory function was assessed by validated clinical tests. Results In total, 602 patients with complaints of olfactory and/or gustatory dysfunction were included. We found that 50% of the patients with normal gustatory function and an olfactory impairment classified their olfactory impairment as a subjective taste disorder. Furthermore, 98% of the patients who rated their olfactory function as absent did have a measurable olfactory impairment, but only 64% were anosmic. Conclusion Subjective gustatory dysfunction was poorly correlated with measured gustatory dysfunction, and was often found to reflect olfactory dysfunction. Contrarily, subjective olfactory dysfunction was positively correlated with measurable olfactory dysfunction. Although subjective anosmia was a strong indicator of measured anosmia or hyposmia, the existence of remaining olfactory function was frequently found in these patients. Validated chemosensory testing should be performed in patients with perceived olfactory or gustatory deficits, as this could help ensure increased diagnostic precision and a relevant treatment.

scholarly journals Protective effects of intracerebroventricular adiponectin against olfactory impairments in an amyloid β1–42 rat model

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara A. Guzmán-Ruiz ◽  
Amor Herrera-González ◽  
Adriana Jiménez ◽  
Alan Candelas-Juárez ◽  
Crystal Quiroga-Lozano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Amyloid Beta ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Arginase 1 ◽  
Olfactory Impairment

Abstract Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by cognitive impairment that eventually develops into dementia. Amyloid-beta (Aβ) accumulation is a widely described hallmark in AD, and has been reported to cause olfactory dysfunction, a condition considered an early marker of the disease associated with injuries in the olfactory bulb (OB), the hippocampus (HIPP) and other odor-related cortexes. Adiponectin (APN) is an adipokine with neuroprotective effects. Studies have demonstrated that APN administration decreases Aβ neurotoxicity and Tau hyperphosphorylation in the HIPP, reducing cognitive impairment. However, there are no studies regarding the neuroprotective effects of APN in the olfactory dysfunction observed in the Aβ rat model. The aim of the present study is to determine whether the intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) administration of APN prevents the early olfactory dysfunction in an i.c.v Amyloid-beta1–42 (Aβ1–42) rat model. Hence, we evaluated olfactory function by using a battery of olfactory tests aimed to assess olfactory memory, discrimination and detection in the Aβ rat model treated with APN. In addition, we determined the number of cells expressing the neuronal nuclei (NeuN), as well as the number of microglial cells by using the ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1) marker in the OB and, CA1, CA3, hilus and dentate gyrus (DG) in the HIPP. Finally, we determined Arginase-1 expression in both nuclei through Western blot. Results We observed that the i.c.v injection of Aβ decreased olfactory function, which was prevented by the i.c.v administration of APN. In accordance with the olfactory impairment observed in i.c.v Aβ-treated rats, we observed a decrease in NeuN expressing cells in the glomerular layer of the OB, which was also prevented with the i.c.v APN. Furthermore, we observed an increase of Iba-1 cells in CA1, and DG in the HIPP of the Aβ rats, which was prevented by the APN treatment. Conclusion The present study describes the olfactory impairment of Aβ treated rats and evidences the protective role that APN plays in the brain, by preventing the olfactory impairment induced by Aβ1–42. These results may lead to APN-based pharmacological therapies aimed to ameliorate AD neurotoxic effects.

scholarly journals Postinfectious Olfactory Dysfunction: Oral Steroids and Olfactory Training versus Olfactory Training Alone: Is There any Benefit from Steroids?

ORL ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Sotiria Genetzaki ◽  
Evangelia Tsakiropoulou ◽  
Vasilios Nikolaidis ◽  
Konstantinos Markou ◽  
Iordanis Konstantinidis
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
Line Treatment ◽  
First Line ◽  
Olfactory Testing ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Oral Steroids ◽  
Group A ◽  
Olfactory Training ◽  
First Line Treatment

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> There are limited treatment options for postinfectious olfactory dysfunction (PIOD). Olfactory training has recently been used in clinical practice, but no medical treatment is widely accepted. Although there is weak evidence for their value, some physicians use oral corticosteroids as first-line treatment. The aim of this study was to compare combined oral methylprednisolone and olfactory training with olfactory training alone in the management of PIOD. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This prospective cohort study included 131 patients with PIOD over a 2-year period before the COVID-19 pandemic. Seventy-eight patients who were treated with oral methylprednisolone and olfactory training (group A) were compared with 53 patients who were treated with olfactory training only (group B). Olfactory function was evaluated with “Sniffin’ Sticks” at baseline and 2, 8, and 16 weeks after initial assessment. Patients who improved after steroid treatment underwent magnetic resonance imaging of the paranasal sinuses, skin prick tests, lung spirometry, and sputum eosinophil assessment. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Oral steroids improved 19.23% of patients (<i>n</i> = 15) of group A. History, clinical evaluation, imaging, and laboratory tests identified an inflammatory background in half of them (<i>n</i> = 8). The remaining 7 had no findings of nasal inflammation, and all had a short history of olfactory dysfunction. Both groups significantly improved in olfactory testing results at the end of the olfactory training scheme without significant difference between them. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The percentage of improved patients after oral methylprednisolone was relatively low to suggest it as first-line treatment. Half of the improved patients had an underlying upper airway inflammatory condition not related to the infection that caused the acute loss of olfactory function.

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