scholarly journals A Focus on the Functions of Area 25

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laith Alexander ◽  
Hannah Clarke ◽  
Angela Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Infralimbic Cortex ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Mood Changes ◽  
Behavioral Evidence ◽  
Putative Homologue

Subcallosal area 25 is one of the least understood regions of the anterior cingulate cortex, but activity in this area is emerging as a crucial correlate of mood and affective disorder symptomatology. The cortical and subcortical connectivity of area 25 suggests it may act as an interface between the bioregulatory and emotional states that are aberrant in disorders such as depression. However, evidence for such a role is limited because of uncertainty over the functional homologue of area 25 in rodents, which hinders cross-species translation. This emphasizes the need for causal manipulations in monkeys in which area 25, and the prefrontal and cingulate regions in which it is embedded, resemble those of humans more than rodents. In this review, we consider physiological and behavioral evidence from non-pathological and pathological studies in humans and from manipulations of area 25 in monkeys and its putative homologue, the infralimbic cortex (IL), in rodents. We highlight the similarities between area 25 function in monkeys and IL function in rodents with respect to the regulation of reward-driven responses, but also the apparent inconsistencies in the regulation of threat responses, not only between the rodent and monkey literatures, but also within the rodent literature. Overall, we provide evidence for a causal role of area 25 in both the enhanced negative affect and decreased positive affect that is characteristic of affective disorders, and the cardiovascular and endocrine perturbations that accompany these mood changes. We end with a brief consideration of how future studies should be tailored to best translate these findings into the clinic.

scholarly journals Neuroclinical Framework for the Role of Stress in Addiction

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 247054701769814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura E. Kwako ◽  
George F. Koob
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Stress Component ◽  
Negative Emotionality ◽  
Psychiatric Disease ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Research Domain Criteria ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Research Domain

Addiction has been conceptualized as a three-stage cycle— binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation—that worsens over time and involves allostatic changes in hedonic function via changes in the brain reward and stress systems. Using the withdrawal/negative affect stage and negative reinforcement as an important source of motivation for compulsive drug seeking, we outline the neurobiology of the stress component of the withdrawal/negative affect stage and relate it to a derivative of the Research Domain Criteria research construct for the study of psychiatric disease, known as the Addictions Neuroclinical Assessment. Using the Addictions Neuroclinical Assessment, we outline five subdomains of negative emotional states that can be operationally measured in human laboratory settings and paralleled by animal models. We hypothesize that a focus on negative emotionality and stress is closely related to the acute neurobiological alterations that are experienced in addiction and may serve as a bridge to a reformulation of the addiction nosology to better capture individual differences in patients for whom the withdrawal/negative affect stage drives compulsive drug taking.

The Role of Anterior Insula and Anterior Cingulate in Empathy for Pain

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 584-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elia Valentini
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representation ◽  
Anterior Insula ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Direct Involvement ◽  
Neural Substrate ◽  
Empathy For Pain ◽  
First Time ◽  
Differential Contribution

The understanding of others' feelings and emotional states is commonly defined by the term empathy. Here, I discuss recent findings regarding the differential contribution of anterior insula and anterior cingulate cortices to this function. For the first time, Gu and colleagues (2010) showed no direct involvement of the anterior cingulate during observation of another's pain and proposed the anterior insula as the main neural substrate for the mental representation of empathy.

scholarly journals Trauma-associated anterior cingulate connectivity during reward learning predicts affective and anxiety states in young adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 1831-1840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen L. Eckstrand ◽  
Lindsay C. Hanford ◽  
Michele A. Bertocci ◽  
Henry W. Chase ◽  
Tsafrir Greenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Anxiety Symptoms ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Reward Learning ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Learning Networks ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBackgroundTrauma exposure is associated with development of depression and anxiety; yet, some individuals are resilient to these trauma-associated effects. Differentiating mechanisms underlying development of negative affect and resilience following trauma is critical for developing effective interventions. One pathway through which trauma could exert its effects on negative affect is reward-learning networks. In this study, we examined relationships among lifetime trauma, reward-learning network function, and emotional states in young adults.MethodsOne hundred eleven young adults self-reported trauma and emotional states and underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during a monetary reward task. Trauma-associated neural activation and functional connectivity were analyzed during reward prediction error (RPE). Relationships between trauma-associated neural functioning and affective and anxiety symptoms were examined.ResultsNumber of traumatic events was associated with greater ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC) activation, and lower vACC connectivity with the right insula, frontopolar, inferior parietal, and temporoparietal regions, during RPE. Lower trauma-associated vACC connectivity with frontoparietal regions implicated in regulatory and decision-making processes was associated with heightened affective and anxiety symptoms; lower vACC connectivity with insular regions implicated in interoception was associated with lower affective and anxiety symptoms.ConclusionsIn a young adult sample, two pathways linked the impact of trauma on reward-learning networks with higherv.lower negative affective and anxiety symptoms. The disconnection between vACC and regions implicated in decision-making and self-referential processes may reflect aberrant regulatory but appropriate self-focused mechanisms, respectively, conferring risk forv.resilience against negative affective and anxiety symptoms.

scholarly journals ΔFosB: A Molecular Mechanism of MDMA Dependence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jason Foote
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Infralimbic Cortex ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Caudate Putamen ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Active Lever ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
Administration Methods

<p>Rationale. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a widely used illicit substance and some users show signs of abuse and dependence. It has been suggested that addiction reflects persistent neuroplasticity and one proposed mechanism has been a change in the expression of the transcription factor, ΔFosB.  Objectives. This study determined whether ΔFosB expression in reward-relevant brain areas was altered as a function of MDMA self-administration.  Methods. Rats were separated into triads. One rat self-administered MDMA (master rat) and the other 2 rats received either MDMA (yoked MDMA) or saline (yoked saline) infusions contingent on the behaviour of the master rat. Testing continued until a total intake of 350 mg/kg of MDMA was delivered. Two days following the final self-administration session, rats were sacrificed and perfused transcardially. Brains were removed, and ΔFosB immunohistochemistry was conducted. ΔFosB expression in striatum and medial prefrontal cortex was compared across groups.  Results. Unfortunately the tissue from many of the yoked MDMA rats was compromised and therefore data from this group were not included in any analyses. MDMA self-administration produced a significantly greater expression of ΔFosB in the ventromedial and ventrolateral portions of the caudate putamen when compared to expression produced following yoked saline exposure. Within the infralimbic cortex, accumbens shell and dorsolateral caudate putamen differences approached significance. A significant correlation between ΔFosB expression in the ventromedial caudate putamen and cumulative active lever presses across the final 5 days of self-administration was also found.  Conclusions. These findings provide the first evidence of MDMA-induced expression of ΔFosB. Increased expression of ΔFosB was observed in regions associated with the development and maintenance of drug addiction. These data support the idea that induction of ΔFosB may present a mechanism by which MDMA can induce alterations in genetic transcription, which may underlie the development of MDMA dependence.  Future studies should utilise antagonism of ΔFosB via region-selective administration of Δc-jun in order to further elucidate the role of these transcriptional changes in the development and maintenance of self-administration.</p>

scholarly journals ΔFosB: A Molecular Mechanism of MDMA Dependence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jason Foote
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Infralimbic Cortex ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Caudate Putamen ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Active Lever ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
Administration Methods

<p>Rationale. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a widely used illicit substance and some users show signs of abuse and dependence. It has been suggested that addiction reflects persistent neuroplasticity and one proposed mechanism has been a change in the expression of the transcription factor, ΔFosB.  Objectives. This study determined whether ΔFosB expression in reward-relevant brain areas was altered as a function of MDMA self-administration.  Methods. Rats were separated into triads. One rat self-administered MDMA (master rat) and the other 2 rats received either MDMA (yoked MDMA) or saline (yoked saline) infusions contingent on the behaviour of the master rat. Testing continued until a total intake of 350 mg/kg of MDMA was delivered. Two days following the final self-administration session, rats were sacrificed and perfused transcardially. Brains were removed, and ΔFosB immunohistochemistry was conducted. ΔFosB expression in striatum and medial prefrontal cortex was compared across groups.  Results. Unfortunately the tissue from many of the yoked MDMA rats was compromised and therefore data from this group were not included in any analyses. MDMA self-administration produced a significantly greater expression of ΔFosB in the ventromedial and ventrolateral portions of the caudate putamen when compared to expression produced following yoked saline exposure. Within the infralimbic cortex, accumbens shell and dorsolateral caudate putamen differences approached significance. A significant correlation between ΔFosB expression in the ventromedial caudate putamen and cumulative active lever presses across the final 5 days of self-administration was also found.  Conclusions. These findings provide the first evidence of MDMA-induced expression of ΔFosB. Increased expression of ΔFosB was observed in regions associated with the development and maintenance of drug addiction. These data support the idea that induction of ΔFosB may present a mechanism by which MDMA can induce alterations in genetic transcription, which may underlie the development of MDMA dependence.  Future studies should utilise antagonism of ΔFosB via region-selective administration of Δc-jun in order to further elucidate the role of these transcriptional changes in the development and maintenance of self-administration.</p>

Mesophyll conductance: the leaf corridors for photosynthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Gago ◽  
Danilo M. Daloso ◽  
Marc Carriquí ◽  
Miquel Nadal ◽  
Melanie Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Mesophyll Conductance ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Cell Structures ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Change Framework ◽  
Chloroplast Stroma

Besides stomata, the photosynthetic CO2 pathway also involves the transport of CO2 from the sub-stomatal air spaces inside to the carboxylation sites in the chloroplast stroma, where Rubisco is located. This pathway is far to be a simple and direct way, formed by series of consecutive barriers that the CO2 should cross to be finally assimilated in photosynthesis, known as the mesophyll conductance (gm). Therefore, the gm reflects the pathway through different air, water and biophysical barriers within the leaf tissues and cell structures. Currently, it is known that gm can impose the same level of limitation (or even higher depending of the conditions) to photosynthesis than the wider known stomata or biochemistry. In this mini-review, we are focused on each of the gm determinants to summarize the current knowledge on the mechanisms driving gm from anatomical to metabolic and biochemical perspectives. Special attention deserve the latest studies demonstrating the importance of the molecular mechanisms driving anatomical traits as cell wall and the chloroplast surface exposed to the mesophyll airspaces (Sc/S) that significantly constrain gm. However, even considering these recent discoveries, still is poorly understood the mechanisms about signaling pathways linking the environment a/biotic stressors with gm responses. Thus, considering the main role of gm as a major driver of the CO2 availability at the carboxylation sites, future studies into these aspects will help us to understand photosynthesis responses in a global change framework.

Motives for Social Isolation Following a Negative Emotional Episode

2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-131
Author(s):  
Gérald Delelis ◽  
Véronique Christophe
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Social Affiliation ◽  
Semantic Categorization ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Cognitive Regulation ◽  
Emotional Event ◽  
Regulation Strategies ◽  
Emotional Events

Abstract. After experiencing an emotional event, people either seek out others’ presence (social affiliation) or avoid others’ presence (social isolation). The determinants and effects of social affiliation are now well-known, but social psychologists have not yet thoroughly studied social isolation. This study aims to ascertain which motives and corresponding regulation strategies participants report for social isolation following negative emotional events. A group of 96 participants retrieved from memory an actual negative event that led them to temporarily socially isolate themselves and freely listed up to 10 motives for social isolation. Through semantic categorization of the 423 motives reported by the participants, we found that “cognitive clarification” and “keeping one’s distance” – that is, the need for cognitive regulation and the refusal of socioaffective regulation, respectively – were the most commonly and quickly reported motives for social isolation. We discuss the findings in terms of ideas for future studies aimed at clarifying the role of social isolation in health situations.

Trajectories of positive and negative affect across the transition to college: The role of daily interactions with parents and friends.

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (11) ◽  
pp. 2181-2192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam A. Rogers ◽  
Kimberly A. Updegraff ◽  
Masumi Iida ◽  
Thomas J. Dishion ◽  
Leah D. Doane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Transition To College ◽  
Positive And Negative Affect ◽  
Daily Interactions
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