scholarly journals Eye Movements in Response to Pain-Related Feelings in the Presence of Low and High Cognitive Loads

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Ramtin Zargari Marandi ◽  
Camilla Ann Fjelsted ◽  
Iris Hrustanovic ◽  
Rikke Dan Olesen ◽  
Parisa Gazerani
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Load Level ◽  
Task Load ◽  
Pupillary Responses ◽  
Movement Characteristics

The affective dimension of pain contributes to pain perception. Cognitive load may influence pain-related feelings. Eye tracking has proven useful for detecting cognitive load effects objectively by using relevant eye movement characteristics. In this study, we investigated whether eye movement characteristics differ in response to pain-related feelings in the presence of low and high cognitive loads. A set of validated, control, and pain-related sounds were applied to provoke pain-related feelings. Twelve healthy young participants (six females) performed a cognitive task at two load levels, once with the control and once with pain-related sounds in a randomized order. During the tasks, eye movements and task performance were recorded. Afterwards, the participants were asked to fill out questionnaires on their pain perception in response to the applied cognitive loads. Our findings indicate that an increased cognitive load was associated with a decreased saccade peak velocity, saccade frequency, and fixation frequency, as well as an increased fixation duration and pupil dilation range. Among the oculometrics, pain-related feelings were reflected only in the pupillary responses to a low cognitive load. The performance and perceived cognitive load decreased and increased, respectively, with the task load level and were not influenced by the pain-related sounds. Pain-related feelings were lower when performing the task compared with when no task was being performed in an independent group of participants. This might be due to the cognitive engagement during the task. This study demonstrated that cognitive processing could moderate the feelings associated with pain perception.

scholarly journals Fixation eye movement abnormalities and stereopsis recovery following strabismus repair

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Talora L. Martin ◽  
Jordan Murray ◽  
Kiran Garg ◽  
Charles Gallagher ◽  
Aasef G. Shaikh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Functional Improvement ◽  
Slow Phase ◽  
Fixational Eye Movements ◽  
Movement Characteristics ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Gaze Holding ◽  
Fixational Saccades

AbstractWe evaluated the effects of strabismus repair on fixational eye movements (FEMs) and stereopsis recovery in patients with fusion maldevelopment nystagmus (FMN) and patients without nystagmus. Twenty-one patients with strabismus, twelve with FMN and nine without nystagmus, were tested before and after strabismus repair. Eye-movements were recorded during a gaze-holding task under monocular viewing conditions. Fast (fixational saccades and quick phases of nystagmus) and slow (inter-saccadic drifts and slow phases of nystagmus) FEMs and bivariate contour ellipse area (BCEA) were analyzed in the viewing and non-viewing eye. Strabismus repair improved the angle of strabismus in subjects with and without FMN, however patients without nystagmus were more likely to have improvement in stereoacuity. The fixational saccade amplitudes and intersaccadic drift velocities in both eyes decreased after strabismus repair in subjects without nystagmus. The slow phase velocities were higher in patients with FMN compared to inter-saccadic drifts in patients without nystagmus. There was no change in the BCEA after surgery in either group. In patients without nystagmus, the improvement of the binocular function (stereopsis), as well as decreased fixational saccade amplitude and intersaccadic drift velocity, could be due, at least partially, to central adaptive mechanisms rendered possible by surgical realignment of the eyes. The absence of improvement in patients with FMN post strabismus repair likely suggests the lack of such adaptive mechanisms in patients with early onset infantile strabismus. Assessment of fixation eye movement characteristics can be a useful tool to predict functional improvement post strabismus repair.

The Effects of Cognitive and Visual Workload on Peripheral Detection in the Detection Response Task

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 855-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim van Winsum
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Task Load ◽  
Detection Response ◽  
Response Task ◽  
Stimulus Eccentricity

Objective: The independent effects of cognitive and visual load on visual Detection Response Task (vDRT) reaction times were studied in a driving simulator by performing a backwards counting task and a simple driving task that required continuous focused visual attention to the forward view of the road. The study aimed to unravel the attentional processes underlying the Detection Response Task effects. Background: The claim of previous studies that performance degradation on the vDRT is due to a general interference instead of visual tunneling was challenged in this experiment. Method: vDRT stimulus eccentricity and stimulus conspicuity were applied as within-subject factors. Results: Increased cognitive load and visual load both resulted in increased response times (RTs) on the vDRT. Cognitive load increased RT but revealed no task by stimulus eccentricity interaction. However, effects of visual load on RT showed a strong task by stimulus eccentricity interaction under conditions of low stimulus conspicuity. Also, more experienced drivers performed better on the vDRT while driving. Conclusion: This was seen as evidence for a differential effect of cognitive and visual workload. The results supported the tunnel vision model for visual workload, where the sensitivity of the peripheral visual field reduced as a function of visual load. However, the results supported the general interference model for cognitive workload. Application: This has implications for the diagnosticity of the vDRT: The pattern of results differentiated between visual task load and cognitive task load. It also has implications for theory development and workload measurement for different types of tasks.

Visual Fatigue and Saccadic Eye Movement Parameters

1983 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 728-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted Megaw ◽  
Tayyar Sen
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Tracking Task ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movement ◽  
Visual Fatigue ◽  
Movement Parameters

It has been suggested by Bahill and Stark (1975) that visual fatigue can be identified by changes in some of the saccadic eye movement parameters. These include increases in the frequency of occurrence of glissades and overlapping saccades and reductions in the peak velocity and duration of saccades. In their study, fatigue was induced by the same step tracking task that was used to evaluate the changes in saccadic parameters. However, there is evidence that subjects experience extreme feelings of fatigue while performing such a task and that somehow the task is unnatural. The present study was designed to assess whether there are any differences in the various saccadic parameters obtained while subjects perform a step tracking task and a cognitive task involving the comparison of number strings. Both tasks were presented on a VDU screen. The second objective was to establish whether there are any changes in the parameters for either task as a result of prolonged performance. The results showed no major differences in the saccadic eye movements between the two tasks and no consistent changes resulting from prolonged performance.

scholarly journals Ongoing Cognitive Processing Influences Precise Eye-Movement Targets in Reading

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-362
Author(s):  
Klinton Bicknell ◽  
Roger Levy ◽  
Keith Rayner
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Word Identification ◽  
Statistical Relationship ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Character Position ◽  
Consensus View

Reading is a highly complex learned skill in which humans move their eyes three to four times every second in response to visual and cognitive processing. The consensus view is that the details of these rapid eye-movement decisions—which part of a word to target with a saccade—are determined solely by low-level oculomotor heuristics. But maximally efficient saccade targeting would be sensitive to ongoing word identification, sending the eyes farther into a word the farther its identification has already progressed. Here, using a covert text-shifting paradigm, we showed just such a statistical relationship between saccade targeting in reading and trial-to-trial variability in cognitive processing. This result suggests that, rather than relying purely on heuristics, the human brain has learned to optimize eye movements in reading even at the fine-grained level of character-position targeting, reflecting efficiency-based sensitivity to ongoing cognitive processing.

The Effects Of Anxiety And Seductive Details On Cognitive Load And Learning

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1151-1155
Author(s):  
Ecem Olcum ◽  
Valerie K. Sims
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Learning Performance ◽  
Seductive Details ◽  
Task Load ◽  
Transfer And Retention ◽  
Learning Research ◽  
Meaningful Relationships ◽  
Nasa Task Load Index ◽  
The Relationship

This research seeks to understand the interaction between anxiety, seductive details, cognitive load, and learning. Research investigating the seductive details effect in learning and anxiety with relation to cognitive load has not reached a consistent conclusion. Additionally, to our knowledge, no previous study has looked at the relationship between anxiety and seductive details. Ninety five college students read a passage about lightning formation either with negative seductive details, neutral seductive details, or no seductive details. Learning performance was measured with transfer and retention tests, and cognitive load was measured by using NASA Task Load Index. The results indicated helpful effects of negative but not neutral seductive details on problem-solving test for individuals with higher fear from storms. Results showed no meaningful relationships between the seductive details effect, cognitive load, and learning performance. Anxiety producing information, in small amounts, can benefit higher order cognitive processing.

Individual Differences in Cognitive Strategy and Personality Traits as Measured by the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire

1988 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 943-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn E. Kerr ◽  
Warren S. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Face Validity ◽  
Personality Factor ◽  
Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire ◽  
Sixteen Personality Factor ◽  
Lateral Eye ◽  
Personality Factor Questionnaire ◽  
The Right

The relationship between personality and preference for use of the right or left hemisphere of the brain in cognitive processing was investigated. Lateral eye movements were recorded as 50 female and 20 male right-handed subjects considered questions requiring reflection. The questions were not obviously “verbal” or “spatial” in nature but did require differing levels of reflection. Questions requiring higher levels of reflection produced a higher rate of lateral eye movement responses. Percent right eye movement for individual subjects was then correlated with scores on the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, using both first-order factors and the second-order factor Cortertia, which has some face validity as describing the personality generally ascribed to those who produce mostly right lateral eye movements. No correlation was found between the preferred directions of eye movements and 16 PF factors, which suggests that the lateral eye movements reflect thinking and problem-solving strategies but are not associated with personality styles.

scholarly journals Moses or Noah? A case of ‘potato-potahto’ when using a foreign language

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Sara Dhaene ◽  
Nicolas Dirix ◽  
Hélène Van Marcke ◽  
Evy Woumans
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Processing Style ◽  
Systematic Processing ◽  
Heuristic Reasoning ◽  
Reading Patterns ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Abstract Research among bilinguals suggests a foreign language effect for various tasks requiring a more systematic processing style. For instance, bilinguals seem less prone to heuristic reasoning when solving problem statements in their foreign (FL) as opposed to their native (NL) language. The present study aimed to determine whether such an effect might also be observed in the detection of semantic anomalies. Participants were presented NL and FL questions with and without anomalies while their eye movements were recorded. Overall, they failed to detect the anomaly in more than half of the trials. Furthermore, more illusions occurred for questions presented in the FL, indicating an FL disadvantage. Additionally, eye movement analyses suggested that reading patterns for anomalies are predominantly similar across languages. Our results therefore substantiate theories suggesting that FL use induces cognitive load, causing increased susceptibility to illusions due to partial semantic processing.

When moderate mental workload and driving are mutually beneficial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima Maria Felisberti ◽  
Thiago P Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Subsequent Performance ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Driving Task ◽  
Lane Keeping

Background: High cognitive load during driving is often disruptive and one of the main causes of road accidents. Surprisingly, we know little about the effect (if any) of cognitive load immediately before driving, and even less about the effect of driving (with its own cognitive load) on subsequent performance in cognitive tasks. Method: The effect of cognitive load on a subsequent driving task was examined in Study 1 (n = 31). Participants completed a battery of cognitive tests with low or moderate cognitive demands and their driving performance on a simulator was assessed on two consecutive days (speed, distance from the car ahead, and lane keeping ability). Study 2 (n = 98) examined the effect of a cognitively demanding driving task on the performance of follow up cognitive task, the multi-source interference task (MSIT). In that study, accuracy, and reaction time to MSIT were compared in two conditions: no driving vs post-driving.Results: A moderate level of cognitive load pre-driving led to a modest increase in the distance kept from the car ahead, while a demanding period of driving led to a significant increase in cognitive performance when compared to the control condition (e.g., prior driving).Conclusion: The findings suggest that increases in cognitive processing during periods of demanding mental activity mobilise attentional processes which are likely to remain active for a short period of time benefiting subsequent cognitive performance.

Meta-Analysis of Eye Movements Between Children With and Without Dyslexia or Reading Disability

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-24
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Reading Disability ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Reading Time ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Eligibility Criteria

Background: Hundreds of studies have compared eye movement variables in subjects with and without dyslexia or reading disability. Most studied only small sample sizes and the eye movement tasks and targets varied. The aims of this study are to determine which, if any, eye movement variable(s) differ between children with and without dyslexia or reading disability, and, if differences are found, quantify the amount. Methods: Search engines PubMed and Salus/EBSCO Discover Database for key words eye movements OR saccades OR fixation AND dyslexia OR reading disability yielded 728 titles. Following initial study eligibility criteria (objective eye movement variable measures of children age 6-15.5 years in defined case and control groups), 43 studies qualified for in depth review. Eleven studies qualified for data synthesis. Data were extracted, tested for normality by Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic, standardized, weighted by sample size, tested for homogeneity by Q test, pooled and measured for combined effect. Results: Combined relative risk effect revealed fixation duration, number of fixations, and number of regressions when reading words to be 2.33 (95% CI: 2.12-2.54) times longer, 1.58 (95% CI: 1.52-1.65) times higher, and 1.83 (95% CI: 1.68-1.97) times higher respectively in children with dyslexia or reading disability compared to age normal readers. Differences reading pseudowords were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Significant differences in fixation duration, number of fixations, and number of regressions were found during word reading. Because most reading time is during the fixation duration, children with dyslexia or reading disability need, on average, 2.33 times longer. The results provide objective data to support reading time accommodations for Individual Education Plans. Systematic review suggests that oculomotility ability depends on the amount of cognitive processing rather than purely on extra ocular muscle control.

scholarly journals Measuring Collaboration Load With Pupillary Responses - Implications for the Design of Instructions in Task-Oriented HRI

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimosthenis Kontogiorgos ◽  
Joakim Gustafson
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Audience Design ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Pupillary Responses ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
Task Oriented

In face-to-face interaction, speakers establish common ground incrementally, the mutual belief of understanding. Instead of constructing “one-shot” complete utterances, speakers tend to package pieces of information in smaller fragments (what Clark calls “installments”). The aim of this paper was to investigate how speakers' fragmented construction of utterances affect the cognitive load of the conversational partners during utterance production and comprehension. In a collaborative furniture assembly, participants instructed each other how to build an IKEA stool. Pupil diameter was measured as an outcome of effort and cognitive processing in the collaborative task. Pupillometry data and eye-gaze behaviour indicated that more cognitive resources were required by speakers to construct fragmented rather than non-fragmented utterances. Such construction of utterances by audience design was associated with higher cognitive load for speakers. We also found that listeners' cognitive resources were decreased in each new speaker utterance, suggesting that speakers' efforts in the fragmented construction of utterances were successful to resolve ambiguities. The results indicated that speaking in fragments is beneficial for minimising collaboration load, however, adapting to listeners is a demanding task. We discuss implications for future empirical research on the design of task-oriented human-robot interactions, and how assistive social robots may benefit from the production of fragmented instructions.

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