scholarly journals Blood Arsenic Levels as a Marker of Breast Cancer Risk among BRCA1 Carriers

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 3345
Author(s):  
Wojciech Marciniak ◽  
Tomáš Matoušek ◽  
Susan Domchek ◽  
Angelo Paradiso ◽  
Margherita Patruno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽  
Pathogenic Variants ◽  
Inherited Susceptibility ◽  
Increased Risk

An important group of breast cancers is those associated with inherited susceptibility. In women, several predisposing mutations in genes involved in DNA repair have been discovered. Women with a germline pathogenic variant in BRCA1 have a lifetime cancer risk of 70%. As part of a larger prospective study on heavy metals, our aim was to investigate if blood arsenic levels are associated with breast cancer risk among women with inherited BRCA1 mutations. A total of 1084 participants with pathogenic variants in BRCA1 were enrolled in this study. Subjects were followed from 2011 to 2020 (mean follow-up time: 3.75 years). During that time, 90 cancers were diagnosed, including 67 breast and 10 ovarian cancers. The group was stratified into two categories (lower and higher blood As levels), divided at the median (<0.85 µg/L and ≥0.85 µg/L) As level among all unaffected participants. Cox proportional hazards models were used to model the association between As levels and cancer incidence. A high blood As level (≥0.85 µg/L) was associated with a significantly increased risk of developing breast cancer (HR = 2.05; 95%CI: 1.18–3.56; p = 0.01) and of any cancer (HR = 1.73; 95%CI: 1.09–2.74; p = 0.02). These findings suggest a possible role of environmental arsenic in the development of cancers among women with germline pathogenic variants in BRCA1.

scholarly journals Milk Consumption Decreases Risk for Breast Cancer in Korean Women under 50 Years of Age: Results from the Health Examinees Study

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woo-Kyoung Shin ◽  
Hwi-Won Lee ◽  
Aesun Shin ◽  
Jong-koo Lee ◽  
Daehee Kang
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Milk Consumption ◽  
Korean Women

Epidemiologic studies regarding breast cancer risk related to milk consumption remain controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between milk consumption and the risk for breast cancer. A total of 93,306 participants, aged 40–69 years, were included in the prospective cohort study in the Health Examinees-Gem (HEXA-G) study between 2004 and 2013. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Information on cancer diagnosis in the eligible cohort was retrieved from the Korea Central Cancer Registry through 31 December 2014. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate multivariate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A total of 359 breast cancer cases were observed over a median follow-up period of 6.3 years. Milk consumption was not associated with decreased risk for breast cancer in the total population (p for trend = 0.0687). In women under 50 years of age, however, milk consumption was inversely associated with breast cancer risk. In the comparison between highest (≥1 serving/day) and lowest (<1 serving/week) intake categories of milk, the multivariate HR (95% CI) was 0.58 (0.35–0.97, p for trend = 0.0195)) among women under 50 years of age. In conclusion, our findings show that milk consumption in Korean women aged 50 or younger is associated with a decreased risk for breast cancer, when compared to those who never or rarely consumed milk. Further studies need to be conducted to assess this relationship and confirm these results.

scholarly journals The Other Side of the Coin: May Androgens Have a Role in Breast Cancer Risk?

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 424
Author(s):  
Chiara Chiodo ◽  
Catia Morelli ◽  
Fabiola Cavaliere ◽  
Diego Sisci ◽  
Marilena Lanzino
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Breast Tissue ◽  
Estrogen Receptor Α ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Cancer Risk Factors ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

Breast cancer prevention is a major challenge worldwide. During the last few years, efforts have been made to identify molecular breast tissue factors that could be linked to an increased risk of developing the disease in healthy women. In this concern, steroid hormones and their receptors are key players since they are deeply involved in the growth, development and lifetime changes of the mammary gland and play a crucial role in breast cancer development and progression. In particular, androgens, by binding their own receptor, seem to exert a dichotomous effect, as they reduce cell proliferation in estrogen receptor α positive (ERα+) breast cancers while promoting tumour growth in the ERα negative ones. Despite this intricate role in cancer, very little is known about the impact of androgen receptor (AR)-mediated signalling on normal breast tissue and its correlation to breast cancer risk factors. Through an accurate collection of experimental and epidemiological studies, this review aims to elucidate whether androgens might influence the susceptibility for breast cancer. Moreover, the possibility to exploit the AR as a useful marker to predict the disease will be also evaluated.

Breast Risk Reduction

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 774
Author(s):  
_ _
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Breast Cancer Incidence ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Reduce Breast Cancer Risk

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in American women, with an estimated 214,640 cases and 41,430 deaths occurring in 2006. Estimating breast cancer risk for individual women is difficult, and most breast cancers are not attributable to risk factors other than female gender and increased age. Developing effective strategies for reducing breast cancer incidence is also difficult because few existing risk factors are modifiable and some potentially modifiable risk factors have social implications. Nevertheless, effective breast cancer risk reduction agents and strategies, such as tamoxifen, raloxifene, and risk reduction surgery, have been identified. These guidelines were developed to help women at increased risk for breast cancer and their physicians apply individualized strategies to reduce breast cancer risk. For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org

scholarly journals Body Fat and Breast Cancer Risk in Postmenopausal Women: A Longitudinal Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Rohan ◽  
Moonseong Heo ◽  
Lydia Choi ◽  
Mridul Datta ◽  
Jo L. Freudenheim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Anthropometric Indices ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Models

Associations between anthropometric indices of obesity and breast cancer risk may fail to capture the true relationship between excess body fat and risk. We used dual-energy-X-ray-absorptiometry- (DXA-) derived measures of body fat obtained in the Women’s Health Initiative to examine the association between body fat and breast cancer risk; we compared these risk estimates with those for conventional anthropometric measurements. The study included 10,960 postmenopausal women aged 50–79 years at recruitment, with baseline DXA measurements and no history of breast cancer. During followup (median: 12.9 years), 503 incident breast cancer cases were diagnosed. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. All baseline DXA-derived body fat measures showed strong positive associations with breast cancer risk. The multivariable-adjusted HR for the uppermost quintile level (versus lowest) ranged from 1.53 (95% CI 1.14–2.07) for fat mass of the right leg to 2.05 (1.50–2.79) for fat mass of the trunk. Anthropometric indices (categorized by quintiles) of obesity (BMI (1.97, 1.45–2.68), waist circumference (1.97, 1.46–2.65), and waist : hip ratio (1.91, 1.41–2.58)) were all strongly, positively associated with risk and did not differ from DXA-derived measures in prediction of risk.

Breast Cancer Screening in Women Previously Treated for Hodgkin’s Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 2085-2091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Diller ◽  
Cheryl Medeiros Nancarrow ◽  
Kitt Shaffer ◽  
Ursula Matulonis ◽  
Peter Mauch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Prospective Cohort ◽  
Ductal Carcinoma ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Node Negative ◽  
Increased Risk

PURPOSE: Young women who are exposed to chest irradiation for Hodgkin’s disease (HD) are at increased risk of breast cancer; this study investigated patient awareness of breast cancer risk and patient screening behavior and assessed the utility of mammographic screening in HD survivors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a prospective cohort study of 90 female long-term survivors of HD who had been treated ≥ 8 years previously with mantle irradiation (current age, 24 to 51 years). Participants completed surveys of their perceptions of breast cancer risk and screening behaviors and received written recommendations for breast examinations and mammography. Annual follow-up was conducted through medical records, telephone, and/or mailed questionnaires. RESULTS: At baseline, women were often unaware of their increased risk of breast cancer; 40% (35 of 87) reported themselves to be at equal or lower risk than women of the same age. Only 47% (41 of 87) reported having had a mammogram in the previous 24 months. Women who had received information from an oncologist were more likely to assess correctly their risk than women who received information from other sources (P < .001). Ten women developed 12 breast cancers (ductal carcinoma-in-situ [n = 2], invasive ductal carcinoma [n = 10]) during the study; two were diagnosed at study entry, and 10 during follow-up (median, 3.1 years). All cancers were evident on mammogram, and eight of 10 invasive cancers were node negative. CONCLUSION: Practitioners who care for women after HD therapy need to educate patients regarding their risks and begin early screening. Screening by mammography can detect small, node-negative breast cancers in these patients.

scholarly journals Central adiposity and subsequent risk of breast cancer by menopause status

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serena C Houghton ◽  
Heather Eliassen ◽  
Rulla M Tamimi ◽  
Walter C Willett ◽  
Bernard A Rosner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Postmenopausal Breast Cancer ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Central Adiposity ◽  
Premenopausal Breast Cancer ◽  
Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Risk

Abstract Background Increased body mass index (BMI) is associated with higher postmenopausal breast cancer risk and lower premenopausal breast cancer risk. Less is known about the central adiposity-breast cancer risk association, particularly for tumor subtypes. Methods We used prospective waist (WC) and hip circumference (HC) measures in the Nurses’ Health Studies. We examined associations of WC, HC and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) with breast cancer independent of BMI, by menopausal status. Cox proportional hazards models estimated the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusting for breast cancer risk factors, with and without BMI. Results Adjusting for BMI, WC, and HC were not associated and WHR was positively associated with premenopausal breast cancer risk (WHR, quintile 5 vs. 1: HRQ5vQ1, BMI-adjusted=1.27, 95%CI = 1.04–1.54, p-trend = 0.01); particularly for, estrogen receptor-negative (ER-)/ progesterone receptor-negative (PR-) and basal-like breast cancers. Premenopausal WC, HC, and WHR were not associated with postmenopausal breast cancer risk, with or without BMI adjustment. Postmenopausal WC, HC, and WHR were each positively associated with postmenopausal breast cancer (eg, WC HRQ5vsQ1=1.59, 95%CI = 1.36–1.86); after adjustment for BMI, only WC remained statistically significant (HRQ5vsQ1, BMI-adjusted=1.38, 95%CI = 1.15–1.64, p-trend = 0.002). In postmenopausal women, associations were stronger among never users of hormone therapy and for ER+/PR+ breast cancers. Conclusions Central adiposity was positively associated with pre- and postmenopausal breast cancers independent of BMI. This suggests that mechanisms other than estrogen may also play a role in the relationship between central adiposity and breast cancer. Maintaining a healthy waist circumference may decrease pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer risk.

scholarly journals No association between coffee, tea or caffeine consumption and breast cancer risk in a prospective cohort study

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1315-1320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Fagherazzi ◽  
Marina S Touillaud ◽  
Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault ◽  
Françoise Clavel-Chapelon ◽  
Isabelle Romieu
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Caffeine Intake ◽  
Caffeine Consumption ◽  
Receptor Status

AbstractObjectiveNumerous mechanisms for the effects of coffee, tea and caffeine on the risk of breast cancer have been suggested. Caffeine intake has already been associated with high plasma levels of female hormones, but associations have not been clearly demonstrated in epidemiological studies.DesignWe examined prospectively the association of coffee, tea and caffeine consumption with breast cancer risk in a French cohort study.SettingDietary information was obtained from a 208-item diet history questionnaire self-administered in 1993–1995. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazards ratios and 95 % confidence intervals.SubjectsThe study was conducted on 67 703 women with available dietary information. During a median follow-up of 11 years, 2868 breast cancer cases were diagnosed.ResultsMedian intake was 280 ml/d (2·2 cups/d) for coffee and 214 ml/d (1·7 cups/d) for tea. Median caffeine intake was 164 mg/d. No association was found between consumption of coffee, tea or caffeine and breast cancer risk. Sub-analyses by tumour receptor status, menopausal status, type of coffee (regular or decaffeinated) and meals at which beverages were drunk led to the same conclusion.ConclusionsResults from this prospective study showed no relationship between coffee, tea or caffeine intake and breast cancer risk overall or by hormone receptor status.

Pregnancy hormonal environment and mother’s breast cancer risk

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leena Hilakivi-Clarke ◽  
Sonia de Assis ◽  
Anni Warri ◽  
Riitta Luoto
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Preclinical Study ◽  
Preclinical Model ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Hormonal Exposures ◽  
Regulated Gene Expression

AbstractPregnancy can both reduce and increase lifetime breast cancer risk, and it also induces a short-term, transient increase in risk. Several biological mechanisms have been proposed to explain the protective effect, including pregnancy-induced increase in circulating estrogen levels leading to reduced estrogen receptor (ER) expression and activity. Persistent changes in ER-regulated gene expression may then alter the response of the breast to postpregnancy hormonal exposures originating, for example, from food. Understanding how pregnancy increases breast cancer risk has received less attention. Human studies indicate that those women who were exposed to an elevated pregnancy estrogenic environment, such as women who took the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol or who had the highest circulating estrogen levels at the beginning or end of pregnancy, are at increased risk of developing breast cancer. There is also evidence that elevated leptin levels, for example, in pregnant women who gained excessive amount of weight, increase later breast cancer risk. This may reflect a close interaction between estradiol (E2), ER, and leptin. Our preclinical study suggests that an exposure to excess pregnancy E2 and leptin levels reverses the protective changes in genomic signaling pathways seen in the breast/mammary gland of parous women and rodents. Recent findings indicate that involution – the period after lactation when the breast regresses back to prepregnancy stage – may be related to some pregnancy-associated breast cancers. Importantly, in a preclinical model, the increase can be reversed by anti-inflammatory treatment, offering hope that the increase in lifelong breast cancer risk induced by late first pregnancy or by an exposure of pregnant women to an excessive hormonal environment may be reversible.

scholarly journals Nutrient-wide association study of 92 foods and nutrients and breast cancer risk

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Heath ◽  
David Muller ◽  
Piet van den Brandt ◽  
Nikos Papadimitriou ◽  
Elena Critselis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Association Study ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Increased Risk

AbstractSeveral dietary factors have been extensively investigated for associations with risk of breast cancer, but to date unequivocal evidence only exists for alcohol consumption. We sought to systematically evaluate the association between 92 dietary factors and breast cancer risk using a nutrient-wide association study approach. Using data from 272,098 women participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study, we assessed dietary intake of 92 foods and nutrients estimated by dietary questionnaires. Cox regression with age as the time scale and adjustment for potential confounders, was used to quantify the association between each food or nutrient and risk of breast cancer. A false discovery rate (FDR) of 0.05 was used to select the set of foods and nutrients to evaluate in the independent replication cohort, the Netherlands Cohort Study (NLCS). During a median follow-up time of 15 years, 10,979 incident invasive breast cancers were identified in the women from the EPIC study. Six foods and nutrients were associated with risk of breast cancer when controlling the FDR at 0.05. Higher intake of alcohol overall was associated with a higher risk of breast cancer (hazard ratio (HR) for a 1 SD increment in intake = 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–1.07), as was beer/cider intake and wine intake (HRs per 1 SD increment = 1.05, 95% CI 1.03–1.06 and 1.04, 95% CI 1.02–1.06, respectively), whereas higher intakes of fibre, apple/pear, and carbohydrates were associated with a lower risk of breast cancer (HRs per 1 SD increment = 0.96, 95% CI 0.94–0.98; 0.96, 95% CI 0.94–0.99; and 0.96, 95% CI 0.95–0.98, respectively). When evaluated in the NLCS (2368 invasive breast cancer cases), estimates for each of these foods and nutrients were similar in magnitude and direction, with the exception of beer/cider intake, which was not associated with risk of breast cancer in the NLCS. Our findings confirm the well-established increased risk of breast cancer associated with alcohol consumption, and suggest that higher intake of dietary fibre, and possibly fruit and carbohydrates, might be associated with reduced breast cancer risk.

scholarly journals Estrogen-Progestagen Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer: Does Delay From Menopause Onset to Treatment Initiation Influence Risks?

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (31) ◽  
pp. 5138-5143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnès Fournier ◽  
Sylvie Mesrine ◽  
Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault ◽  
Françoise Clavel-Chapelon
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Hormone Therapy ◽  
Treatment Initiation ◽  
Menopausal Hormone Therapy ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Cox Models ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Timing Of Treatment

Purpose To investigate whether the relation between estrogen-progestagen menopausal hormone therapy (EP-MHT) and breast cancer risk varies according to the delay between menopause onset and treatment initiation. Participants and Methods Between 1992 and 2005, 1,726 invasive breast cancers were identified among 53,310 postmenopausal women from the French E3N cohort (mean duration of follow-up, 8.1 years). Hazard ratios (HRs) and CIs were estimated using Cox models, with MHT never users as the reference. Results Among recent users of EP-MHT, the risk of breast cancer varied according to the timing of treatment initiation. This variation was confined to short durations of use (≤ 2 years): the HR was 1.54 (95% CI, 1.28 to 1.86) for short treatments initiated in the 3-year period following menopause onset and 1.00 (95% CI, 0.68 to 1.47) for short treatments initiated later (P = .04 for homogeneity). However, this pattern of risks was not observed in users of EP-MHT containing progesterone, among whom there was no significantly increased risk associated with short duration of use (HR was 0.87 [95% CI, 0.57 to 1.32] for treatments initiated ≤ 3 years after menopause, and HR was 0.90 [95% CI, 0.45 to 1.81] for treatments initiated later). Longer durations of EP-MHT use were generally associated with increases in breast cancer risk, whatever the gap time. Conclusion Our results suggest that, for some EP-MHT, the timing of treatment initiation transiently modulates the risk of breast cancer and that, when initiated close to menopause, even short durations of use are associated with an increased breast cancer risk. Estrogen + progesterone combinations might be an exception in this regard.

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