scholarly journals Neuromolecular Underpinnings of Negative Cognitive Bias in Depression

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3157
Author(s):  
Karolina Noworyta ◽  
Agata Cieslik ◽  
Rafal Rygula
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Judgment Bias ◽  
Cognitive Correlates ◽  
The Core ◽  
Pharmacological Challenge ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Abnormal Response ◽  
Experimental Approaches

This selective review aims to summarize the recent advances in understanding the neuromolecular underpinnings of biased cognition in depressive disorder. We begin by considering the cognitive correlates of depressed mood and the key brain systems implicated in its development. We then review the core findings across two domains of biased cognitive function in depression: pessimistic judgment bias and abnormal response to negative feedback. In considering their underlying substrates, we focus on the neurochemical mechanisms identified by genetic, molecular and pharmacological challenge studies. We conclude by discussing experimental approaches to the treatment of depression, which are derived largely from an improved understanding of its cognitive substrates.

Serial Homology as a Challenge to Evolutionary Theory

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphane Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Serial Homology ◽  
The Core ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Colonial Theory ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
Evo Devo ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Development And Evolution

The problem of the repeated parts of organisms was at the center of the biological sciences as early as the first decades of the 19th century. Some concepts and theories (e.g., serial homology, unity of plan, or colonial theory) introduced in order to explain the similarity as well as the differences between the repeated structures of an organism were reused throughout the 19th and the 20th century, in spite of the fundamental changes during this long period that saw the diffusion of the evolutionary theory, the rise of experimental approaches, and the emergence of new fields and disciplines. Interestingly, this conceptual heritage was at the core of any attempt to unify the problems of inheritance, development, and evolution, in particular in the last decades, with the rise of “evo-devo.” This chapter examines the conditions of this theoretical continuity and the challenges it brings out for the current evolutionary sciences.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Potential of Hericium erinaceus for Depressive Disorder

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pit Shan Chong ◽  
Man-Lung Fung ◽  
Kah Hui Wong ◽  
Lee Wei Lim
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Fruiting Bodies ◽  
Hericium Erinaceus ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Antidepressant Effects ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Global Disease Burden

Depression is a common and severe neuropsychiatric disorder that is one of the leading causes of global disease burden. Although various anti-depressants are currently available, their efficacies are barely adequate and many have side effects. Hericium erinaceus, also known as Lion’s mane mushroom, has been shown to have various health benefits, including antioxidative, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antihyperglycemic, and hypolipidemic effects. It has been used to treat cognitive impairment, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. Bioactive compounds extracted from the mycelia and fruiting bodies of H. erinaceus have been found to promote the expression of neurotrophic factors that are associated with cell proliferation such as nerve growth factors. Although antidepressant effects of H. erinaceus have not been validated and compared to the conventional antidepressants, based on the neurotrophic and neurogenic pathophysiology of depression, H. erinaceus may be a potential alternative medicine for the treatment of depression. This article critically reviews the current literature on the potential benefits of H. erinaceus as a treatment for depressive disorder as well as its mechanisms underlying the antidepressant-like activities.

Does Violence Have Cognitive Correlates?

1987 ◽  
Vol 151 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Robertson ◽  
P. J. Taylor ◽  
J. C. Gunn
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
General Population ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Small Extent ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
Reasoning Ability ◽  
Violent Behaviour ◽  
Cognitive Correlates ◽  
General Ability ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between cognitive function and violence in 76 remanded prisoners, without formal psychiatric illness, was investigated. The violent group tended to be of slightly lower general ability than the non-violent group, but not abnormally so in relation to the general population; no relationship was found between specific patterns of cognitive functioning and violence. The violent group reported significantly higher levels of neurotic symptoms than the non-violent group, and were more socially deviant. To a small extent general intelligence (reasoning ability), in interaction with many other factors, may be related to a propensity for violent behaviour, but no particular aspect of cortical functioning seems to be related to violence.

scholarly journals High-frequency cognitive and mood assessment in major depressive disorder with wearable technology (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Cormack ◽  
Maggie McCue ◽  
Nick Taptiklis ◽  
Caroline Skirrow ◽  
Emilie Glazer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Depression Symptom ◽  
Cognitive Assessments ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Good Correspondence ◽  
Adequate Treatment

BACKGROUND Cognitive symptoms are common in major depressive disorder, and may help to identify patients that need treatment or who are not experiencing adequate treatment response. Digital tools to provide real time data assessing cognitive function could help to support patients treatment and remediation of cognitive and mood symptoms. OBJECTIVE This study examined adherence, feasibility, and validity of a wearable high-frequency cognitive and mood assessment app over 6 weeks, corresponding to when antidepressant pharmacotherapy begins to show efficacy. METHODS Thirty patients (aged 19−63; 19 women) with mild-moderate depression participated. The new Cognition Kit application was delivered via the Apple Watch, providing a high-resolution touch screen display for task presentation and logging responses. Cognition was assessed by the n-back task up to 3 times daily and depressed mood by 3 short questions once daily. Selected tests sensitive to depression from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery and validated questionnaires of depression symptom severity were administered on 4 occasions (baseline, weeks 1, 3, and 6). Adherence was defined as participants completing at least one assessment daily. RESULTS Adherence was excellent for mood and cognitive assessments (95% and 96%, respectively), did not deteriorate over time, and was not influenced by depression symptom severity or cognitive function at study onset. Daily mood assessments showed good correspondence with validated depression questionnaires (correlations range from .45 to .69 for total daily mood score) and daily cognitive assessments showed good correspondence with cognitive tests sensitive to depression (correlations ranged from .37 to .50 for mean n-back). CONCLUSIONS The study supports the feasibility and validity of high-frequency assessment of cognitive function and mood function using wearable devices over an extended period in patients with major depressive disorder. CLINICALTRIAL clinicaltrials.gov NCT03067506

Dexamethasone Suppression Test in Depression and other Psychiatric Illness

1983 ◽  
Vol 142 (5) ◽  
pp. 498-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Coppen ◽  
M. Abou-Saleh ◽  
P. Milln ◽  
M. Metcalfe ◽  
J. Harwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Dexamethasone Suppression Test ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Abnormal Response ◽  
Suppression Test ◽  
Dexamethasone Suppression ◽  
Normal Controls

SummaryThe prevalence of an abnormal response to the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was examined in 119 in-patients suffering from a major depressive disorder and in 79 normal controls. Only 11 per cent of controls showed an abnormal DST as against 70 per cent of depressed patients. The specificity of the DST was examined by testing patients with other psychiatric disorders. Abnormal responses were found in one-fifth of a sample of schizophrenics, over one-quarter of abstinent alcoholics, two-fifths of neurotics (including neurotic depressives) and almost half of senile dements. Abnormal DST was also found in 33 per cent of patients receiving prophylactic lithium for recurrent affective disorders.

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