scholarly journals Covering the Role of PGC-1α in the Central Nervous System

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Zuzanna Kuczynska ◽  
Erkan Metin ◽  
Michal Liput ◽  
Leonora Buzanska
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuromuscular Junctions ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) is a well-known transcriptional coactivator involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. PGC-1α is implicated in the pathophysiology of many neurodegenerative disorders; therefore, a deep understanding of its functioning in the central nervous system may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies. The central nervous system (CNS)-specific isoforms of PGC-1α have been recently identified, and many functions of PGC-1α are assigned to the particular cell types of the central nervous system. In the mice CNS, deficiency of PGC-1α disturbed viability and functioning of interneurons and dopaminergic neurons, followed by alterations in inhibitory signaling and behavioral dysfunction. Furthermore, in the ALS rodent model, PGC-1α protects upper motoneurons from neurodegeneration. PGC-1α is engaged in the generation of neuromuscular junctions by lower motoneurons, protection of photoreceptors, and reduction in oxidative stress in sensory neurons. Furthermore, in the glial cells, PGC-1α is essential for the maturation and proliferation of astrocytes, myelination by oligodendrocytes, and mitophagy and autophagy of microglia. PGC-1α is also necessary for synaptogenesis in the developing brain and the generation and maintenance of synapses in postnatal life. This review provides an outlook of recent studies on the role of PGC-1α in various cells in the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Dynamic Role of Phospholipases A2 in Health and Diseases in the Central Nervous System

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2963
Author(s):  
Grace Y. Sun ◽  
Xue Geng ◽  
Tao Teng ◽  
Bo Yang ◽  
Michael K. Appenteng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cellular Localization ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Phospholipases A2 ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Phospholipids are major components in the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. These molecules are comprised of two acyl or alkyl groups and different phospho-base groups linked to the glycerol backbone. Over the years, substantial interest has focused on metabolism of phospholipids by phospholipases and the role of their metabolic products in mediating cell functions. The high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the central nervous system (CNS) have led to studies centered on phospholipases A2 (PLA2s), enzymes responsible for cleaving the acyl groups at the sn-2 position of the phospholipids and resulting in production of PUFA and lysophospholipids. Among the many subtypes of PLA2s, studies have centered on three major types of PLA2s, namely, the calcium-dependent cytosolic cPLA2, the calcium-independent iPLA2 and the secretory sPLA2. These PLA2s are different in their molecular structures, cellular localization and, thus, production of lipid mediators with diverse functions. In the past, studies on specific role of PLA2 on cells in the CNS are limited, partly because of the complex cellular make-up of the nervous tissue. However, understanding of the molecular actions of these PLA2s have improved with recent advances in techniques for separation and isolation of specific cell types in the brain tissue as well as development of sensitive molecular tools for analyses of proteins and lipids. A major goal here is to summarize recent studies on the characteristics and dynamic roles of the three major types of PLA2s and their oxidative products towards brain health and neurological disorders.

scholarly journals Plectin in the Central Nervous System and a Putative Role in Brain Astrocytes

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 2353
Author(s):  
Maja Potokar ◽  
Jernej Jorgačevski
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cellular Proteins ◽  
Bidirectional Communication ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Plectin, a high-molecular-mass cytolinker, is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). Currently, a limited amount of data about plectin in the CNS prevents us from seeing the complete picture of how plectin affects the functioning of the CNS as a whole. Yet, by analogy to its role in other tissues, it is anticipated that, in the CNS, plectin also functions as the key cytoskeleton interlinking molecule. Thus, it is likely involved in signalling processes, thereby affecting numerous fundamental functions in the brain and spinal cord. Versatile direct and indirect interactions of plectin with cytoskeletal filaments and enzymes in the cells of the CNS in normal physiological and in pathologic conditions remain to be fully addressed. Several pathologies of the CNS related to plectin have been discovered in patients with plectinopathies. However, in view of plectin as an integrator of a cohesive mesh of cellular proteins, it is important that the role of plectin is also considered in other CNS pathologies. This review summarizes the current knowledge of plectin in the CNS, focusing on plectin isoforms that have been detected in the CNS, along with its expression profile and distribution alongside diverse cytoskeleton filaments in CNS cell types. Considering that the bidirectional communication between neurons and glial cells, especially astrocytes, is crucial for proper functioning of the CNS, we place particular emphasis on the known roles of plectin in neurons, and we propose possible roles of plectin in astrocytes.

scholarly journals Emerging Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in the Central Nervous System: Physiology, Pathology, and Therapeutic Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yadaly Gassama ◽  
Alexandre Favereaux
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
System Physiology ◽  
The Brain

Extracellular vesicles or EVs are secreted by most, if not all, eukaryote cell types and recaptured by neighboring or distant cells. Their cargo, composed of a vast diversity of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, supports the EVs’ inter-cellular communication. The role of EVs in many cellular processes is now well documented both in physiological and pathological conditions. In this review, we focus on the role of EVs in the central nervous system (CNS) in physiological as well as pathological conditions such as neurodegenerative diseases or brain cancers. We also discuss the future of EVs in clinical research, in particular, their value as biomarkers as well as innovative therapeutic agents. While an increasing number of studies reveal EV research as a promising field, progress in the standardization of protocols and innovation in analysis as well as in research tools is needed to make a breakthrough in our understanding of their impact in the pathophysiology of the brain.

scholarly journals The Role of Neurod Genes in Brain Development, Function, and Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Tutukova ◽  
Victor Tarabykin ◽  
Luis R. Hernandez-Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Neural Lineage ◽  
Helix Loop Helix ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Bhlh Factors ◽  
And Function

Transcriptional regulation is essential for the correct functioning of cells during development and in postnatal life. The basic Helix-loop-Helix (bHLH) superfamily of transcription factors is well conserved throughout evolution and plays critical roles in tissue development and tissue maintenance. A subgroup of this family, called neural lineage bHLH factors, is critical in the development and function of the central nervous system. In this review, we will focus on the function of one subgroup of neural lineage bHLH factors, the Neurod family. The Neurod family has four members: Neurod1, Neurod2, Neurod4, and Neurod6. Available evidence shows that these four factors are key during the development of the cerebral cortex but also in other regions of the central nervous system, such as the cerebellum, the brainstem, and the spinal cord. We will also discuss recent reports that link the dysfunction of these transcription factors to neurological disorders in humans.

scholarly journals PPARα Modulation-Based Therapy in Central Nervous System Diseases

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1168
Author(s):  
Deokho Lee ◽  
Yohei Tomita ◽  
William Allen ◽  
Kazuo Tsubota ◽  
Kazuno Negishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Hormone Receptors ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Cns Diseases ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors

The burden of neurodegenerative diseases in the central nervous system (CNS) is increasing globally. There are various risk factors for the development and progression of CNS diseases, such as inflammatory responses and metabolic derangements. Thus, curing CNS diseases requires the modulation of damaging signaling pathways through a multitude of mechanisms. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a family of nuclear hormone receptors (PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ), and they work as master sensors and modulators of cellular metabolism. In this regard, PPARs have recently been suggested as promising therapeutic targets for suppressing the development of CNS diseases and their progressions. While the therapeutic role of PPARγ modulation in CNS diseases has been well reviewed, the role of PPARα modulation in these diseases has not been comprehensively summarized. The current review focuses on the therapeutic roles of PPARα modulation in CNS diseases, including those affecting the brain, spinal cord, and eye, with recent advances. Our review will enable more comprehensive therapeutic approaches to modulate PPARα for the prevention of and protection from various CNS diseases.

scholarly journals Repurposing Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Agonists in Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 1025
Author(s):  
Claudia Sagheddu ◽  
Miriam Melis ◽  
Anna Lisa Muntoni ◽  
Marco Pistis
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Ppar Agonists ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Conditions

Common pathophysiological mechanisms have emerged for different neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions. In particular, mechanisms of oxidative stress, immuno-inflammation, and altered metabolic pathways converge and cause neuronal and non-neuronal maladaptative phenomena, which underlie multifaceted brain disorders. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors modulating, among others, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective genes in diverse tissues. Both endogenous and synthetic PPAR agonists are approved treatments for metabolic and systemic disorders, such as diabetes, fatty liver disease, and dyslipidemia(s), showing high tolerability and safety profiles. Considering that some PPAR-acting drugs permeate through the blood–brain barrier, the possibility to extend their scope from the periphery to central nervous system has gained interest in recent years. Here, we review preclinical and clinical evidence that PPARs possibly exert a neuroprotective role, thereby providing a rationale for repurposing PPAR-targeting drugs to counteract several diseases affecting the central nervous system.

scholarly journals RelB and Neuroinflammation

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1609
Author(s):  
Karli Mockenhaupt ◽  
Alexandra Gonsiewski ◽  
Tomasz Kordula
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Signaling Cascades ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Neuroinflammatory Response ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Multiple Signaling

Neuroinflammation within the central nervous system involves multiple cell types that coordinate their responses by secreting and responding to a plethora of inflammatory mediators. These factors activate multiple signaling cascades to orchestrate initial inflammatory response and subsequent resolution. Activation of NF-κB pathways in several cell types is critical during neuroinflammation. In contrast to the well-studied role of p65 NF-κB during neuroinflammation, the mechanisms of RelB activation in specific cell types and its roles during neuroinflammatory response are less understood. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of RelB activation in specific cell types of the CNS and the specialized effects this transcription factor exerts during neuroinflammation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document