scholarly journals Road Surface Photometric Characterisation and Its Impact on Energy Savings

Coatings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Gidlund ◽  
Mikael Lindgren ◽  
Valerie Muzet ◽  
Giuseppe Rossi ◽  
Paola Iacomussi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Savings ◽  
Reference Data ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Luminous Flux ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Road Lighting ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
Lighting Systems ◽  
Data Collections ◽  
The Impact

How road surfaces reflect light in space is a physical characteristic that plays a key role in the design of road lighting installations: by European Standards the average luminance is the target quantity to assure the required safety conditions of the motorized road traffic. Lighting systems are designed (luminous flux installed per kilometre) to comply with the above requirement, starting from reference values of road surfaces reflection published in an old scientific document. These data are obsolete and not representative of current road surfaces, but they are still used to design current LED lighting systems. European Community funded a SURFACE project to provide to EU standard organization new traceable reference data, representative of current road surfaces used in EU. The paper presents the data collections and the impact on road lighting of using available old reference data versus SURFACE collected data of current road surfaces. Results highlight advantages in using bright pavements as well the need for introducing systems for flux control in road lighting installation to compensate for the discrepancies between current reference data and actual road surface data.

scholarly journals Renovation of Public Lighting Systems in Cultural Landscapes: Lighting and Energy Performance and Their Impact on Nightscapes

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 509
Author(s):  
Lodovica Valetti ◽  
Francesca Floris ◽  
Anna Pellegrino
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Flux Distribution ◽  
Cultural Landscapes ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Luminous Flux ◽  
Landscape Value ◽  
Reduce Energy Consumption ◽  
Lighting Systems ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

The technological innovation in the field of lighting and the need to reduce energy consumption connected to public lighting are leading many municipalities to undertake the renewal of public lighting systems, by replacing the existing luminaires with LED technologies. This renovation process is usually aimed at increasing energy efficiency and reducing maintenance costs, whist improving the lighting performance. To achieve these results, the new luminaires are often characterised by a luminous flux distribution much more downward oriented, which may remarkably influence and alter the perception of the night image of the sites. In this study the implications of the renovation of public lighting systems in terms of lighting and energy performance as well as the effects relating to the alteration of the night image, in historical contexts characterized by significant landscape value, are analysed. Results, along with demonstrating the positive effect that more sustainable and energy efficient lighting systems may have on the lighting performance and energy consumptions of public lighting systems, evidences the impact they may have on the alteration of the nocturnal image.

scholarly journals Laboratory experiment on the nano-TiO2 photocatalytic degradation effect of road surface oil pollution

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 922-933
Author(s):  
Qing’e Wang ◽  
Kai Zheng ◽  
Huanan Yu ◽  
Luwei Zhao ◽  
Xuan Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photocatalytic Degradation ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Driving Safety ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Degradation Effect

AbstractOil leak from vehicles is one of the most common pollution types of the road. The spilled oil could be retained on the surface and spread in the air voids of the road, which results in a decrease in the friction coefficient of the road, affects driving safety, and causes damage to pavement materials over time. Photocatalytic degradation through nano-TiO2 is a safe, long-lasting, and sustainable technology among the many methods for treating oil contamination on road surfaces. In this study, the nano-TiO2 photocatalytic degradation effect of road surface oil pollution was evaluated through the lab experiment. First, a glass dish was used as a substrate to determine the basic working condition of the test; then, a test method considering the impact of different oil erosion degrees was proposed to eliminate the effect of oil erosion on asphalt pavement and leakage on cement pavement, which led to the development of a lab test method for the nano-TiO2 photocatalytic degradation effect of oil pollution on different road surfaces.

A new procedure for determining the road surface reduced luminance coefficient table by on-site measurements

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Strbac-Hadzibegovic ◽  
S Strbac-Savic ◽  
M Kostic
Keyword(s):  
Road Surface ◽  
Surface Reflection ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Lighting ◽  
Average Luminance ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
Q Values

Numerous measurements have shown that the standard R classes do not represent adequately many road surfaces used nowadays. Therefore, the construction of portable reflectometers intended for on-site measurements of road surface reflection properties has been given particular attention during the last decade. This paper presents a new procedure for the improvement of the accuracy of such a portable reflectometer. Optimally extrapolating the values of the 20 luminance coefficients (q), each measured by the portable reflectometer for a set of angles of observation (α = 5°–80°), the 20 q-values referring to α = 1° are calculated. This enables their comparison with the corresponding q elements from each of the 447 reduced q-tables derived from the available r-table database, obtained by using a precise laboratory reflectometer on a wide variety of road samples. Selecting the closest reduced q-table, the corresponding r-table and the actual average luminance coefficient can be determined. In order to validate the proposed procedure, which can also be applied to other similar portable reflectometers, measurements of the luminance and overall and longitudinal luminance uniformities were carried out on eleven road-lighting installations. They showed that the results obtained by this procedure deviate only slightly from those obtained using r-tables determined by the laboratory reflectometer.

scholarly journals Modelling of Luminous Flux Directed to the Upper Hemisphere from Electrical Substation before and after the Refurbishment of Lighting Systems

Energies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 345
Author(s):  
Tomas Novak ◽  
Petr Becak ◽  
Roman Dubnicka ◽  
Jana Raditschova ◽  
Dionyz Gasparovsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Luminous Flux ◽  
Transmission System ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Low Luminance ◽  
Before And After ◽  
System Operator ◽  
Lighting Systems ◽  
Electrical Substation ◽  
The Impact

This article deals with options for how to express the luminous flux from outdoor electrical substations of the electric transmission system. Processing of the models of light emissions before and after refurbishment of lighting systems was motivated by setting out rules for the design and erection of refurbished lighting systems in outdoor electrical substations, which are most commonly built in inhabited rural areas with low luminance of the background. The proposed model and calculations are based on requirements of international standards and recommendations for lighting of outdoor workplaces as well as on internal regulations of the ČEPS (Czech Transmission System Operator). These requirements are implemented in real electrical substations and lighting models that are extended by the calculation space of the software goniophotometer. The software goniophotometer was used to evaluate light distribution characteristics of entire electric stations in various situations. This article assesses the impact of different lighting systems installed at electrical substations from the perspective of both direct and total luminous flux directed to the upper hemisphere. It takes into account three outdoor electrical substations (420 kV) of a transmission network and their lighting systems before and after refurbishment. The aim of this article is to determine to what extent the electrical substations contribute to emissions of luminous flux to the upper hemisphere. Results from calculations on models show reduced radiation to the upper hemisphere up to 52.3% after refurbishment of obsolete lighting systems, although total installed flux actually increased due to a change in the ratio of direct and reflected luminous flux after refurbishment of lighting systems.

The effect of surface roughness on oblique bicycle helmet impact tests

2020 ◽  
Vol 234 (4) ◽  
pp. 320-327
Author(s):  
Philip G Petersen ◽  
Lloyd V Smith ◽  
Derek Nevins
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Oblique Impact ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Rotational Acceleration ◽  
Impact Surface ◽  
Impact Tests ◽  
Side Impacts ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Abrasive Paper

The friction between a helmet and impact surface affects the accelerations imparted to the head. The roughness of the impact surface is, therefore, a consideration when developing oblique impact standards. An 80-grit abrasive paper is commonly used in oblique impact tests to simulate a road surface, but has not been validated for bicycle impacts and may not accurately represent real road surfaces. In the following study, a helmeted NOCSAE headform with a Hybrid III neck was dropped onto a 45° anvil at 6.5 m/s using a twin wire guided drop tower. Helmeted drops were performed in two orientations (frontal and side) on road surfaces, roughened steel surfaces, 80-grit abrasive paper and a low friction surface. For each impact, measures of linear and rotational acceleration were obtained. These metrics were compared across impact orientations and surfaces to assess the influence of surface roughness on headform impact response. Frontal impacts were less sensitive to the impact surface roughness than side impacts across metrics. Among metrics, rotational acceleration showed the largest effect due to surface roughness. Compared to the road surface, peak rotational acceleration from impacts on the 80-grit surface were 6.5% less and 48% greater for frontal and side impacts, respectively. Based on consideration of the peak and cumulative impact measures, steel impact surfaces appear to better simulate road impact than the commonly used 80-grit abrasive paper.

scholarly journals Light Ripples and their Effects per Person and per Bird

2021 ◽  
Vol 247 ◽  
pp. 01040
Author(s):  
Dmitry Gladin ◽  
Alexey Kavtarashvili
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Light Flux ◽  
Luminous Flux ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Led Lighting ◽  
Lighting Systems ◽  
Technical Features ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Poultry Farming

The article discusses the influence of light pulsation on the physiological state of humans and birds, some aspects of its occurrence, the main characteristics and the alleged role in the deterioration of chickens’ zootechnical indicators under the conditions of using light sources with light flux pulsations of different frequencies. The current state of lighting equipment in poultry farming is characterized by the rapid development of technologies and the active introduction of LED lighting. Having undeniable advantages, LED lighting systems have some technical features that are currently insufficiently studied and can affect the zootechnical indicators of poultry. A clear definition of the threshold values of the characteristics of the pulsation of illumination in the poultry house will make it possible to produce lighting equipment for poultry farming with a safe value of the pulsations of the luminous flux of light sources in their composition. The analysis of numerous literature sources has shown that the influence of light pulsation on the physiological state of humans and zootechnical indicators in birds is associated with a complex effect, depending on such characteristics as the depth and frequency of the pulsation of the light flux of light sources. Despite some differences in the values of the threshold impact of light pulsation, the nature of its impact is similar in humans and birds, which allows us to develop and apply targeted measures to reduce the impact of light pulsation on poultry and the deterioration of its zootechnical indicators.

scholarly journals The Impact of Modern Artificial Lighting on the Optimum Window-to-Wall Ratio of Residential Buildings in Jordan

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 5888
Author(s):  
Aiman Albatayneh ◽  
Haya Atieh ◽  
Mustafa Jaradat ◽  
Murad Al-Omary ◽  
Maha Zaquot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Savings ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Artificial Lighting ◽  
Natural Lighting ◽  
Residential Structures ◽  
Lighting Systems ◽  
Ashrae Standards ◽  
The Impact

Energy savings gained through natural lighting could be offset by the loss of energy through windows; therefore, the target of this study is to examine the effects of enhancing the efficiency of lighting systems on the optimum window-to-wall ratio (WWR) of Jordanian residential structures. This research proposes the hypothesis that the WWR of residential structures that contain artificial lighting systems with increased efficiency will be lower than buildings in which solar lighting is provided. The energy simulation tool, DesignBuilder, was used to simulate an intricate model showing a standard Jordanian residential building with a size of 130 m2. The study offers useful guidance regarding the optimum WWR for key decisionmakers when designing energy-efficient residential structures in the context of Jordan. By considering the balance between gains and losses in solar heat and light gain to exploit energy from solar sources with no reverse effects, while making comparisons between different WWR situations, the findings indicate that the typical WWR for residential structures in Jordan that have efficient Light Emitting Diode (LED) systems of lighting installed could be between 25% and 30%, which is lower than the highest WWR stipulated by the ASHRAE standards.

scholarly journals Analyses and research of needs and possibilities of protection against noise in surrounding of provincial roads in Silesian Voivodship

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-268
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Tabor ◽  
Janusz Bohatkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Large Volume ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Limited Availability ◽  
The Road ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
Noise Impacts ◽  
Surface Improvement ◽  
Selection Of

One of the tasks of provincial road administration authorities is roadmaintenance ensuring that the noise impacts coming from road traffic are restricted to thelimit values. Due to the large volume of traffic, limited availability of space and limitedresources, this task is practically impossible to perform. Nowadays, the primary objectiveof the reconstruction of provincial roads is the road surface improvement. In many places itrequires large financial expenses. For several years, some provincial roads authorities havetaken first attempts to combine the needs of resurfacing with acoustic protection by usingnoise reducing road surfaces. Provincial Roads Authority in Katowice took action in thisarea using existing national and foreign experiences associated with the use of noise reducingsurfaces. These activities focused mainly on the selection of types of road surfaces thatwould be used on the provincial roads of Silesian Voivodship and criteria that indicated theorder in which road sections would be rebuild – systematic pavement replacement is needed.Prioritization of the activities and selection of the road sections planned for the reconstructionor renovation were obtained by taking into account several criteria: the results ofthe noise control plans, condition of the existing pavements, interventions of the inhabitantsand investment plans which included the needs of the development of the road network.The article presents the results of the analysis and research on the usage of noise reducingsurfaces and the selection of priority sections of provincial roads of Silesian Voivodshipplanned to be rebuild.The article present a joint result of the cooperation between Provincial Roads Authorityin Katowice and the Department of Roads and Bridges (Lublin University of Technology).

Smart LED high CRI lighting systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-187
Author(s):  
Wojciech Grzesiak ◽  
Piotr Guzdek ◽  
Piotr Maćków ◽  
Krzysztof Zaraska ◽  
Michal Zbieć ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Savings ◽  
Lighting System ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Colour Temperature ◽  
Electronic Circuitry ◽  
Dynamic Synthesis ◽  
Innovative Solution ◽  
Lighting Systems ◽  
Colour Rendering ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present issues related to the design of a modern lighting system based on LED technology. The developed system provides lighting with a high colour rendering index (up to 98); it also has many innovative functions, which make its implementation bring significant energy savings and increase the comfort of work. Design/methodology/approach In contrast to typical solutions, the dynamic synthesis of white light from six component colours was used in the presented project. This process is controlled by a microcontroller, and there is a colour temperature sensor in the feedback loop. The communication between smart luminaires and sensor modules is provided by means of a ZigBee wireless network. Findings The correctness of the proposed methodology has been proved by measurements and laboratory tests. Research limitations/implications The process of improving the lighting system is continued and significant changes in the spectrum of used sensors are expected. Practical implications The proposed system based on mixing light from six components is an innovative solution that besides undoubted advantages entails a more elaborate electronic circuitry. However, good characteristics of the obtained light, as well as the possibility of compensating for changes in colour temperature of natural light and reducing the impact of aging of LEDs, in the authors’ opinion, make the proposed solution find its place on the market. Originality/value The proposed solution is original, both in terms of the light mixing technique and advanced functionality offered by the system.

scholarly journals Adhesion of car tires to the road surface during reconstruction of road accidents

2020 ◽  
Vol 164 ◽  
pp. 03022
Author(s):  
Stanislav Evtukov ◽  
Egor Golov
Keyword(s):  
Road Traffic ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Road Accidents ◽  
The Road ◽  
Use Values ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Impact

Road and weather conditions have a significant impact on the occurrence of road accidents and their development as events. According to these circumstances, the system “Driver – Car – Road – Environment” identifies certain types of expertise that are engaged in determining the presence and magnitude of the parameters of the road environment that affect the development of the road transport situation. When conducting relevant investigations, the experts calculate the speed and length of the stopping distance of the vehicle, using coefficients that determine the impact of road conditions on the road traffic situation under study. One of these important indicators is the coefficient of adhesion of car tires to the road surface. Due to the lack of technical capability to experimentally determine the coefficient of adhesion at the place of an accident, many experts are forced to use values from the reference literature. This study is devoted to checking the agreement of reference values of this indicator with actual values that correspond to the conditions of driving on Russian roads. To solve this problem, full-scale measurements were made of the coefficient of adhesion of tires with a coating on more than 2000 km of roads in different regions of Russia (with different climatic and topographic conditions) and the results of field research were analyzed.

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