Analytical solution of the problem of dynamic synthesis of a six-link straight-line converting mechanism of the sucker-rod pumping drive

The paper presents an analytical solution to the problem of optimal dynamic balancing of the six-link converting mechanism of the sucker-rod pumping unit. This problem is solved numerically using a computer model of dynamics, namely by selecting the value of the correction factor k. Here we will consider an analytical method for solving this problem, that is, we find the location of the counterweight on the third link of the six-link converting mechanism for balancing. To solve the problem, we use the principle of possible displacement and write an equation where we express the torque through the unknown parameter of the counterweight. Further, such a value of the unknown parameter is found, at which the minimum of the root-mean-square value of torque M is reached. From the condition of the minimum of the function, we obtain an equation for determining the location of the counterweight. Thus, we obtain an analytical solution to the problem of optimal dynamic balancing of the six-link converting mechanism of the sucker-rod pumping drive in various settings. According to the results, it was found that with the combined balancing method, the value of the maximum torque M and the value of the maximum power are reduced by 20 % than when the counterweight is placed on the third link of the converting mechanism, as well as when the value of the maximum torque is determined through the correction factor k. In practice, balancing is carried out empirically by comparing two peaks of torque M on the crank shaft per cycle of the mechanism movement. Solving the analytical problem, we determine the exact location of the counterweight.

Dynamic synthesis of Heisenberg-limited spin squeezing

Spin squeezing is a key resource in quantum metrology, allowing improvements of measurement signal-to-noise ratio. Its generation is a challenging task because the experimental realization of the required squeezing interaction remains difficult. Here, we propose a generic scheme to synthesize spin squeezing in non-squeezing systems. By using periodical rotation pulses, the original non-squeezing interaction can be transformed into squeezing interaction, with significantly enhanced interaction strength. The sign of the interaction coefficient is also flippable, facilitating time-reversal readout protocol for nonlinear interferometers. The generated spin squeezing is capable of achieving the Heisenberg limit with measurement precision ∝ 1/N for N particles and its robustness to noises of pulse areas and separations has been verified as well. This work offers a path to extending the scope of Heisenberg-limited quantum precision measurements in non-squeezing systems.

Studying the influence of the energy parameters of the plasma dynamic synthesis process on the dispersed products of the W–C system

Tungsten carbide and its different crystalline phases are widely used for production of metalworking tools due to their excellent physical and mechanical characteristics. However, there is still a problem of synthesizing the cubic modification of tungsten carbide. This paper demonstrates the results on studying the influence of the energy parameters of the plasma dynamic synthesis process on the dispersed products of the W–C system. It was revealed that the initial energy parameters directly influence the phase composition of synthesized products. There were found the optimal conditions for synthesizing the dispersed products from the standpoint of the high output of cubic tungsten carbide phase (more than 85 wt.%). According to transmission electron microscopy data, all the products are characterized by the presence of particles with a core-shell structure embedded into the amorphous carbon matrix.

Study of particles of plasma dynamic synthesis product in the Ti-O system by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy

The paper demonstrates the possibility of obtaining a dispersed product in the Ti-O system by the method of plasma dynamic synthesis. It was revealed that the product consists of two modifications of TiO2: anatase and rutile. The degree of crystallinity is at a level of ~ 98.0%, which indicates the practical absence of an amorphous component. The predominant phase is anatase, which is confirmed by the results of quantitative X-ray phase analysis and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy.

Integrated Subsurface Study to Convert Upside Intrabeta Subzone Stakes into Additional Main Targets in Tunu Gas Field, Mahakam Delta, Indonesia

"Intrabeta" is a subzone located in the upper part of Tunu Main Zone between MF3-MF6 regional stratigraphic marker. Total cumulative production from this subzone is at 51 Bcf of gas and 4.96 MMBbl of oil. This interval is situated between Tunu Shallow Zone and Tunu Main Zone, which are the main producing intervals of Tunu Field, a giant mature gas field in Mahakam Delta, Indonesia. With Intrabeta reservoir depositional context more dominated by channel facies and more varied production fluid properties, the development of Intrabeta subzone became more challenging and previously classified as upsides. As Tunu Field is getting more matured, the challenge to deliver infill wells that economically profitable become more arduous. Thus, all attempts to give additional value to the future infill wells should be properly assessed. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive summary of how strategic collaboration between static and dynamic synthesis of Intrabeta subzone has given additional contribution in Tunu Field continuous value creation process. The method started by conducting an extensive post-mortem review on all perforated reservoirs in Intrabeta subzone. Insights from the perforated reservoirs that comprise of production behavior, perforation success ratio, cumulative hydrocarbon production and updated portfolio are then utilized to provide initial prolific area map for future candidates maturation. Data coming from the dynamic analysis were then combined with static depositional analysis on how the hydrocarbon was distributed in Tunu Intrabeta subzone. A new structural map that has been corrected from seismic push-down effect due to shallow gas presence above Intrabeta interval was then utilized to map the structurally promising area. Deterministic channel boundaries and possible sweet spots are then identified and ranked based on the development confidence level. Four wells with additional stakes from Intrabeta subzone have been proposed and drilled in Tunu Main Zone. All wells have successfully found the targeted Intrabeta targets with various post-mortem findings. While in some wells significantly better post-drilling results were encountered, in other cases slightly lower results were found due to static channel development and fluid dynamic uncertainties. All the lesson learned gathered from the pilot wells provide valuable insights on future improvement toward better and more robust Intrabeta candidate maturation methodology. The insights gained from this study have given essential understanding of Tunu Intrabeta subzone characteristics and possible future potentials. Furthermore, this paper provides a comprehensive summary, systematical approach and lesson learned in enhancing previously upside potential of Intrabeta subzone in Tunu Main Zone to compelling additional targets in Tunu Main Zone future wells as part of the continuous value creation process in a giant mature gas field.

Automation of Well Correlation and Dynamic Synthesis for Efficient Reserves Estimation in Multi-Layered Oil and Gas Field

The studied field was discovered in 1974 and has been in operation for nearly 50 years. Being deposited within a deltaic environment with enormous multi-layer sand-shale series, the field is vertically divided into dozens of geological layers. Previous reserves estimation method of manually performing dynamic synthesis followed by volumetric calculation per layer basis has become less preferable amid increasing drilling and well intervention activities. Meanwhile, reservoir simulation is also inapplicable for reserves estimation due to the field's subsurface complexity. This paper shares an approach to automate well correlation and dynamic synthesis process by integrating static and dynamic data into Visual Basic for Application (VBA) based tool in order to efficiently estimate reserves and accelerate candidate selection for new well drilling and well intervention. Performing dynamic synthesis on a certain reservoir within a well of interest involves estimation of latest fluid status, pressure, water risks, recovery factor, and drainage radius by analyzing recent static and dynamic data from surrounding wells. As the static data and dynamic data from hundreds of existing wells are available in separate databases, the study commences with collecting, updating, filtering, organizing and integrating data into one reliable database. Afterwards, the automation tool is designed to quantitatively mimic the logics of performing well correlation and dynamic synthesis using weighting factors that characterize the reliability of data based on 3 parameters: distance to the well of interest, recentness of data, and sand similarity. Since these parameters have distinctive influence depending on the dynamic property being estimated, influence factors are introduced for each parameter and each dynamic property through trial & error process. Combining weighting and influence factors with available data results in the estimated dynamic properties that become input to volumetric calculation of reserves. In order to validate the model and tool, blind tests are carried out using data from recently drilled wells which are not included in generating the estimation. Pressure blind test shows good correlation between predicted and realized values, meaning that the tool is able to predict pressure accurately. Reserves estimation blind test also shows satisfying results both at reservoir and well level. Following successful blind tests, the tool has been utilized to aid engineers in proposing new wells and well intervention candidates. As a result, 8 wells were able to be proposed in a timely manner for the sanction of future development. This paper presents an efficient, novel and robust approach in estimating reserves for heterogeneous fields where reservoir simulation is inapplicable. The tool also allows straightforward update when adding data from new wells. However, further study is required for estimation in less dense areas where the amount of surrounding wells and data are insufficient.

Dynamics of Mechanisms with Superior Couplings

The paper briefly presents the dynamic synthesis of mechanisms with superior couplings, force, and speed distribution, efficiency, loss coefficient, dynamic coefficient or motion transmission function, determination of variable angular input speed from the crank or cam based on solving the equation Lagrange, the determination of the dynamic variation of the follower (adept) based on the integration of Newton’s equation, and the dynamic analysis of several models taken into account. In the end, the original relations for calculating the efficiency of a gear are presented.

Integrated Dynamic Synthesis as Key Success to Sustain Oil Production in Mahakam: Case Water Flooding Project in Handil Field

The Handil field is located in the Kutai Basin with an anticlinal structure consisting of a vertically stacked reservoirs deposited in a fluvial-deltaic environment. The field has been producing since 1974 under active aquifer drive followed by peripheral water injection which resulting in a high recovery factor of oil production. Cumulative oil production is more than 900 MMbbls and currently the field is still producing at 15000 bopd. The Handil Main zone is the main contributor that accounts for 60% of the Handil Field production and based on the results of new wells drilling, there is still potential of the remaining oil accumulations. Therefore, an integrated subsurface study is needed to further increase recovery in the Handil Main zone. This paper will discuss the process used to locate unswept oil in the high water cut reservoir to extend the water flood project. Waterflooding became an important part of the Handil’s development strategy to maximize oil recovery and to maintain oil reservoir pressure, as more and more fields are matured as part of their production life cycle. The main challenge is to identify area of unsweep oil that are affected by water injection activity. Understanding the reservoir behavior of the water injection sweep characteristic can significantly improve the understanding of the distribution of unswept oil in the reservoir. A robust integrated methodology was developed to identify unswept oil area by integrating Static- dynamic synthesis, 3D static model, production history, reservoir connectivity, recent well logs data and reservoir simulation. Multiple QC of oil sweet spot are done by comparing the sweet spot area of dynamic synthesis with reservoir simulation. Detailed well correlation were performed to identify the optimum water injector placement to improve the recovery factor. The results of the integrated dynamic synthesis are used to identify the sweet spot area and the optimum well injector location that will be used for the water flooding development project to be executed in 2022. The results of the study will sustain Mahakam production in the future.