Current Concepts of Laser–Oral Tissue Interaction

Fundamental to the adjunctive use of laser photonic energy for delivering therapy and tissue management, is the ability of the incident energy to be absorbed by target tissues. The aim of this review is to examine the differential performance of the separate components of oral hard and soft tissues when exposed to laser photonic irradiance of variable wavelengths and power values. Through an examination of peer-reviewed published data and materials, the interaction of laser photonic energy and target tissues are explored in detail. Varying laser wavelength emissions relative to anatomical structures explores the ability to optimise laser–tissue interactions, and also identifies possible risk scenarios as they apply to adjacent non-target structures. The concepts and practical aspects of laser photonic energy interactions with target oral tissues are clearly demonstrated. Emphasis was placed on optimising the minimum level of laser power delivery in order to achieve a desired tissue effect, whilst minimising the risk or outcome of collateral tissue damage.

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Less iatrogenic soft-tissue damage utilizing robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty when compared with a manual approach

Bone and Joint Research ◽

10.1302/2046-3758.810.bjr-2019-0129.r1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 495-501 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Emily L. Hampp ◽

Nipun Sodhi ◽

Laura Scholl ◽

Matthew E. Deren ◽

Zachary Yenna ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Total Knee Arthroplasty ◽

Soft Tissue ◽

Knee Arthroplasty ◽

Tissue Damage ◽

Soft Tissues ◽

Soft Tissue Damage ◽

Anatomical Structures ◽

Cruciate Retaining ◽

Robotic Assisted ◽

Total Knee

Objectives The use of the haptically bounded saw blades in robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty (RTKA) can potentially help to limit surrounding soft-tissue injuries. However, there are limited data characterizing these injuries for cruciate-retaining (CR) TKA with the use of this technique. The objective of this cadaver study was to compare the extent of soft-tissue damage sustained through a robotic-assisted, haptically guided TKA (RATKA) versus a manual TKA (MTKA) approach. Methods A total of 12 fresh-frozen pelvis-to-toe cadaver specimens were included. Four surgeons each prepared three RATKA and three MTKA specimens for cruciate-retaining TKAs. A RATKA was performed on one knee and a MTKA on the other. Postoperatively, two additional surgeons assessed and graded damage to 14 key anatomical structures in a blinded manner. Kruskal–Wallis hypothesis tests were performed to assess statistical differences in soft-tissue damage between RATKA and MTKA cases. Results Significantly less damage occurred to the PCLs in the RATKA versus the MTKA specimens (p < 0.001). RATKA specimens had non-significantly less damage to the deep medial collateral ligaments (p = 0.149), iliotibial bands (p = 0.580), poplitei (p = 0.248), and patellar ligaments (p = 0.317). The remaining anatomical structures had minimal soft-tissue damage in all MTKA and RATKA specimens. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that less soft-tissue damage may occur when utilizing RATKA compared with MTKA. These findings are likely due to the enhanced preoperative planning with the robotic software, the real-time intraoperative feedback, and the haptically bounded saw blade, all of which may help protect the surrounding soft tissues and ligaments. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2019;8:495–501. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.810.BJR-2019-0129.R1.

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Modeling of CO2 Gas Excitation Under CO2 Laser Irradiation

Heat Transfer, Volume 2 ◽

10.1115/imece2006-15625 ◽

2006 ◽

Author(s):

Lan Jiang ◽

Hai-Lung Tsai

Keyword(s):

Absorption Coefficient ◽

Co2 Laser ◽

Population Distribution ◽

Boltzmann Distribution ◽

Laser Wavelength ◽

Equilibrium States ◽

Published Data ◽

Co2 Absorption ◽

Co2 Gas ◽

Laser Coating

Lasers especially multiple laser beams demonstrate unique advantages as energy sources in diamond synthesis. However, the fundamental mechanisms involved in the laser-assisted processes are not Well understood. In a reported amazingly-fast multiple laser coating technique, CO2 gas is claimed as the sole precursor or secondary precursor, which remains poorly understood and unverified. The absorption coefficient changes under the irradiation of the multiple lasers are one of the keys to resolve the mysteries of multiple laser beam coating processes. This study investigates the optical absorption in CO2 gas at the CO2 laser wavelength. This resonance absorption process is modeled as an inverse process of the lasing transitions of CO2 lasers. The well-established CO2 vibrational-rotational energy structures are used as the basis for the calculations with the Boltzmann distribution for equilibrium states and the three-temperature model for non-equilibrium states. Based on the population distribution, our predictions of CO2 absorption coefficient changes as the function of temperature are in agreement with the published data.

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Mycobacteria in water, soil, plants and air: a review

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/6558-vetmed ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 57 (No. 12) ◽

pp. 623-679 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

K. Hruska ◽

M. Kaevska

Keyword(s):

Soft Tissues ◽

Harmful Effect ◽

Short Review ◽

Published Data ◽

The Public ◽

Inflammatory Pathways ◽

Environmental Mycobacteria ◽

Animal Pathogens ◽

Small Chemical

Amazingly, despite the 24 143 papers on mycobacteria, indexed in the Web of Science database during the last six years, published by 67 008 authors from 13 128 organizations located in 166 countries or territories, internationally accepted legal directives on how to control the public health risk associated with environmental mycobacteria have yet to be developed. Mycobacteria are human and animal pathogens, causing not only tuberculosis and leprosy, but mycobacterioses of skin, soft tissues and lung. Due to their cell wall composition and their adaptability mycobacteria can survive in different habitats for years. Their immunomodulatory ability has been recognised for more than 50 years and hundreds of papers published during the last two decades have demonstrated that small chemical products derived from mycobacterial cells participate in inflammatory pathways involved the pathogenesis of important human diseases like Crohn’s disease, asthma, type 1 diabetes mellitus, psoriasis, arthrosis, Blau syndrom, sarcoidosis, autism etc. Mycobacteria can influence inflammatory pathways not only as live organisms, but also by means of components derived from dead cells. Pasteurisation or cooking does not affect this ability. Hence, how many mycobacterial cells are ingested, what factors play a role concurrently, and how long the harmful effect persists become important questions. This paper presents only a short review based on selected papers about mycobacteria in water, soil, plants and air with the aim of attracting attention to this significant global problem and of making the first steps towards protection of people. Selected bibliographic references of published data from 2007 to 2012 are presented in easy-to-navigate tables.

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Medical ultrasound: imaging of soft tissue strain and elasticity

Journal of The Royal Society Interface ◽

10.1098/rsif.2011.0054 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 8 (64) ◽

pp. 1521-1549 ◽

Cited By ~ 250

Author(s):

Peter N. T. Wells ◽

Hai-Dong Liang

Keyword(s):

Soft Tissue ◽

Soft Tissues ◽

Ultrasonic Imaging ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Radiation Force ◽

Breast Disease ◽

Published Data ◽

Tissue Strain ◽

Low Frequency Vibration ◽

Pulse Echo

After X-radiography, ultrasound is now the most common of all the medical imaging technologies. For millennia, manual palpation has been used to assist in diagnosis, but it is subjective and restricted to larger and more superficial structures. Following an introduction to the subject of elasticity, the elasticity of biological soft tissues is discussed and published data are presented. The basic physical principles of pulse-echo and Doppler ultrasonic techniques are explained. The history of ultrasonic imaging of soft tissue strain and elasticity is summarized, together with a brief critique of previously published reviews. The relevant techniques—low-frequency vibration, step, freehand and physiological displacement, and radiation force (displacement, impulse, shear wave and acoustic emission)—are described. Tissue-mimicking materials are indispensible for the assessment of these techniques and their characteristics are reported. Emerging clinical applications in breast disease, cardiology, dermatology, gastroenterology, gynaecology, minimally invasive surgery, musculoskeletal studies, radiotherapy, tissue engineering, urology and vascular disease are critically discussed. It is concluded that ultrasonic imaging of soft tissue strain and elasticity is now sufficiently well developed to have clinical utility. The potential for further research is examined and it is anticipated that the technology will become a powerful mainstream investigative tool.

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Methods of reconstructing complex multi-structural anatomical objects with RP techniques

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences ◽

10.1515/bpasts-2016-0036 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 64 (2) ◽

pp. 315-323

Author(s):

T. Kudasik ◽

S. Miechowicz

Keyword(s):

Experimental Analysis ◽

Soft Tissues ◽

Numerical Models ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Anatomical Structures ◽

Reconstruction Methods ◽

Complex Structural ◽

Structural Object ◽

Anatomical Objects ◽

Object Models

Abstract This article presents reconstruction methods applied to a (geometrically and physically) complex structural object with the use of RP and RT techniques. The methods are innovative due to their hybrid - multi-model and multi-material - approach to reconstruction, as well as the application of multiple technologies. An experimental analysis was conducted to verify the feasibility of rapid prototyping (RP) techniques in the reconstruction of complex internal structures using materials of diverse properties. Some RP techniques offer the possibility of discriminating between diverse objects through the use of different colours. Such models are well-suited for diagnostic purposes, for better visualisation of complex clinical problems, pathological alterations, etc. Nevertheless, they fail to fully reflect physical and mechanical properties of objects, which renders them useful in experimental analysis only to a limited extent. Their basic drawback is that they merely reflect geometrical features of the examined object. The methods discussed in the present article enable modelling multi-object structures in a single process based on the PolyJet Matrix technology and materials of different physical properties by means of a hybrid method. The article also describes the process of modelling complex anatomical structures of soft tissues and bones using models of the maxilla and the mandible as examples. The study is based on data acquired through standard computed tomography (CT). In addition, the article addresses selected aspects of CT acquisition, generation of numerical models composed of several anatomical structures (objects) and fabricating physical multi-object models.

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Congenital dislocation of the knee: a morphological study

Pediatric Traumatology Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery ◽

10.17816/ptors25809 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 427-435

Author(s):

Igor Yu. Kruglov ◽

Olga E. Agranovich ◽

Nicolai Yu. Rumyantsev ◽

Olga Yu. Razmologova ◽

Andrey V. Kolobov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soft Tissues ◽

Comparison Group ◽

Knee Dislocation ◽

Control Group ◽

Congenital Dislocation ◽

Autopsy Material ◽

Anatomical Structures ◽

Congenital Knee Dislocation ◽

System 1 ◽

Stillborn Fetus

Background. Congenital knee dislocation is a rare disease of the musculoskeletal system (1 in 100,000 live births). In the literature, few studies have described the anatomical changes characteristic of this pathology, which are only revealed during surgical treatment. Aim. This study aimed to evaluate the pathomorphological features of the ligamentousarticular apparatus and thigh muscles with congenital knee dislocation on autopsy material. Materials and methods. The study included two fetuses with bilateral congenital knee dislocation after spontaneous miscarriage at 18 and 20 weeks of gestation and one stillborn fetus with bilateral congenital knee dislocation at 29 weeks of gestation. The comparison group was composed of two fetuses after spontaneous miscarriages at 18 and 20 weeks of gestation and one stillborn fetus at 25 weeks of gestation without anomalies of the lower extremities. Results. Various abnormalities and displacements of the anatomical structures, as well as degenerative dystrophic changes in the soft tissues during histological examination, were found. Pathomorphological changes in the control group were not detected. Conclusion. Pathomorphological changes are the main manifestations of congenital knee dislocation in the studied fetuses.

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Minimally Invasive Treatment of Infrabony Periodontal Defects Using Dual-Wavelength Laser Therapy

International Scholarly Research Notices ◽

10.1155/2016/7175919 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rana Al-Falaki ◽

Francis J. Hughes ◽

Reena Wadia

Keyword(s):

Periodontal Regeneration ◽

Case Series ◽

Invasive Procedure ◽

Laser Wavelength ◽

Dual Wavelength ◽

Invasive Treatment ◽

Tissue Interactions ◽

Potential Benefits ◽

Infrabony Defects ◽

One Year

Introduction. Surgical management of infrabony defects is an invasive procedure, frequently requiring the use of adjunctive material such as grafts or biologics, which is time-consuming and associated with expense and morbidity to the patient. Lasers in periodontal regeneration have been reported in the literature, with each wavelength having potential benefits through different laser-tissue interactions. The purpose of this case series was to assess the efficacy of a new dual-wavelength protocol in the management of infrabony defects. Materials and Methods. 32 defects (one in each patient) were treated using ultrasonic debridement, followed by flapless application of Erbium, Chromium:Yttrium, Scandium, Gallium, Garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser (wavelength 2780 nm), and final application of diode laser (wavelength 940 nm). Pocket depths (PD) were measured after 6 months and repeat radiographs taken after one year. Results. The mean baseline PD was 8.8 mm (range 6–15 mm) and 6 months later was 2.4 mm (range 2–4 mm), with mean PD reduction being 6.4 ± 1.7 mm (range 3–12 mm). There was a significant gain in relative linear bone height (apical extent of bone), with mean percentage bone fill of 39.7 ± 41.2% and 53% of sites showing at least 40% infill of bone. Conclusion. The results compare favourably with traditional surgery and require further validation through randomised clinical controlled trials.

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A method of reproducing complex, multi-object anatomical structures

Rapid Prototyping Journal ◽

10.1108/rpj-05-2015-0058 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tomasz Kudasik ◽

Slawomir Miechowicz

Keyword(s):

Patent Protection ◽

Soft Tissues ◽

Patent Application ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Experimental Tests ◽

Medical Problem ◽

Physical Models ◽

Anatomical Structures ◽

Content Type ◽

3D Cad

Purpose This paper aims to present a method of reproducing multi-object structures from materials of diverse physical properties with the use of models fabricated by means of rapid prototyping (RP) techniques. Design/methodology/approach A process of modelling complex anatomical structures of soft tissues and bones using mandible models as examples was described. The study is based on data acquired through standard computed tomography. Physical models of examined objects were fabricated with RP technology from a 3D-CAD virtual model. Findings In the analysis of complex medical issues, beside numerical methods, one can simultaneously make use of experimental tests to verify obtained results. In the case of experimental tests, it is necessary to fabricate physical models with appropriate material properties. RP techniques used in the method ensure accurate reproduction of the external shape of the fabricated model, whereas consecutive stages allow us to construct moulds and create internal structures within a finished model by wax cast models. Practical implications The application of a physical RP model makes the identification of medical problem more efficient and the reconstruction of pathological alterations for experimental tests clearer. It prevents the simplification of assumptions to experimental analysis. The approach may reduce costs of fabricating models for experimental studies and offers the possibility of using materials of desired properties. Originality/value The approach developed by the authors and presented in this paper was submitted for patent protection as “A Method of Reconstructing Medical Models with Internal Structure and the Use of Materials of Diverse properties” – patent application no. P.398644.

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Virtual reconstruction of endocast anatomy in early ray-finned fishes (Osteichthyes, Actinopterygii)

Journal of Paleontology ◽

10.1666/13-094 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 88 (4) ◽

pp. 636-651 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Sam Giles ◽

Matt Friedman

Keyword(s):

Soft Tissues ◽

Semicircular Canals ◽

Dorsal Surface ◽

Anatomical Structures ◽

Optic Lobes ◽

Olfactory Tract ◽

Virtual Reconstruction ◽

Character Distribution ◽

Actinopterygian Fishes ◽

The Brain

Cranial endocasts, infillings of the skeletal void that once contained the brain and associated soft tissues, represent detailed anatomical structures that have long been the focus of paleontological investigation. We applied computed tomographics (CTs) in order to generate endocast models for the Paleozoic actinopterygian fishesMimipiscisandKentuckia, which serve as key representatives of anatomically primitive, early ray fins in analyses of early vertebrate relationships. The resultant endocranial models generally corroborate existing accounts of endocranial anatomy in these genera, drawn from descriptions of the inner face of the brain cavity. However, the endocasts also provide new anatomical details, the most significant of which are the presence inMimipiscisof widely divergent olfactory tracts, small optic lobes, and anterior and posterior semicircular canals that extend dorsal to the roof of the endocranial chamber. By contrast,Kentuckiapossesses a single, straight olfactory tract, wide optic lobes, and anterior and posterior semicircular canals that do not reach the dorsal surface of the endocast. In each of these features,Kentuckiaresembles stratigraphically younger actinopterygians such asLawrenciellaandKansasiella, whereasMimipiscismore closely resembles sarcopterygians and other outgroups. This character distribution provides further support for earlier phylogenetic interpretations of these genera.

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Oral Tissue Interactions and Cellular Response to Zirconia Implant-Prosthetic Components: A Critical Review

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14112825 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (11) ◽

pp. 2825

Author(s):

Marcel F. Kunrath ◽

Saurabh Gupta ◽

Felice Lorusso ◽

Antonio Scarano ◽

Sammy Noumbissi

Keyword(s):

Surface Treatment ◽

Critical Review ◽

Cellular Response ◽

Tissue Cell ◽

Scientific Investigations ◽

Treatment Techniques ◽

Tissue Interactions ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Oral Tissue

Background: Dental components manufactured with zirconia (ZrO2) represent a significant percentage of the implant prosthetic market in dentistry. However, during the last few years, we have observed robust clinical and pre-clinical scientific investigations on zirconia both as a prosthetic and an implantable material. At the same time, we have witnessed consistent technical and manufacturing updates with regards to the applications of zirconia which appear to gradually clarify points which until recently were not well understood. Methods: This critical review evaluated the “state of the art” in relation to applications of this biomaterial in dental components and its interactions with oral tissues. Results: The physico-chemical and structural properties as well as the current surface treatment methodologies for ZrO2 were explored. A critical investigation of the cellular response to this biomaterial was completed and the clinical implications discussed. Finally, surface treatments of ZrO2 demonstrate that excellent osseointegration is possible and provide encouraging prospects for rapid bone adhesion. Furthermore, sophisticated surface treatment techniques and technologies are providing impressive oral soft tissue cell responses thus leading to superior biological seal. Conclusions: Dental devices manufactured from ZrO2 are structurally and chemically stable with biocompatibility levels allowing for safe and long-term function in the oral environment.

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