scholarly journals Dynamic Duty-Cycle MAC Protocol for IoT Environments and Wireless Sensor Networks

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 4069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gayoung Kim ◽  
Jin-Gu Kang ◽  
Minjoong Rim
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Mac Protocol ◽  
Window Size ◽  
Transmission Delay ◽  
Contention Window ◽  
Peak Time ◽  
Contention Window Size ◽  
The Internet Of Things

This paper proposes a new protocol that can be used to reduce transmission delay and energy consumption effectively. This will be done by adjusting the duty-cycle (DC) ratio of the receiver node and the contention window size of the sender node according to the traffic congestion for various devices in the Internet of Things (IoT). In the conventional duty-cycle MAC protocol, the data transmission delay latency and unnecessary energy consumption are caused by a high collision rate. This is because the receiver node cannot sufficiently process the data of the transmitting node during the traffic peak time when the transmission and reception have the same duty-cycle ratio. To solve this problem, this paper proposes an algorithm that changes the duty-cycle ratio of the receiver and broadcasts the contention window size of the senders through Early Acknowledgment (E-ACK) at peak time and off/peak time. The proposed algorithm, according to peak and off/peak time, can transmit data with fewer delays and minimizes energy consumption.

scholarly journals Improving Duty Cycle-based MAC Protocol in Wireless Networks using AI and Machine Learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 3011-3017
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Mac Protocol ◽  
Selection Function ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Sleep Phase ◽  
Agricultural Applications ◽  
Time Division ◽  
Wireless Node

Duty cycle of a Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol is made up of sleep phase, wake-up phase and listen phase. MAC protocols usually proposes to optimize the duration of the wake-up and listen phases, in order to increase the duration of the sleep phase, thereby reducing the unwanted energy consumption of the wireless node. In this paper, we propose an Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) based approach, which uses a hybrid combination of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Bitmap Assisted MAC (BMA) and Sensor MAC (SMAC). The machine learning layer utilizes the duty cycle in the MAC layer, and generates multiple solutions for a given wireless communication. The AI layer then selects the best solution from the generated solutions by incorporating a duty cycle factor in the selection function, thereby optimizing the duty cycle of the protocol. The proposed system shows a 15% improvement in communication speed, and a 10% reduction in energy consumption across multiple communications. We plan to further extend this work for rural India, and apply it to real time agricultural applications.

Several Contention Window Adjustment Techniques for Improving Unsaturated throughput of Wireless LANs

2014 ◽  
Vol 931-932 ◽  
pp. 952-956
Author(s):  
Jesada Sartthong ◽  
Suvepon Sittichivapak ◽  
Nitthita Chirdchoo
Keyword(s):  
Load Condition ◽  
Window Size ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Contention Window ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Chain Model ◽  
Function Concept ◽  
Contention Window Size ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
Size Adjustment

This paper proposes the several contention window adjustment schemes in backoff process as well-known backoff algorithm (BA) for improving the performance of wireless local area network (WLAN). In addition, this research introduces a new unsaturated discrete Markov chain model in fixed backoff stages and fixed contention window sizes technique (FBFC). The proposed contention window adjustment schemes are designed by applying the moment generating function concept in random variable and process theorem. Unsaturated throughput parameters are used to compare the performance of all contention window size adjustment techniques based on IEEE802.11b WLAN standards. The comparison results show that Bernoulli and Double adjustment schemes are good contention window size adjustments at light traffic load, and the Even contention window size adjustment operates well at high traffic load condition.

Massive Access Control in Machine-to-Machine Communications

2019 ◽  
pp. 133-157
Author(s):  
Pawan Kumar Verma ◽  
Rajesh Verma ◽  
Arun Prakash ◽  
Rajeev Tripathi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Ieee 802.11 ◽  
Mac Protocol ◽  
Transmission Delay ◽  
Frame Structure ◽  
Direct Communication ◽  
Data Packets ◽  
802.11 Dcf ◽  
Mac Scheme ◽  
Average Transmission

This chapter proposes a new hybrid MAC protocol for direct communication among M2M devices with gateway coordination. The proposed protocol combines the benefits of both contention-based and reservation-based MAC schemes. The authors assume that the contention and reservation portion of M2M devices is a frame structure, which is comprised of two sections: contention interval (CI) and transmission interval (TI). The CI duration follows p-persistent CSMA mechanism, which allows M2M devices to contend for the transmission slots with equal priorities. After contention, only those devices which have won time-slots are allowed to transmit data packets during TI. In the proposed MAC scheme, the TI duration follows TDMA mechanism. Each M2M transmitter device and its corresponding one-hop distant receiver communicate using IEEE 802.11 DCF protocol within each TDMA slot to overcome various limitations of TDMA mechanism. The authors evaluate the performance of the proposed hybrid MAC protocol in terms of aggregate throughput, average transmission delay, channel utility, and energy consumption.

scholarly journals A Swarming Approach to Optimize the One-Hop Delay in Smart Driving Inter-Platoon Communications

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 3307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiong Wu ◽  
Shuzhen Nie ◽  
Pingyi Fan ◽  
Hanxu Liu ◽  
Fan Qiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Window Size ◽  
Transmission Probability ◽  
Contention Window ◽  
Distributed Coordination ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
Contention Window Size ◽  
Hidden Terminal ◽  
End To End ◽  
The One

Multi-platooning is an important management strategy for autonomous driving technology. The backbone vehicles in a multi-platoon adopt the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function (DCF) mechanism to transmit vehicles’ kinematics information through inter-platoon communications, and then forward the information to the member vehicles through intra-platoon communications. In this case, each vehicle in a multi-platoon can acquire the kinematics information of other vehicles. The parameters of DCF, the hidden terminal problem and the number of neighbors may incur a long and unbalanced one-hop delay of inter-platoon communications, which would further prolong end-to-end delay of inter-platoon communications. In this case, some vehicles within a multi-platoon cannot acquire the emergency changes of other vehicles’ kinematics within a limited time duration and take prompt action accordingly to keep a multi-platoon formation. Unlike other related works, this paper proposes a swarming approach to optimize the one-hop delay of inter-platoon communications in a multi-platoon scenario. Specifically, the minimum contention window size of each backbone vehicle is adjusted to enable the one-hop delay of each backbone vehicle to get close to the minimum average one-hop delay. The simulation results indicate that, the one-hop delay of the proposed approach is reduced by 12% as compared to the DCF mechanism with the IEEE standard contention window size. Moreover, the end-to-end delay, one-hop throughput, end-to-end throughput and transmission probability have been significantly improved.

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