scholarly journals A Novel RC-Based Architecture for Cell Equalization in Electric Vehicles

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfredo Alvarez-Diazcomas ◽  
Adyr A. Estévez-Bén ◽  
Juvenal Rodríguez-Reséndiz ◽  
Miguel-Angel Martínez-Prado ◽  
Jorge D. Mendiola-Santíbañez
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Discharge Rate ◽  
Threshold Current ◽  
Internal Resistance ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Analysis And Design ◽  
Operation Analysis ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Traction System ◽  
Cell Series

Nowadays, research on electric vehicles is increasing because they have the potential to decrease greenhouse-gas emissions dramatically in the transport sector. For these types of vehicles, the battery is one of the main components. The traction system needs a cell series connection to fulfill the energy requirements. Nevertheless, batteries differ from each other due to a normal dispersion in their capacity, internal resistance, and self-discharge rate. This paper presents a novel battery equalizer circuit using an RC-based topology to equalize two adjacent cells of a battery pack. It has the advantage of merging a resistor-based equalizer, a capacitor-based equalizer, and an RC-based equalizer in one circuit. In this way, it is possible to limit the current stress in the components of the circuit. The proposed method increases the equalization time by 35% for a threshold current of 4 A. However, it is possible design the system for another threshold current. Finally, the complexity of the controller is not compromised in the proposed architecture. The operation, analysis, and design of the architecture are presented and compared to the classic schemes. The theoretical analysis is validated through simulation results.

scholarly journals A Novel Integrated Topology to Interface Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energies with the Grid

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 4091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfredo Alvarez-Diazcomas ◽  
Héctor López ◽  
Roberto V. Carrillo-Serrano ◽  
Juvenal Rodríguez-Reséndiz ◽  
Nimrod Vázquez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Power Converter ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Analysis And Design ◽  
Operation Analysis ◽  
Dc Power ◽  
Multiple Input ◽  
Proper Power ◽  
Extracted Power

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are an alternative to internal combustion engine cars to reduce the environmental impact of transportation. It is common to use several power sources to achieve the requirements of the electric motor. A proper power converter and an accurate control strategy need to be utilized to take advantage of the characteristics of every source. In this paper is presented a novel topology of a multiple-input bidirectional DC-DC power converter to interface two or more sources of energy with different voltage levels. Furthermore, it can be used as a buck or a boost in any of the possible conversion of energy. It is also possible to independently control the extracted power in each source and any combination of the elements of the system can be used as source and destiny for a transfer. Finally, the interaction with the grid is possible. The operation, analysis and design of the converter are presented with different modes of power transfer. Simulation results are shown where the theoretical analysis of the converter is validated.

scholarly journals Design and Simulation of Romanian Solar Energy Charging Station for Electric Vehicles

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gheorghe Badea ◽  
Raluca-Andreea Felseghi ◽  
Mihai Varlam ◽  
Constantin Filote ◽  
Mihai Culcer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Photovoltaic System ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Charging Station ◽  
One Year ◽  
Main Components

Since mid 2010, petrol consumption in the transport sector has increased at a higher rate than in other sectors. The transport sector generates 35% of the total CO2 emissions. In this context, strategies have been adopted to use clean energy, with electromobility being the main directive. This paper examines the possibility of charging electric vehicle batteries with clean energy using solar autochthonous renewable resources. An isolated system was designed, dimensioned, and simulated in operation for a charging station for electric vehicles with photovoltaic panels and batteries as their main components. The optimal configuration of the photovoltaic system was complete with improved Hybrid Optimization by Genetic Algorithms (iHOGA) software version 2.4 and we simulated its operation. The solar energy system has to be designed to ensure that the charging station always has enough electricity to supply several electric vehicles throughout all 24 h of the day. The main results were related to the energy, environmental, and economic performance achieved by the system during one year of operation.

scholarly journals Modelling Stochastic Electricity Demand of Electric Vehicles Based on Traffic Surveys—The Case of Austria

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1577
Author(s):  
Albert Hiesl ◽  
Jasmine Ramsebner ◽  
Reinhard Haas
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Length Distribution ◽  
Electricity Demand ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Trip Purpose ◽  
Entire Country ◽  
Electricity Load ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Model Based Analysis

Battery-powered electric mobility is currently the most promising technology for the decarbonisation of the transport sector, alongside hydrogen-powered vehicles, provided that the electricity used comes 100% from renewable energy sources. To estimate its electricity demand both nationwide and in individual smaller communities, a calculation based assessment on driving profiles that are as realistic as possible is required. The developed model based analysis presented in this paper for the creation of driving and thus electricity load profiles makes it possible to build different compositions of driving profiles. The focus of this paper lies in the analysis of motorised private transport, which makes it possible to assess future charging and load control potentials in a subsequent analysis. We outline the differences in demand and driving profiles for weekdays as well as for Saturdays, Sundays and holidays in general. Furthermore, the modelling considers the length distribution of the individual trips per trip purpose and different start times. The developed method allows to create individual driving and electric vehicle (EV) demand profiles as well as averaged driving profiles, which can then be scaled up and analysed for an entire country.

scholarly journals Investigation of the Impact of Large-Scale Integration of Electric Vehicles for a Swedish Distribution Network

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvester Johansson ◽  
Jonas Persson ◽  
Stavros Lazarou ◽  
Andreas Theocharis
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Smart Charging ◽  
Large Scale Integration ◽  
Scale Integration ◽  
The Impact

Social considerations for a sustainable future lead to market demands for electromobility. Hence, electrical power distribution operators are concerned about the real ongoing problem of the electrification of the transport sector. In this regard, the paper aims to investigate the large-scale integration of electric vehicles in a Swedish distribution network. To this end, the integration pattern is taken into consideration as appears in the literature for other countries and applies to the Swedish culture. Moreover, different charging power levels including smart charging techniques are examined for several percentages of electric vehicles penetration. Industrial simulation tools proven for their accuracy are used for the study. The results indicate that the grid can manage about 50% electric vehicles penetration at its current capacity. This percentage decreases when higher charging power levels apply, while the transformers appear overloaded in many cases. The investigation of alternatives to increase the grid’s capabilities reveal that smart techniques are comparable to the conventional re-dimension of the grid. At present, the increased integration of electric vehicles is manageable by implementing a combination of smart gird and upgrade investments in comparison to technically expensive alternatives based on grid digitalization and algorithms that need to be further confirmed for their reliability for power sharing and energy management.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Emissions Model Combining Autonomous Vehicles with Park and Ride and Electric Vehicle Transportation Policies

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4653
Author(s):  
Mohammed Obaid ◽  
Arpad Torok ◽  
Jairo Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Sustainable Transport ◽  
Mode Shift ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Park And Ride ◽  
Model Combining ◽  
Autonomous Electric Vehicles

Several transport policies reduce pollution levels caused by private vehicles by introducing autonomous or electric vehicles and encouraging mode shift from private to public transport through park and ride (P&R) facilities. However, combining the policies of introducing autonomous vehicles with the implementation of electric vehicles and using the P&R system could amplify the decrease of transport sector emissions. The COPERT software has been used to calculate the emissions. This article aims to study these policies and determine which combinations can better reduce pollution. The result shows that each combination of autonomous vehicles reduces pollution to different degrees. In conclusion, the shift to more sustainable transport modes through autonomous electric vehicles and P&R systems reduces pollution in the urban environment to a higher percentage. In contrast, the combination of autonomous vehicles has lower emission reduction but is easier to implement with the currently available infrastructure.

scholarly journals DAMPAK SOSIAL EKONOMI PENGGUNA JALAN AKIBAT KEMACETAN LALU LINTAS DI ZERO POINT KOTA MANADO

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Munazar R Muari'F ◽  
Vecky A.J. Masinambow ◽  
Tri Oldy Rotinsulu
Keyword(s):  
Government Spending ◽  
Zero Point ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Direct Expenditure

ABSTRAKSektor tranportasi merupakan salah satu komponen utama dalam peningkatan arus perekonomian, baik untuk memaksimalkan potensi daerah yang selama ini dimiliki namun juga untuk membuka sektor-sektor ekonomi baru yang berujung pada  peningkatan perekonomian sebuah daerah.Guna memanfaatkan potensi-potensi yang dimiliki maupun membuka potensi-potensi perekonomian yang baru maka peran serta pemerintah dalam mengatur alokasi belanjanya perlu untuk lebih dimaksimalkan. Untuk melihat seberapa besar pengaruh belanja pemerintah dalam bentuk belanja langsung dan belanja tidak langsung mempengaruhi peningkatan sub-sektor transportasi.Penelitian ini menggunakan Ordinary least square dengan  metode regresi berganda, dari hasil penelitian didapatkan hasil r square sebesar  96,7. Dengan hasil ini maka dapat terlihat pengaruh belanja pemerintah terhadap peningkatan sub-sektor transportasi hampir mencapai angka 97 persen, yang artinya hanya tersisa 3 persen tingkat pengaruh variabel lain. Kata kunci : Belanja Langsung (BL), Belanja Tidak Langsung (BTL), Otonomi, Transportasi ABSTRACT                    Transport sector is one of the main components to increase the flow of the economy, to maximize the potential of the area that had been held, but also to open up new economic sectors which resulted in an increase in the economy of a region.               In order to utilize the potential that may or unlock the potential of the new economy, the role of government in regulating the allocation of spending needs to be maximized. To see how much influence government spending in the form of direct expenditure and indirect expenditure affect the improvement of the transport sub-sector.               This study using the Ordinary least squares multiple regression method, the result showed the the r-square of  96.7. With that, it can be seen the effect of government spending to increase transport sub-sector almost reached 97 percent, which means that only the remaining 3 percent the level of influence of other variables. Keywords: Direct Expenditure, Indirect Expenditure, Autonomy, Transportation

Electric vehicles in China: A review of current policies

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 1512-1524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenbo Li ◽  
Muyi Yang ◽  
Suwin Sandu
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Monetary Incentives ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Technical Performance ◽  
Primary Focus

Prompted by the urgency of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector, the Chinese government has set ambitious targets for the uptake of electric vehicles. To achieve these targets is however a challenging task, due to various barriers in the uptake of electric vehicles, at both micro- and macro-levels. A range of monetary and non-monetary incentives has been implemented, or being considered for implementation, to overcome these barriers. This paper reviews these incentives with a view to assess the extent to which they are likely to remove the barriers in the uptake of electric vehicles. The review suggests that the primary focus of these incentives is to remove the micro-level barriers, such as high upfront costs, poor technical performance, and insufficient charging infrastructure. Limited attention has been paid to the macro-level barriers (for example, fragmented authority and local protectionism), despite ample evidence suggesting that these barriers could significantly impede the uptake of electric vehicles. Further, these incentives have tended to rely on regulation-based measures to remove the barriers. Only in the recent years, there appears to be a gradual shift towards market-based measures. This shift could improve the effectiveness of electric vehicle policies. The effectiveness of these policies could be enhanced if one recognizes the underlying macro-level barriers that are likely to protract or distort the implementation of market-based measures. This paper also provides some recommendations to remove these macro-level barriers.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis and Design of the Shielding Techniques in WPT Systems for Charging EVs

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linlin Tan ◽  
Kamal Eldin Idris Elnail ◽  
Minghao Ju ◽  
Xueliang Huang
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Method ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
System Performance ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
System Efficiency ◽  
Shielding Effectiveness ◽  
Wireless Power ◽  
Analysis And Design ◽  
Reactive Current ◽  
Simulation Results

Wireless power transfer (WPT) systems for charging Electric Vehicles (EVs) have gained extensive attention due to their many advantages. However, human exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) has become a serious concern in high-power cases. In this paper, shielding techniques, including magnetic, metallic, and resonant reactive current shields, are investigated. Finite element method software is used to evaluate and compare the shielding effectiveness, charger weight, and system performance. The results show that the resonant reactive current shielding has a low EMF level with reasonable system efficiency and acceptable charger weight. In addition, 5 kW with 15 cm air gap WPT chargers were built to validate the simulation results.

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