scholarly journals Looking for an Offshore Low-Level Jet Champion among Recent Reanalyses: A Tight Race over the Baltic Sea

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 3670
Author(s):  
Christoffer Hallgren ◽  
Johan Arnqvist ◽  
Stefan Ivanell ◽  
Heiner Körnich ◽  
Ville Vakkari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Resource Assessment ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Average Wind Speed ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Low Level Jets ◽  
The Baltic

With an increasing interest in offshore wind energy, focus has been directed towards large semi-enclosed basins such as the Baltic Sea as potential sites to set up wind turbines. The meteorology of this inland sea in particular is strongly affected by the surrounding land, creating mesoscale conditions that are important to take into consideration when planning for new wind farms. This paper presents a comparison between data from four state-of-the-art reanalyses (MERRA2, ERA5, UERRA, NEWA) and observations from LiDAR. The comparison is made for four sites in the Baltic Sea with wind profiles up to 300 m. The findings provide insight into the accuracy of reanalyses for wind resource assessment. In general, the reanalyses underestimate the average wind speed. The average shear is too low in NEWA, while ERA5 and UERRA predominantly overestimate the shear. MERRA2 suffers from insufficient vertical resolution, which limits its usefulness in evaluating the wind profile. It is also shown that low-level jets, a very frequent mesoscale phenomenon in the Baltic Sea during late spring, can appear in a wide range of wind speeds. The observed frequency of low-level jets is best captured by UERRA. In terms of general wind characteristics, ERA5, UERRA, and NEWA are similar, and the best choice depends on the application.

scholarly journals Classification and properties of coastal wind profiles with negative gradients – an observational study

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoffer Hallgren ◽  
Johan Arnqvist ◽  
Erik Nilsson ◽  
Stefan Ivanell ◽  
Metodija Shapkalijevski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Local Minimum ◽  
Stable Stratification ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Wind Maximum ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Low Level Jets ◽  
Wind Profiles ◽  
The Baltic

Abstract. Wind profiles with a negative gradient are frequently occurring over the Baltic Sea and are important to take into consideration for offshore wind power as they affect not only the power production, but also the loads on the structure and the behavior of the wake behind the turbine. In this study, we classified non-normal profiles as wind profiles having negative shear in at least one part of the profile between 28 and 300 m: low-level jets (with a local wind maximum in the profile), profiles with a local minimum, and negative profiles. Using observations spanning over 3 years, we show that the non-normal wind profiles are common over the Baltic Sea in late spring and summer, with a peak of 40 % relative occurrence in May. Negative profiles (in the 28–300 m layer) were mostly occurring during unstable conditions, in contrast to low-level jets that primarily occurred in stable stratification. There were indications that the the zone with strong shear during low-level jets could cause a relative suppression of the variance for large turbulent eddies compared to the peak of the velocity spectra, in the layer below the jet core. Swell conditions were found to be favourable for the occurrence of negative profiles and profiles with a local minimum, as the waves fed energy into the surface layer, resulting in an increase of the wind speed from below.

Wind conditions over the Baltic Sea – comparing reanalysis data sets with observations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoffer Hallgren ◽  
Erik Sahlée ◽  
Stefan Ivanell ◽  
Heiner Körnich ◽  
Ville Vakkari
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Seasonal And Diurnal Variations ◽  
Low Level Jets ◽  
The Baltic

<p>The potential of increasing the amount of offshore wind energy production in the Baltic Sea has been of great interest for many countries and wind power companies for a long time. From a meteorological point of view, there are several special wind characteristics that are observed in this area that needs to be taken into consideration when planning for a wind farm. For example, as the Baltic Sea is a semi-enclosed basin surrounded by coastlines in all directions, phenomenon such as low-level jets occur frequently.</p><p>In order to create a climatology of the wind conditions over the Baltic Sea, with wind power applications in mind, four different state-of-the-art reanalysis data sets (MERRA2, ERA5, UERRA and NEWA) have been compared with measurements from LIDAR systems and high meteorological towers (Anholt, Finnish Utö, FINO2 and Östergarnsholm). The performance of the data sets has been analyzed in terms of stability and governing synoptic weather conditions as well as seasonal and diurnal variations. By selecting the most suitable reanalysis data set and using the observations to make corrections, a climatology for wind conditions over the Baltic Sea, focusing on the low-level jets, has then been constructed.</p>

scholarly journals A sensitivity study of the WRF model in offshore wind modeling over the Baltic Sea

2021 ◽  
pp. 101229
Author(s):  
Huidong Li ◽  
Björn Claremar ◽  
Lichuan Wu ◽  
Christoffer Hallgren ◽  
Heiner Körnich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Wrf Model ◽  
Sensitivity Study ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Wind Modeling ◽  
The Baltic

scholarly journals Analysis of offshore wind farm located on Baltic Sea

2019 ◽  
Vol 137 ◽  
pp. 01049
Author(s):  
Anna Sobotka ◽  
Kajetan Chmielewski ◽  
Marcin Rowicki ◽  
Justyna Dudzińska ◽  
Przemysław Janiak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Union Policy ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Wind Measurements ◽  
The Baltic

Poland is currently at the beginning of the energy transformation. Nowadays, most of the electricity generated in Poland comes from coal combustion. However, in accordance to the European Union policy of reducing the emission of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, there are already plans to switch to low-emission energy sources in Poland, one of which are offshore wind farms. The article presents the current regulatory environment of the offshore wind energy in Poland, along with a reference to Polish and European decarbonisation plans. In the further part of the article, the methods of determining the kinetic energy of wind and the power curve of a wind turbine are discussed. Then, on the basis of historical data of wind speeds collected in the area of the Baltic Sea, calculations are carried out leading to obtain statistical distributions of power that could be generated by an exemplary wind farm with a power capacity of 400 MW, located at the place of wind measurements. On their basis, statistical differences in the wind power generation between years, months of the year and hours of the day are analysed.

scholarly journals Poland and New Trends in Central European Regional Configuration

2021 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-61
Author(s):  
Maria Rusakova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Central European ◽  
Eastern Partnership ◽  
Carpathian Region ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
European Regional

The article examines Warsaw's attempts to expand its influence in Central Europe by initiating various regional integration projects: cooperation with the Baltic sea countries participation in the development of the Carpathian region the newest format – the Lublin Triangle. The content of the Lublin Declaration signed on July 28, 2020 by Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine is analyzed in detail. Having been convinced by the example of Ukraine that the Eastern Partnership policy does not allow for quick results, as well as in connection with the events in Belarus, Poland decided to create a regional initiative that can be considered as a continuation of the Eastern Partnership policy. The Lublin Declaration opens up a wide range of potential areas of cooperation, however it is still too early to say how successful this project will be. Initially it was planned that Belarus would also join the Lublin Initiative, but later Minsk refused to participate. This seriously limited the project, but does not exclude the possibility of future innovations in its format. The author concludes that the Lublin Triangle is one of the Warsaw's instruments to realize the idea of Intermarium

scholarly journals The Use of Satellite Data in the Operational 3D Coupled Ecosystem Model of the Baltic Sea (3D Cembs)

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur Nowicki ◽  
Maciej Janecki ◽  
Mirosław Darecki ◽  
Piotr Piotrowski ◽  
Lidia Dzierzbicka-Głowacka
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Automatic Monitoring ◽  
Ecosystem Model ◽  
Operational Mode ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Automatic Monitoring System ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Baltic

Abstract The objective of this paper is to present an automatic monitoring system for the 3D CEMBS model in the operational version. This predictive, eco hydrodynamic model is used as a tool to control the conditions and bio productivity of the Baltic sea environment and to forecast physical and ecological changes in the studied basin. Satellite-measured data assimilation is used to constrain the model and achieve higher accuracy of its results. 3D CEMBS is a version of the Community Earth System Model, adapted for the Baltic Sea. It consists of coupled ocean and ice models, working in active mode together with the ecosystem module. Atmospheric forecast from the UM model (Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling of the Warsaw University) are used as a forcing fields feed through atmospheric data model. In addition, river inflow of freshwater and nutrient deposition from 71 main rivers is processed by land model. At present, satellite data from AQUA MODIS, processed by the SatBałtyk project Operational System are used for the assimilation of sea surface temperature and chlorophyll a concentration. In the operational mode, 48-hour forecasts are produced at six-hour intervals, providing a wide range of hydrodynamic and biochemical parameters.

scholarly journals Baltic Offshore Wind Energy Development—Poland’s Public Policy Tools Analysis and the Geostrategic Implications

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4883
Author(s):  
Kamila Pronińska ◽  
Krzysztof Księżopolski
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Policy Tools ◽  
Offshore Wind Energy ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Offshore Wind Power ◽  
The Baltic

A key question for European energy transition is which forms of renewable energy technologies will play a central role in this process. The recent dynamic growth in offshore wind power together with the vast wind energy potential of the European seas, including the Baltic Sea, make this technology an increasingly attractive and viable option. Considering the high installation and connection costs, government support is considered essential for the development of offshore wind power. The aim of this article is to analyze Poland’s public policy tools, which govern offshore wind farm development, and to present them from a wider geostrategic perspective. Authors identify, classify, and evaluate individual public policy tools with the use of multi-criteria and multi-dimensional methods while explaining their impact on offshore wind development in Poland. The analysis of the individual tools has shown that the currently applied tools give a high probability of achieving public policy objectives. The characteristics of the applied tools prove that vital decisions on offshore wind energy have been made concerning the need for decarbonization but also regarding wider geostrategic calculations. Given the changing security dynamics in the Baltic Sea region, we highlight potential geostrategic risks to the implementation of offshore wind projects.

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